Grupy Kapitałowe W Krajach Europejskiego Obszaru Gospodarczego Ze Szczególnym Uwzględnieniem Sektora Energetycznego

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Grupy Kapitałowe W Krajach Europejskiego Obszaru Gospodarczego Ze Szczególnym Uwzględnieniem Sektora Energetycznego Grzegorz Królikowski Grupy kapitałowe w krajach Europejskiego Obszaru Gospodarczego ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sektora energetycznego K RAKÓW 2013 SPIS TREŚCI Rozdział 1 ................................................................................................................................... 5 Miejsce grup kapitałowych wśród dużych jednostek gospodarczych ........................................ 5 1.1. Typologia dużych jednostek gospodarczych .................................................................... 5 1.2 Rola korporacji w gospodarce światowej ...................................................................... 15 1.3. Korporacje transnarodowe z udziałami państwowymi ................................................. 20 1.4. Uregulowania prawne obecne w różnych krajach europejskich .................................... 21 Rozdział 2 ................................................................................................................................. 33 Europejskie grupy kapitałowe w świetle analizy najważniejszych indeksów giełd europejskich ................................................................................................................................................... 33 2.1. Giełdy europejskie i ich zróżnicowanie ....................................................................... 33 2.2. Giełdy europejskie na tle świata .................................................................................... 39 2.3. Metodyka badania .......................................................................................................... 41 2.4. Prezentacja wyników analizy ....................................................................................... 43 2.4.1 Struktura branżowa gospodarki EOG przez pryzmat spółek giełdowych ................ 43 2.4.2 Grupy kapitałowe Europy wschodniej (Rosji i Ukrainy) ......................................... 49 2.4.3 Największe spółki kapitałowe w sektorach gospodarki europejskiej ....................... 54 2.4.4. Porównania międzykrajowe (wybrane kraje EOG) i międzyregionalne ................ 58 Rozdział 3 ................................................................................................................................. 61 Europejskie grupy kapitałowe w branży energetycznej ............................................................ 61 3.1. Specyfika sektora energetycznego ................................................................................. 61 3.2. Europejskie koncerny energetyczne – omówienie wyodrębnionych z próby grup kapitałowych ......................................................................................................................... 69 3.2.1. Umiędzynarodowienie i działy biznesowe .............................................................. 69 3.2.2 Obszary badań i rozwoju .......................................................................................... 87 3.2.2. Struktury zarządcze i ład korporacyjny ................................................................... 91 fr. Code de Bonne Conduite, Charte de l’administrateur, Les status, Reglement interieur du Conseil d’Administration. ..................................................................................................... 91 Wnioski .................................................................................................................................. 106 ANEKS I ................................................................................................................................. 111 Zestawienie zatrudnienia w spółkach giełdowych EOG według sektorów gospodarki. ........ 111 ................................................................................................................................................. 125 ................................................................................................................................................. 126 2 ANEKS II – Nieposortowane dane źródłowe ......................................................................... 127 ................................................................................................................................................. 127 SPIS ILUSTRACJI ................................................................................................................. 139 SPIS TABEL ........................................................................................................................... 139 BIBLIOGRAFIA .................................................................................................................... 140 Wstęp Nie da się zrozumieć współczesnej gospodarki światowej bez refleksji nad dużymi jednostkami gospodarczymi. Pojawienie się i ustawiczny rozwój grup kapitałowych w XX wieku przeobraził gospodarkę światową. Jednostki te osiągnęły wyjątkową pozycję pod względem zasięgu działalności, poziomu skomplikowania organizacyjnego, inwestycji realizowanych na całym świecie, zatrudnienia oraz innowacyjności. Przeobraziły one współczesne rynki pracy, a nawet przyczyniły się do ich umiędzynarodowienia. Działalność międzynarodowych grup kapitałowych, od wielu lat ,skłania zarówno do krytyki, jak i eksponowania pozytywnej ich roli we współczesnej gospodarce. Dyskusja wokół regulacji związanych z dużymi jednostkami gospodarczymi nasila się w obliczu kryzysu gospodarczego w Stanach Zjednoczonych i Unii Europejskiej. Kontrowersje budzą między innymi międzynarodowe przepływy kapitałowe, w których uczestniczą te przedsiębiorstwa, a które przyczyniają się do destabilizacji szczególnie małych i rozwijających się gospodarek1. Należy też wskazać dwoistość prawnego otoczenia międzynarodowych grup kapitałowych, gdyż są podmiotami zarówno prawodawstw krajowych, jak i międzynarodowych umów, konwencji i jurysdykcji organizacji międzynarodowych, jak WTO, czy instytucji Unii Europejskiej, jak Komisja Europejska odnośnie dużych fuzji i przejęć. Pojawienie się grup kapitałowych (zagranicznych, jak i rodzimych) przeobraziło także gospodarki krajów Europy środkowej i wschodniej. Zintensyfikowało rozwój tego regionu. Było też bodźcem do pojawienia się opracowań naukowych problematyki grup kapitałowych w Polsce i na świecie. Na uwagę zasługują dwie publikacje monograficzne prof. dr hab. inż. Michała Trockiego (SGH) i prof. Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego dr hab. Zbigniewa Krefta. Obie z 2004 roku. Jednocześnie trzeba stwierdzić, że brakuje powiązania między literaturą poświęconą grupom kapitałowym, a aspektami praktycznymi ich funkcjonowania 1 Patrz kryzys w dynamicznie rozwijających się wcześniej krajach bałtyckich. 3 w konkretnych branżach, z których każda ma swą specyfikę2. Problematyka grup jest analizowana na poziomie ogólnym, często z danymi z lat 90’. Chociaż literatura poświęcona funkcjonalnym aspektom (restrukturyzacja, rekrutacja menedżerów, marketing, strategie, internacjonalizacja, fuzje i przejęcia)3 jest bardzo bogata. Powyższe uwagi wskazują na aktualność problematyki poruszonej w niniejszej pracy. Celem pracy jest ukazanie struktury branżowej grup kapitałowych w oparciu o szeroką i szczegółową analizę (próba badawcza ponad 700 przedsiębiorstw) oraz struktury zatrudnienia wg. branży działalności. Celem pracy była też odpowiedź na pytanie czy istnieją różnice między krajowe w strukturze branżowej grup. Czy istnieje jakaś branżowa specjalizacja krajów EOG4? Pobocznym celem pracy było także dokonanie porównania zasad ładu korporacyjnego w najważniejszych krajach UE oraz Polski, co pozwala na sformułowanie rekomendacji. W trzecim rozdziale autor usiłuje odpowiedzieć na pytanie czy i jakie podobieństwa i różnice istnieją w ładzie korporacyjnym, strukturach zarządczych europejskich koncernów energetycznych. W rozdziale pierwszym podjęto próbę systematyzacji pojęć i definicji wywodzących się z nauk prawnych, jak i nauk o zarządzaniu. Szeroko omówiono systemy kapitałowe i ramy prawne działania grup spółek w różnych krajach Europy. Rozdział drugi stanowi część analityczną pracy. Składa się na niego badanie europejskich grup kapitałowych pod względem branż, w jakich działają oraz zatrudnienia, w oparciu o najważniejsze indeksy giełd europejskich. Prezentację wyników poprzedza krótki opis metody i analiza giełd europejskich, według kilku najważniejszych czynników. Analiza ta, pozwala na dokonanie porównań między-krajowych, jak również między regionami gospodarczymi EOG i Europy Wschodniej. Ostatni rozdział, to próba głębszego badania działalności europejskich grup kapitałowych w branży energetycznej, ze zwróceniem uwagi na skalę działalności i umiędzynarodowienia, struktury zarządcze i ład korporacyjny. Zamieszczone na końcu aneksy zawierają tabele z listami koncernów według branż działalności oraz nieposortowane, 2 Należy uczynić zastrzeżenie, że takich treści nie da się wyodrębnić w przypadku konglomeratów i części holdingów, gdzie powiązanie spółek jest luźne. 3 Geoffrey Hook Fuzje i przejęcia, wyd. Liber, Sylwia Przytuła Pozyskiwanie menedżerów do przedsiębiorstw międzynarodowych, Wolters Kluwer 2007, Kowalska, Szafran, Czeredys Formy zatrudnienia członków zarządu spółki kapitałowej, Difin 2010, Czesław Zając Społeczne i organizacyjne problemy przejęć i fuzji przedsiębiorstw, Akademia Ekonomiczna we Wrocławiu 2006, Waldemar Frąckowiak, Fuzje i przejęcia PWE 2009 4 Oczywiście pełną odpowiedź na to pytanie oznacza wzięcie pod uwagę małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw, (de facto wszystkich pozagiełdowych) i w znaczny sposób przekracza poza wymiary tej pracy naukowej. 4 pierwotne dane źródłowe.
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