3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis

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3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis

3.53.5 ActiveActive Transport,Transport, EndocytosisEndocytosis,, andand ExocytosisExocytosis KEY CONCEPT Cells use energy to transport materials that cannot diffuse across a membrane. 3.53.5 ActiveActive Transport,Transport, EndocytosisEndocytosis,, andand ExocytosisExocytosis Active transport: requires energy input from a cell and enables a cell to move a substance against its concentration gradient. • Passive transport requires no energy from the cell. • Active transport: • is powered by chemical energy (ATP). •occurs through transport protein pumps. •Ex. Neurons • Cells use active transport to maintain homeostasis. • Drives molecules across mem. From low to high concentration. “In what ways are active transport proteins similar to enzymes?” 3.53.5 ActiveActive Transport,Transport, EndocytosisEndocytosis,, andand ExocytosisExocytosis A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles. • Endocytosis: •is the process of taking liquids or larger molecules into the cell by engulfing in vesicles. •Requires energy •Vesicle forms from cell membrane • Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis. • Example: White blood cells use to destroy foreign material. 3.53.5 ActiveActive Transport,Transport, EndocytosisEndocytosis,, andand ExocytosisExocytosis A cell can import and export large materials or large amounts of material in vesicles during the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis. Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles. • Exocytosis: • is the process of releasing substances out of a cell by fusion of a vesicle with a membrane. •expelling material from the cell. •Occurs in thinking & moving muscles. “What might happen if vesicles in you neurons were suddenly unable to fuse with the cell membrane?”.

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Glossary - Cellbiology
1 Glossary - Cellbiology Blotting: (Blot Analysis) Widely used biochemical technique for detecting the presence of specific macromolecules (proteins, mRNAs, or DNA sequences) in a mixture. A sample first is separated on an agarose or polyacrylamide gel usually under denaturing conditions; the separated components are transferred (blotting) to a nitrocellulose sheet, which is exposed to a radiolabeled molecule that specifically binds to the macromolecule of interest, and then subjected to autoradiography. Northern B.: mRNAs are detected with a complementary DNA; Southern B.: DNA restriction fragments are detected with complementary nucleotide sequences; Western B.: Proteins are detected by specific antibodies. Cell: The fundamental unit of living organisms. Cells are bounded by a lipid-containing plasma membrane, containing the central nucleus, and the cytoplasm. Cells are generally capable of independent reproduction. More complex cells like Eukaryotes have various compartments (organelles) where special tasks essential for the survival of the cell take place. Cytoplasm: Viscous contents of a cell that are contained within the plasma membrane but, in eukaryotic cells, outside the nucleus. The part of the cytoplasm not contained in any organelle is called the Cytosol. Cytoskeleton: (Gk. ) Three dimensional network of fibrous elements, allowing precisely regulated movements of cell parts, transport organelles, and help to maintain a cell’s shape. • Actin filament: (Microfilaments) Ubiquitous eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins (one end is attached to the cell-cortex) of two “twisted“ actin monomers; are important in the structural support and movement of cells. Each actin filament (F-actin) consists of two strands of globular subunits (G-Actin) wrapped around each other to form a polarized unit (high ionic cytoplasm lead to the formation of AF, whereas low ion-concentration disassembles AF).
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Phagocytosis References
9025 Technology Dr. Fishers, IN 46038 • www.bangslabs.com • [email protected] • 800.387.0672 PHAGOCYTOSIS REFERENCES GENERAL BEAD SELECTION & PHAGOCYTOSIS RATES Thiele L, Diederichs JE, Reszka R, Merkle HP, Walter E. (2003) Competitive adsorption of serum proteins at microparticles affects phagocytosis by dendritic cells. Biomaterials; 24(8):1409-18. (1µm Polybead® and Fluoresbrite® Carboxylate microspheres) Ahsan F, Rivas IP, Khan MA, Torres Suarez AI. (2002) Targeting to macrophages: role of physicochemical properties of particulate carriers-- liposomes and microspheres--on the phagocytosis by macrophages. J Controlled Release; 79:29-40. Thiele L, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Jilek S, Wunderli-Allenspach H, Merkle HP, Walter E. (2001) Evaluation of particle uptake in human blood monocyte-derived cells in vitro. Does phagocytosis activity of dendritic cells measure up with macrophages? J Controlled Release; 76:59-71. Koval M, Preiter K, Adles C, Stahl PD, Steinberg TH. (1998) Size of IgG-opsonized particles determines macrophage response during internalization. Exp Cell Res; 242(1):265-73. (0.2-0.3µm Polybead® microspheres; trypan blue quenching) Tabata Y, Ikada Y. (1988) Effect of the size and surface charge of polymer microspheres on their phagocytosis by macrophage. Biomaterials; 9(4):356-62. MONOCYTES Gu BJ, Duce JA, Valova VA, Wong B, Bush AI, Petrou S, Wiley JS. (2012) P2X7 receptor-mediated scavenger activity of mononuclear phagocytes toward non-opsonized particles and apoptotic cells is inhibited by serum glycoproteins but remains active in cerebrospinal fluid.Journal of Biological Chemistry. May 18;287:17318-30. (1µm Fluoresbrite® YG microspheres) Dumrese C, Slomianka L, Ziegler U, Choi SS, Kalia A, Fulurija A, Lu W, Berg DE, Benghezal M, Marshall B, Mittl PR.
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