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Attachment and Object-Relations Theory ATTACHMENT AND OBJECT-RELATIONS THEORY JACQUES LEFEBVRE CHINA Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University College University of London 1995 ProQuest Number: 10055406 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10055406 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT This thesis investigates associations between Attachment Theory and Psychoanalytic Object-Relations Theory. Major psychoanalytic theories are reviewed (Feud, Klein, Fairbairn, Winnicott, Kohut, Kernberg). Theoretical links are made with Attachment Theory (Bowlby, Ainsworth, Main, Bretherton). The empirical part of the project concerns the comparison of the attachment-based classification created by Main & Goldwyn with an object-relations theory-based instrument ("SCORS") originating in the work of Westen & colleagues. Both classification systems were applied to the Adult Attachment Interview ("AAI") transcripts of a sample of 100 mothers and 100 fathers expecting their first child. The reliability of both sets of ratings was examined on a sub-set of those interviews. Principal-component analysis of the object-relations measure revealed that a single-factor solution was most applicable to SCORS ratings. Univariate analyses demonstrated that two aspects of SCORS (Affect-Tone and Capacity for Emotional Investment) were most strongly related to the adult- attachment classification. Overall, there was a very - 2 — significant commonality between object-relations ratings and the Main & Goldwyn scoring system. Canonical analyses revealed that probable-experience and current-state-of-mind with regard to attachment were linked with distinct aspects of object-relationships. Ob ject-relations ratings were then used in the prediction of Strange-Situation classification when the child was 1 to 1% years old. Ob ject-relations ratings were found only weakly to predict Strange-Situation classification and this could be accounted for by the Main & Goldwyn system of classifying Adult Attachment Interviews. The two systems were further compared on a sample of psychiatric in-patients and normal controls. In this group, the scoring system was found to distinguish patients with borderline and non-borderline AXIS II diagnoses better than the Adult-Attachment classification system but correspondence between the two systems remained high. The results are consistent with considering attachment a specific elaboration of object-relations approaches, at least as far as the latter is reflected in the Adult Attachment Interview. - 3 - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are several persons to whom I am very much indebted for their support in various ways that have enabled me to complete this thesis. It was a privilege and pleasure to be able to be a member of the research team responsible for the London Parent-Child Project. In particular, I am indebted to Dr. Howard Steele and Dr. Miriam Steele for providing me with access to data arising from the Project and collected by them before I joined the research team. Their supportive help and encouragement throughout was much appreciated by me. I wish to thank Andrew Gerber and Carolee Rada for their assitance with various tasks and for the time they made available to me. I also acknowledge the contribution of Daniel Littauer for his work on SCORS and Borderline Patients in which I collaborated with him in the pilot study on that work reported in this thesis. - 4 — I would like particularly to thank Professor Peter Fonagy for the considerate way in which he supervised my work; for his patience, good humour and encouragement throughout. Finally, I wish to thank my family for their enthusiastic support and encouragement at all times. - 5 - TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEGEMENTS CHAPTER 1 ATTACHMENT THEORY 21 CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH RELATING TO ATTACHMENT THEORY 40 CHAPTER 3 OBJECT-RELATIONS THEORY WITHIN PSYCHOANALYSIS 66 CHAPTER 4 SOME ATTEMPTS TO EMPIRICALLY INVESTIGATE OBJECT-RELATION THEORY IN PSYCHOANALYSIS 109 CHAPTER 5 SOCIAL COGNITION AND OBJECT- RELATIONS SCALES ("SCORS") 145 CHAPTER 6 INVESTIGATION OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ATTACHMENT THEORY AND OBJECT-RELATIONS THEORY: CONCEPTUAL AND EMPIRICAL ISSUES 171 - 6 — CHAPTER 7 RATING AND RELIABILITY IN APPLYING SCORS TO AAI TRANSCRIPTS 195 CHAPTER 8 SCORS AND BORDERLINE PATIENTS 220 CHAPTER 9 THE INFLUENCE OF LIFE-EVENTS ON MOTHER-CHILD PATTERNS OF ATTACHMENT 237 CHAPTER 10 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCORS RATINGS AND AAI CLASSIFICATIONS 261 CHAPTER 11 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCORS RATINGS AND INFANT-ATTACHMENT CLASSIFICATIONS 323 CHAPTER 12 THE DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY OF SCORS 365 CHAPTER 13 FINAL DISCUSSION 381 REFERENCES 411 APPENDICES 437 - 7 - LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 2.1 Adult Attachment Interview 437 Appendix 5.1 Summary of Criteria for Rating on SCORS Affect-Tone measure 439 Appendix 5.2 Summary of Criteria for Rating on SCORS Complexity of Representations of People measure 441 Appendix 5.3 Summary of Criteria for Rating on SCORS Capacity for Emotional Investment in Relationships and Morality measure 444 Appendix 5.4 Summary of Criteria for Rating on SCORS Understanding Social Causality measure 447 Appendix 5.5 Manual for Implementation of SCORS Protocol 449 Appendix 7.1 Means and Ranges of Ratings for SCORS measures in respect of Mothers 499 - 8 “ Appendix 7.2 Means and Ranges of Ratings for SCORS measures in respect of Fathers 504 Appendix 7.3 Correlations for Inter-Rater Reliability of SCORS Ratings for Mothers 509 Appendix 7.4 Correlations for Inter-Rater Reliability of SCORS Ratings for Fathers 511 Appendix 7.5 Kappa Reliabilities of SCORS Ratings for Mothers 513 Appendix 7.6 Kappa Reliabilities of SCORS Ratings for Fathers 515 Appendix 7.7 Correlations between SCORS Ratings and AAI variables for Mothers 517 Appendix 7.8 Correlations between SCORS Ratings and AAI variables for Fathers 526 Appendix 8.1 DSMIII-R (APA, 1987) Criteria for Personality Disorder, Axis II 535 Appendix 9.1 Parent-Experience Interview 537 - 9 - Appendix 9.2 Rating Scales for Parent-Experience Interview 539 Appendix 9.3 Reported and Contextual Threat Rating of Parent-Experience Interview 541 Appendix 12.1 Mean Scores and Standard Deviations for Demographic Indices for Mothers and Fathers 543 Appendix 12.2 Mean Scores and Standard Deviations of Mothers and Fathers on Langer-22 546 Appendix 12.3 Mean Scores and Standard Deviations of Mothers and Fathers on EPQ 549 Appendix 12.4 Mean Scores and Standard Deviations of Mothers and Fathers on Mill Hill Vocabulary Scales 552 — 10 — LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Table 8.1 Means of SCORS ratings for BPD and non-BPD Groups 232 Table 10.1 Factor-Loadings of SCORS measures for Mothers and Fathers 264 Table 10.2 Means of SCORS Ratings of Mothers’ AAIs, Grouped by 2-Way Attachment Classification - Secure v Insecure 265 Table 10.3 Means of SCORS Ratings of Fathers’ AAIs, Grouped by 2-Way Attachment Classification - Secure v Insecure 266 Table 10.4 Means of SCORS Ratings of Mothers’ AAIs, Grouped by 3-Way Attachment Classification - Secure, Insecure- Avoidant, Insecure-Resistant 268 Table 10.5 Means of SCORS Ratings of Fathers’ AAIs, Grouped by 3-Way Attachment Classification - Secure, Insecure- Avoidant, Insecure-Resistant 269 -11 - Table 10.6 Means of SCORS Ratings of Mothers' AAIs, Grouped by 4-Way Attachment Classification - Secure, Insecure- Avoidant, Insecure-Resistant, Unresolved 271 Table 10.7 Means of SCORS Ratings of Fathers' AAIs, Grouped by 4-Way Attachment Classification - Secure, Insecure- Avoidant, Insecure-Resistant, Unresolved 273 Table 10.8 Means of SCORS Ratings of Mothers' AAIs, Grouped by Attachment Sub- Classifications - Secure v Insecure 275 Table 10.9 Means of SCORS Ratings of Fathers' AAIs, Grouped by Attachment Sub- Classifications - Secure v Insecure 280 Table 10.10 Means of SCORS Ratings of Mothers' AAIs, Grouped by Collapsed Attachment Sub-Classifications - Secure v Insecure 283 - 12 - Table 10.11 Means of SCORS Ratings of Fathers' AAIs, Grouped by Collapsed Attachment Sub-Classifications - Secure v Insecure 287 Table 10.12 Means of SCORS Ratings of Mothers' AAIs, Grouped by Attachment Sub-Classifications for Dismissing only 290 Table 10.13 Means of SCORS Ratings of Mothers' AAIs, Grouped by Attachment Sub-Classifications for Preoccupied only 292 Table 10.14 Means of SCORS Ratings of Mothers' AAIs, Grouped by Attachment Sub-Classifications for Secure only 293 Table 10.15 Means of SCORS Ratings of Fathers' AAIs, Grouped by Attachment Sub-Classifications for Dismissing only 295 - 13 - Table 10.16 Means of SCORS Ratings of Fathers' AAIs, Grouped by Attachment Sub-Classifications for Preoccupied only 296 Table 10.17 Means of SCORS Ratings of Fathers' AAIs, Grouped by Attachment Sub-Classifications for Secure only 297 Table 10.18 Means of SCORS Ratings of Mothers' AAIs, Grouped by Attachment Sub-Classifications for Mourning Status 299 Table 10.19 Means of SCORS Ratings of Fathers' AAIs, Grouped by Attachment Sub-Classifications for Mourning Status 300 Table 10.20 Correlations Between
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