12/28/2009 1 of 5
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Urinary Problems in Decompression Sickness*
Paraplegia 23 (1985) 20-25 © 1985 International Medical Society of Paraplegia Urinary Problems in Decompression Sickness* Athanasios Dounis, M.D. and Dionisios Mitropoulos, M.D. The Naval Medical Hyperbaric Center) Piraeus Naval Hospital and Department of Urology) Athens Naval Hospital) Greece Summary The records of 25 patients with type II decompression sickness and urinary problems have been reviewed. Seventeen patients were professionals and 8 were above the age of 40. The disease appeared within the 1st hour of emergence from the water in 70% of the cases and within the first 4 hours in the remaining 30%. Nine patients were diagnosed as paraplegic and two as tetraplegic. All patients had urinary disturbances and 14 were on Foley-catheter drainage during the decompression while 11 were on intermittent catheterisation. Fifteen patients had improved urinary function after recompression) 8 had some difficulty) 2 underwent a sphincterotomy and one a transurethral prostatectomy. The low percentage of complete recovery was due to the delayed arrival at the decompression chamber. Key words: Diving; Decompression sickness; Urinary disturbances. Introduction Diving for sponge fishery is the main professional occupation of the young men in the South-East Aegean islands. Although the use of recompression has decreased the number of decompression sickness victims, patients with remaining neurological problems still present. During the last 20 years, although there is a decrease of the professional divers' accidents there is an increase of the number of patients with decompression sickness. This is due to the continuously increasing numbers of sport divers in Greece. In Greece, the field of underwater medicine is covered mainly by the Naval Medical Service. -
Dysbarism - Barotrauma
DYSBARISM - BAROTRAUMA Introduction Dysbarism is the term given to medical complications of exposure to gases at higher than normal atmospheric pressure. It includes barotrauma, decompression illness and nitrogen narcosis. Barotrauma occurs as a consequence of excessive expansion or contraction of gas within enclosed body cavities. Barotrauma principally affects the: 1. Lungs (most importantly): Lung barotrauma may result in: ● Gas embolism ● Pneumomediastinum ● Pneumothorax. 2. Eyes 3. Middle / Inner ear 4. Sinuses 5. Teeth / mandible 6. GIT (rarely) Any illness that develops during or post div.ing must be considered to be diving- related until proven otherwise. Any patient with neurological symptoms in particular needs urgent referral to a specialist in hyperbaric medicine. See also separate document on Dysbarism - Decompression Illness (in Environmental folder). Terminology The term dysbarism encompasses: ● Decompression illness And ● Barotrauma And ● Nitrogen narcosis Decompression illness (DCI) includes: 1. Decompression sickness (DCS) (or in lay terms, the “bends”): ● Type I DCS: ♥ Involves the joints or skin only ● Type II DCS: ♥ Involves all other pain, neurological injury, vestibular and pulmonary symptoms. 2. Arterial gas embolism (AGE): ● Due to pulmonary barotrauma releasing air into the circulation. Epidemiology Diving is generally a safe undertaking. Serious decompression incidents occur approximately only in 1 in 10,000 dives. However, because of high participation rates, there are about 200 - 300 cases of significant decompression illness requiring treatment in Australia each year. It is estimated that 10 times this number of divers experience less severe illness after diving. Physics Boyle’s Law: The air pressure at sea level is 1 atmosphere absolute (ATA). Alternative units used for 1 ATA include: ● 101.3 kPa (SI units) ● 1.013 Bar ● 10 meters of sea water (MSW) ● 760 mm of mercury (mm Hg) ● 14.7 pounds per square inch (PSI) For every 10 meters a diver descends in seawater, the pressure increases by 1 ATA. -
8. Decompression Procedures Diver
TDI Standards and Procedures Part 2: TDI Diver Standards 8. Decompression Procedures Diver 8.1 Introduction This course examines the theory, methods and procedures of planned stage decompression diving. This program is designed as a stand-alone course or it may be taught in conjunction with TDI Advanced Nitrox, Advanced Wreck, or Full Cave Course. The objective of this course is to train divers how to plan and conduct a standard staged decompression dive not exceeding a maximum depth of 45 metres / 150 feet. The most common equipment requirements, equipment set-up and decompression techniques are presented. Students are permitted to utilize enriched air nitrox (EAN) mixes or oxygen for decompression provided the gas mix is within their current certification level. 8.2 Qualifications of Graduates Upon successful completion of this course, graduates may engage in decompression diving activities without direct supervision provided: 1. The diving activities approximate those of training 2. The areas of activities approximate those of training 3. Environmental conditions approximate those of training Upon successful completion of this course, graduates are qualified to enroll in: 1. TDI Advanced Nitrox Course 2. TDI Extended Range Course 3. TDI Advanced Wreck Course 4. TDI Trimix Course 8.3 Who May Teach Any active TDI Decompression Procedures Instructor may teach this course Version 0221 67 TDI Standards and Procedures Part 2: TDI Diver Standards 8.4 Student to Instructor Ratio Academic 1. Unlimited, so long as adequate facility, supplies and time are provided to ensure comprehensive and complete training of subject matter Confined Water (swimming pool-like conditions) 1. -
Nitrogen Narcosis
WHAT IS IT? A reversible alteration in consciousness that occurs while at depth (usually noticeable around 30 meters or 100 ft) Caused by the anesthetic effect of certain gases at high pressure NITROGEN NARCOSIS Depths Beyond 100 Feet! Individual Variability Day-to-Day Variability Signs and Symptoms of N2 Narcosis Impaired performance mental/manual work Dizziness, euphoria, intoxication Overconfidence Uncontrolled laughter Overly talkative Memory loss/post-dive amnesia Perceptual narrowing Impaired sensory function Loss of consciousness > 300 ft Deep Scuba Dives Breathing Air YEAR DIVER DEPTH 1943 Dumas 203 feet 1948 Dumas 307 feet 1967 Watts 390 feet 1968 Watson 437 feet 1989 Gilliam 452 feet Prevention of Nitrogen Narcosis Restrict diving depth to less than 100 fsw If affected, return immediately to surface Plan dive beforehand − Max time to be on bottom − Any decompression required − Minimum air required for ascent − Emergency action in event of accident Breathe helium/oxygen mixture How to Beat Narcosis (Francis 2006) Be sober, no hangover and drug free Be rested and confident Use a high quality regulator Avoid task loading Be over trained Approach limits gradually Use a slate to plan dive Schedule gauge checks and buddy checks Be positive, well motivated and prudent Oxygen Characteristics: − Colorless − Odorless − Tasteless Disadvantage: − Toxic when Oxygen is the only gas excessive amounts metabolized by the human body are breathed under pressure Too much or too little oxygen is dangerous! Oxygen Toxicity -
Leonardo User Manual
Direction for use Computer Leonardo ENGLISH cressi.com 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Main specifications page 4 TIME SET mode: General recommendations Date and time adjustment page 31 and safety measures page 5 SYSTEM mode: Introduction page 10 Setting of measurement unit and reset page 31 1 - COMPUTER CONTROL 3 - WHILE DIVING: COMPUTER Operation of the Leonardo computer page 13 FUNCTIONS 2 - BEFORE DIVING Diving within no decompression limits page 36 DIVE SET mode: DIVE AIR function: Setting of dive parameters page 16 Dive with Air page 37 Oxygen partial pressure (PO2) page 16 DIVE NITROX function: Nitrox - Percentage of the oxygen (FO2) page 18 Dive with Nitrox page 37 Dive Safety Factor (SF) page 22 Before a Nitrox dive page 37 Deep Stop page 22 Diving with Nitrox page 40 Altitude page 23 CNS toxicity display page 40 PLAN mode: PO2 alarm page 43 Dive planning page 27 Ascent rate page 45 GAGE mode: Safety Stop page 45 Depth gauge and timer page 27 Decompression forewarning page 46 Deep Stop page 46 3 Diving outside no decompression limits page 50 5 - CARE AND MAINTENANCE Omitted Decompression stage alarm page 51 Battery replacement page 71 GAGE MODE depth gauge and timer) page 52 6 - TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Use of the computer with 7 - WARRANTY poor visibility page 56 4 - ON SURFACE AFTER DIVING Data display and management page 59 Surface interval page 59 PLAN function - Dive plan page 60 LOG BOOK function - Dive log page 61 HISTORY function - Dive history page 65 DIVE PROFILE function - Dive profile page 65 PCLINK function Pc compatible interface page 66 System Reset Reset of the instrument page 70 4 Congratulations on your purchase of your Leo - trox) dive. -
Nitrox Recreational Mode - Perdix
Nitrox Recreational Mode - Perdix User Manual Shearwater Perdix Nitrox Recreational Mode 8. System Setup+ ...........................................................18 Table of Contents 8�1� Dive Setup ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Mode �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Table of Contents �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 Salinity ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Conventions Used in this Manual �����������������������������������������������������������������������3 8�2� Deco Setup ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 1. Introduction .................................................................. 4 Conservatism ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 1�1� Features ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 Safety Stop ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 8�3� Bottom Row ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 2. Modes Covered by this Manual ................................. 5 8�4� Nitrox Gases ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� -
A Primer for Technical Diving Decompression Theory
SCUBA AA PPRRIIMMEERR FFOORR TECH TTEECCHHNNIICCAALL DDIIVVIINNGG DDEECCOOMMPPRREESSSSIIOONN PHILIPPINES TTHHEEOORRYY 1 | P a g e ©Andy Davis 2015 www.scubatechphilippines.com Sidemount, Technical & Wreck Guide | Andy Davis First Published 2016 All documents compiled in this publication are open-source and freely available on the internet. Copyright Is applicable to the named authors stated within the document. Cover and logo images are copyright to ScubaTechPhilippines/Andy Davis. Not for resale. This publication is not intended to be used as a substitute for appropriate dive training. Diving is a dangerous sport and proper training should only be conducted under the safe supervision of an appropriate, active, diving instructor until you are fully qualified, and then, only in conditions and circumstances which are as good or better than the conditions in which you were trained. Technical scuba diving should be taught by a specialized instructor with training credentials and experience at that level of diving. Careful risk assessment, continuing education and skill practice may reduce your likelihood of an accident, but are in no means a guarantee of complete safety. This publication assumes a basic understanding of diving skills and knowledge. It should be used to complement the undertaking of prerequisite training on the route to enrolling upon technical diving training. 2 | P a g e ©Andy Davis 2015 www.scubatechphilippines.com This primer on decompression theory is designed as a supplement to your technical diving training. Becoming familiar with the concepts and terms outlined in this document will enable you to get the most out of your theory training with me; and subsequently enjoy safer, more refined dive planning and management in your technical diving activities. -
Near Drowning
Near Drowning McHenry Western Lake County EMS Definition • Near drowning means the person almost died from not being able to breathe under water. Near Drownings • Defined as: Survival of Victim for more than 24* following submission in a fluid medium. • Leading cause of death in children 1-4 years of age. • Second leading cause of death in children 1-14 years of age. • 85 % are caused from falls into pools or natural bodies of water. • Male/Female ratio is 4-1 Near Drowning • Submersion injury occurs when a person is submerged in water, attempts to breathe, and either aspirates water (wet) or has laryngospasm (dry). Response • If a person has been rescued from a near drowning situation, quick first aid and medical attention are extremely important. Statistics • 6,000 to 8,000 people drown each year. Most of them are within a short distance of shore. • A person who is drowning can not shout for help. • Watch for uneven swimming motions that indicate swimmer is getting tired Statistics • Children can drown in only a few inches of water. • Suspect an accident if you see someone fully clothed • If the person is a cold water drowning, you may be able to revive them. Near Drowning Risk Factor by Age 600 500 400 300 Male Female 200 100 0 0-4 yr 5-9 yr 10-14 yr 15-19 Ref: Paul A. Checchia, MD - Loma Linda University Children’s Hospital Near Drowning • “Tragically 90% of all fatal submersion incidents occur within ten yards of safety.” Robinson, Ped Emer Care; 1987 Causes • Leaving small children unattended around bath tubs and pools • Drinking -
Effect of Active Abdominal Compression-Decompression Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation on Oxygen Metabolism and Prognosis in Patients with Cardiac Arrest
ARC Journal of Anesthesiology Volume 2, Issue 4, 2017, PP 24-31 ISSN 2455-9792 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2455-9792.0204004 www.arcjournals.org Effect of Active Abdominal Compression-Decompression Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation on Oxygen Metabolism and Prognosis in Patients with Cardiac Arrest Sha Xin1, Zhang Sisen1 *, Wang Hongwei1, Cen Yingxin1, Song Wei2, Li Jing3, Wang Lixiang4 1Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou People's Hospital, Zhengzhou,China 2Hainan Provincial People's Hospital Emergency Medical Center, Haikou 570311, Hainan, China (Song W) 3Beijing GMR Medical Equipment Company, Ltd. Beijing 100038, China (Li J) 4Emergency Medical Center, China Armed Police General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China (Wang LX) *Corresponding Author: Zhang Sisen, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou People's Hospital Zhengzhou People's Hospital, Henan 450003, Zhengzhou, China, Email: [email protected] Abstract Objective: To analysis effect of active abdominal compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (AACD-CPR) and standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (STD-CPR) on oxygen metabolism prognostic of cardiac arrest (CA), to evaluate treatment effect of AACD-CPR. Methods: Breathing, cardiac arrest patients without STD-CPR and AACD-CPR contraindications was collected from October 1, 2015 to May 31, 2017 in Zhengzhou people's Hospital, CA time less than 30 minutes, and all the patients were randomly divided into STD-CPR group and AACD-CPR group. All patients were given the same rescue measures, if required to give defibrillation defibrillation. STD-CPR group in accordance with the guidelines for CPR operation (2015 Edition), AACD-CPR group recovered using abdominal lifting and compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation instrument. -
Outta Gas (From the 2007: Exploring the Inner Space of the Celebes Sea
2007: Exploring the Inner Space of the Celebes Sea Outta Gas FOCUS MAXIMUM NUMBER OF STUDENTS Gas laws 30 GRADE LEVEL KEY WORDS 9-12 (Chemistry/Physics) Celebes Sea SCUBA diving FOCUS QUESTION Gas laws How can Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Gay-Lussac’s Ideal Gas Law Law, Henry’s Law, and Dalton’s Law be used to Boyle’s Law predict the behavior of gases used in SCUBA div- Charles’ Law ing? Gay-Lussac’s Law Henry’s Law LEARNING OBJECTIVES Dalton’s Law Students will define Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Pressure Gay-Lussac’s Law, Henry’s Law, and Dalton’s Law. Worksheet Mathematics Students will use Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Gay- Lussac’s Law, Henry’s Law, and Dalton’s Law to BACKGROUND INFORMATION solve practical problems related to SCUBA diving. Indonesia is well-known as one of Earth’s major centers of biodiversity. Although Indonesia cov- MATERIALS ers only 1.3 percent of Earth’s land surface, it “Blue Water Diving Worksheet,” one copy for includes: each student or student group • 10 percent of the world’s flowering plant species; AUDIO/VISUAL MATERIALS • 12 percent of the world’s mammal species; None • 16 percent of all reptile and amphibian species; and TEACHING TIME • 17 percent of the world’s bird species. One or two 45-minute class periods plus time for students to complete worksheet In addition, together with the Philippines and Great Barrier Reef, this region has more species SEATING ARRANGEMENT of fishes, corals, mollusks, and crustaceans than Classroom style any other location on Earth. -
The Mars Project: Avoiding Decompression Sickness on a Distant Planet
NASA/TM--2000-210188 The Mars Project: Avoiding Decompression Sickness on a Distant Planet Johnny Conkin, Ph.D. National Space Biomedical Research Institute Houston, Texas 77030-3498 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058-3696 May 2000 Acknowledgments The following people provided helpful comments and suggestions: Amrapali M. Shah, Hugh D. Van Liew, James M. Waligora, Joseph P. Dervay, R. Srini Srinivasan, Michael R. Powell, Micheal L. Gernhardt, Karin C. Loftin, and Michael N. Rouen. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration supported part of this work through the NASA Cooperative Agreement NCC 9-58 with the National Space Biomedical Research Institute. The views expressed by the author do not represent official views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Available from: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information National Technical Information Service 7121StandardDrive 5285 Port Royal Road Hanover, MD 21076-1320 Springfield, VA 22161 301-621-0390 703-605-6000 This report is also available in electronic form at http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/NTRS Contents Page Acronyms and Nomenclature ................................................................................................ vi Abstract ................................................................................................................................. vii Introduction .......................................................................................................................... -
Nitrox Recreational Mode
Nitrox Recreational Mode User Manual Shearwater Petrel Nitrox Recreational Mode 8. System Setup+ ....................................................17 Table of Contents 8�1� Dive Setup���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 Mode �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 Table of Contents ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2 8�2� Deco Setup ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 Conventions Used in this Manual ��������������������������������������������������������� 3 Conservatism ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Safety Stop ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 1. Introduction ...........................................................4 8�3� Bottom Row ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 1�1� Features ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 8�4� Nitrox Gases ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19 2. Modes Covered by this Manual .......................... 5 8�5� Display Setup �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19 Units ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������