New Gene for Dilated Cardiomyopathy

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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS NEW GENE FOR DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY Three novel variants in the ankyrin repeat domain 1 (ANKRD1) gene, which encodes cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (CARP), have been identified in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Most of the ~20 genes that are known to be causative of dilated cardiomyopathy disrupt sarcomeric signalling pathways. “We selected ANKRD1 as a candidate due to its role in the Z-disk [in the sarcomere],” explains lead investigator Jeffrey Towbin. “Finding mutations, we developed a cellular model to define the mechanisms responsible.” Notably, CARP is upregulated in the cardiomyocytes of patients with hypertrophy and those with heart failure. The international team of researchers screened 160 patients from the UK and 80 patients from Japan. Heterozygous, missense sequence mutations in ANKRD1—resulting in P105S, V107L, and M184I mutations in CARP—were found in four (1.9%) of those tested, all of whom were male and from the UK. None of these mutations was found in a control sample of 180 healthy individuals. The patient with the V107L variant and one of the individuals with a P105S mutation had no family history of dilated cardiomyopathy. The carrier of the M184I variant had a sibling with left ventricular dilation, raising the possibility of autosomal-dominant inheritance. In yeast 2-hybrid assays, both the M184I and P105S variants were associated with a loss of CARP–Talin 1 binding, which could indicate disruption of stretch-signalling in the cardiomyocyte. Transfection of P105S and V107L variants into H9C2 rat embryonic myocardial cells led to altered regulation of several factors that contribute to apoptosis, cell- cycle control, and cell signalling. Towbin and colleagues plan to take their work forward by “creating a mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy … to study the mechanisms” and “evaluating new patients for possible mutations.” Alexandra King Original article Moulik, M. et al. ANKRD1, the gene encoding cardiac ankyrin repeat protein, is a novel dilated cardiomyopathy gene. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 54, 325–333 (2009). NATURE REVIEWS | CARDIOLOGY VOLUME 6 | OCTOBER 2009 | 612 © 2009 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.

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www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Ankyrin Repeat Domain 1 Overexpression is Associated with Common Resistance to Afatinib and Received: 20 February 2018 Accepted: 25 September 2018 Osimertinib in EGFR-mutant Lung Published: xx xx xxxx Cancer Akiko Takahashi1, Masahiro Seike1, Mika Chiba1, Satoshi Takahashi1, Shinji Nakamichi1, Masaru Matsumoto1, Susumu Takeuchi1, Yuji Minegishi1, Rintaro Noro1, Shinobu Kunugi2, Kaoru Kubota1 & Akihiko Gemma1 Overcoming acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) is critical in combating EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We tried to construct a novel therapeutic strategy to conquer the resistance to second-and third-generation EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-positive NSCLC patients. We established afatinib- and osimertinib-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Exome sequencing, cDNA array and miRNA microarray were performed using the established cell lines to discover novel therapeutic targets associated with the resistance to second-and third-generation EGFR-TKIs. We found that ANKRD1 which is associated with the epithelial- mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenomenon and anti-apoptosis, was overexpressed in the second-and third-generation EGFR-TKIs-resistant cells at the mRNA and protein expression levels. When ANKRD1 was silenced in the EGFR-TKIs-resistant cell lines, afatinib and osimertinib could induce apoptosis of the cell lines. Imatinib could inhibit ANKRD1 expression, resulting in restoration of the sensitivity to afatinib and osimertinib of EGFR-TKI-resistant cells. In EGFR-mutant NSCLC patients, ANKRD1 was overexpressed in the tumor after the failure of EGFR-TKI therapy, especially after long-duration EGFR- TKI treatments. ANKRD1 overexpression which was associated with EMT features and anti-apoptosis, was commonly involved in resistance to second-and third-generation EGFR-TKIs.
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