A Semiotic Analysis of Joko Widodo Political Cartoons In

Home , Political communication

A SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF JOKO WIDODO POLITICAL CARTOONS IN

THE JAKARTA POST E-PAPER

A THESIS

SITI ANISA PUTRI

REG. NO. 130705138

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

MEDAN 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, SITI ANISA PUTRI, DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS

THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS

THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED

ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS

BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE.

NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS

THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER

DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

Date: February 8th, 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : SITI ANISA PUTRI

TITLE OF THESIS : A SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF JOKO WIDODO

POLITICAL CARTOONS IN THE JAKARTA POST

E-PAPER

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR

REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES,

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT

USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF

THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

Date : February 8th, 2018

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,

First of all, I would like to thank and praise to Almighty God, Allah SWT who has given the mercy, the blessing, guarding, and guidance in my life. Shalawat and Salam to the Prophet Muhammad SAW who has brought us from the darkness to the brightness.

There are so many steps have been done by the researcher to make this thesis complete entitled A Semiotic analysis of Joko Widodo Political Cartoons in the Jakarta Post E-paper ,and ready to presented as a thesis of the first graduate.

My very special gratitude for my parents, thankyou my father H. Muhammad Tahir and my mom Rusdiah Harahap for everything. Your contribution in this thesis is very special even as hard as mine, your pray, instruction and advice are important things in the world. And for my dear sister Siti Rahmaini (maini) as my partner in crime thankyou for support, help, happiness, sadness etc. And the last of my family thankyou for Akbarruddin my youngest brother to give me a spiritual experience based on his mentoring. All of my tears, laugh, happines, healthy and sickness have done passing together in every condition. We may fight, argue, but I do love you all. Hopefully, Allah SWT keeping them from dangerous and wickedness all the time.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S as my supervisor for his kindness, patience, attention, motivation, moral and spiritual advice and also his time for guidance me to write and finish this thesis. And also, I would like express my sincere gratitude to Dr. T. Thyrhaya Zein, M.A. as my co-supervisor for her kindness, knowledge, great advice, instruction, attention and her time for guidanced me for doing my thesis. Their contribution in making this thesis is very special even as hard as mine.

My gratitude goes to the Head and the Secretary of English Department, Dr. Deliana, M.Hum., and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D., for providing me with

vii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA necessary facilities and opportunities given to me during my study in this faculty. And also Pak Kirno as the a dministration staff at English Department, thank you so much for helping me in administration.

Thanks to my room mate at Tuasan, Pancing, Maini and Tasya, Rasyid for being the person who be understand me with all the stupid things I do, and for help and give spirit for me so this Thesis can be realised and for hard time that we can spend together in every day which the unforgettable moments for almost one year. And always remembering my ages almost every time we speak. Also thankyou for all of my ex-room mate at padang bulan, “kos maling” Kak Supia Sari S.E, Kak Kiki, Diah, Afriani Lubis S.Kom, Nur Solihatun S.S, kak Nia, Nonita, Mita, etc. Thank you for the love and support. Your supports have been the most valuable things in my life. For that I am very grateful to have them in my life. Thanks to my partner in crime at campus, Asia, Kiki, Nur, Tassa and Anggun, for all of moments of us in almost five years thanks for the time we shared, the time we laughed, the time we fought and the time we enjoyed. I will be missing the days we spent together And thanks to my classmate in English Literature 2013 B who always spend our times together. My entire friends in out of campus that cannot be mentioned one by one I will never forget your kindness and support to me. Finally, I hope this paper will be a worthwhile for the reader. I do realize that this paper is still far from being perfect. Therefore, I really welcome any constructive critics and suggestions toward this paper. I hope this paper will be a worthwhile for the reader.

Medan, February 8th 2018

Siti Anisa Putri Reg. No. 130705318

viii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini adalah sebuah kajian analisis semiotika dari kartun politik Joko Widodo sebagai presiden Indonesia 2014-sekarang. Kartun politik adalah salah satu ragam media cetak yang bisa dijadikan sarana dalam mengkritik tokoh politik. Di dalam kartun politik terdapat artikel dan gambar. artikel dan gambar itu menyampaikan isi dari kartun politik tersebut. Pada penelitian ini, penulis memilih kartun politik yang di publikasikan oleh Jakarta Post e-paper terdiri dari 5 judul yaitu: PDI-P presidential nomination enigma, Mega-Jokowi relations (2014), Keeping up the Momentum (2014), Is optimism warranted for’new leadership’ economic policies? (2014), Jokowi, human rights and the US (2015), Perppu’s Slippery Slope (2017) sebagai objek penelitian menggunakan studi linguistik. Setiap tanda dari masing-masing kartun politik memiliki makna tersendiri namun berhubungan satu dengan lainnya. Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan adalah untuk menemukan tanda-tanda semiotik serta bagaimana tanda-tanda tersebut disadari maknanya.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data dari objek penelitian adalah kartun politik dari Joko Widodo sebagai Presiden Indonesia dan sebagai Object. Data tersebut menunjukkan kritikan terhadap beberapa peraturan dan kebijakan yang dikeluarkan oleh kabinet kerja era Jokowi- JK. Data yang dikumpulkan dengan mengunduh dari halaman situs web www.thejakartapost.com/channel/cartoon. Kemudian data tersebut di analisis menggunakan teori Charles Sanders Peirces (1860) yaitu Triadic Semiosis.

Kata Kunci: Tanda, Peirce, Kartun Politik

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

ABSTRACT

This research is a semiotic analysis of political cartoon of Joko Widodo as President of Indonesia 2014- Now. Political cartoon has a commercial purpose as criticism political figure which being an object in political event. In the poster there are picture and written language. It delivers what the political cartoon is all about. In this research, the researcher chooses the political cartoon which published by Jakarta Post e-paper. This political cartoon consist of 5 different titles; PDI-P presidential nomination enigma, Mega-Jokowi relations (2014), Keeping up the Momentum (2014), Is optimism warranted for’new leadership’ economic policies? (2014), Jokowi, human rights and the US (2015), Perppu’s Slippery Slope (2017). as research objects in linguistic study. Each poster has its own meaning which is related to each other. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to find the semiotic signs and how are the meaning of semiotic signs are realized. This research uses descriptive qualitative research method. The data is a political cartoons of Joko Widodo as President of Indonesia and also the object. The data show the criticism to the regulation in era Jokowi- JK cabinet team work. The data were collected by downloading from the website page www.thejakartapost.com/channel/cartoon. The data is analyze by using the theory of Charles Sanders Peirces (1860) Triadic Semiosis.

Keywords: Signs, Peirce, Political cartoon

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ……………………………………………. v

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ………………………………………………………. vii

ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………..… ix

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………. x

TABLE OF CONTENT ……………………………………………………. xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1

1.2 Problem of the Study ...... 6

1.3 Objective of the Study ...... 7

1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 7

1.5 Significance of the Study ...... 8

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1.Introduction ...... 9

2.2. Definition of Semiotics ...... 9

2.2.1. The Founder of Semiotic Approach ...... 11

2.2.1.1. Ferdinand De Saussure ...... 12

2.2.1.2. Roland Barthes ...... 13

2.2.1.2. Charles Sanders Peirce ...... 13

2.3.Political Cartoons ...... 21

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4 Joko Widodo ...... 25

2.5 Jakarta Post E-paper ...... 26

2.6 Relevant Studies ...... 27

2.4 Theoritical Framework ...... 31

CHAPTER III METHOD OF THE STUDY

3.1 Research Design ...... 33

3.2 Data and Source of Data ...... 34

3.3 Collecting Data Method ...... 36

3.4.Data Analysis Method ...... 37

3.4.1 Data Condensation ...... 38

3.4.2 Data Display ...... 39

3.4.3Drawing & Verifying Conclusion ...... 40

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 The Data Analysis ...... 41

4.2 Findings ...... 58

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ...... 59

5.2 Suggestion ...... 60

REFERENCES ...... 61

APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………..

xii

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The definition of language is various, some defines the language refers to a tool ofcommunication. Keraf 1980:1 says “Language is a means of communication between members of the public symbol of the sound produced by means of said human". Similar opinion was also expressed by Sitindoan (1984: 17) states “Language is a symbol of the sound produced by means of said human, and the system has means that are arbitrary; used by men in her life as a means of communication between each other to form, express, and communicate thoughts and feelings.Cultural social nature".The others define language as a system of sign included gestures, vocal sounds, written symbols those encode information. Humans, like most animals have verbal and non-verbal language. They communicate using language, signs, or even sound. However, what differs human languages and animalsis cultural identities.

Languagediscusses not only spoken or written matter, but also includes sign, then peopleshould be more sensitive and critical of all signs conveyed consciously ornot by the addresser even a trivial matter, seeing that it have informationor message. Therefore, the branch of linguistic study which covers the field of sign issemiotics, well known as the scienceof sign. In this sense the meanings associated with these selections is always in a process of ongoing flux as they are continually adapted to social encounters.Related areas of the study also includes the disciplines of semiotics which is the study of direct and indirect language through signs and symbols.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Semiotics is the studies which explain the study of meaning-making, also the study of sign process and meaningful of communication. In Saussuruean tradition this study called semiology, but in Peirce was called Semiotics which explain about sign which is non verbal language. Semioticians classify signs or sign systems in relation to the way are transmitted. This process of carrying meaning depends on the use of sign that may be the individual sounds or letters that humans use to form words, the body of movements they make to show attitude or emotion, or even something as general as the clothes they wear.

To explain the relationship between semiotics and communication studies, communication is defined as the process of transferring data and or meaning form a source to a receiver. There are several founder of semiotic approach Ferdinand de saussure which contributions to the study of semiotics were mainly his famous didactic concepts, with which his line of thought reaches XXI century with value and critics :

Language-speech, signifier-signified, syntagm-paradigm and the name of semiology, the discipline which Saussure helped to create.

Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914 :228) was very interested in semiotics among other things, Peirce considered it a logical exercise, evoking estoic project, neverthless, his propose aims to understand all the compromised processes in the establishment of signification, this is why the concept of sign is general and pracmatic, in the signification 3 instances cooperate, the object (which is due to represent), the sign

(which represents it) and the interpretant is, at the same time, a social rule or a collctive habit that depends of a context.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Sign or sometimes called as non-verbal language can be seen in almost allaspects of our life. Sebeok :1994:3 said a sign is “… any physical form that has been imagine or made externally (through some physical medium) stand for an object, event, feeling, etc., known as a referent, or for a class of similar (or related) objects,events, feelings, etc., known as a referential domain”. Similar toSebeok, Peirce states that “A sign is anything which determines something else (itsinterpretant) to refer to an object to which itself refers (its object) in the same way , the interpretant becoming in turn a sign”

(1931-1935:228). He said that everything can be sign, every picture, cry, wink, pointing finger, etc, in other wordanything that is perceptible, knowable, or imaginable. Thus, all media text that surrounds our daily life like cartoons, is legitimate data for semiotic analysis.

A cartoon is a type of two dimensional illustrations, possibly animated. Cartoons its self means that a simple drawing showing the features of its subjects in a humorously exaggerated way, especially a satirical onein newspaper or magazine and a motion picture using animation techniques to photograph a sequence of drawings rather than real people or object.

In modern print media, a cartoon is an illustration or series of illustrations, usually humorous in intent. Political cartoons are like illustrated editorial that serve visual commentaries on political events. They offer subtle criticism which are cleverly quoted with humour and satire to the extent that the critized does not get embitered. Political cartoons in America have a long and healthy tradition of criticizing intolerance, injustice, political corruption and social evils, political or editorial cartoons are a wonderful springbroad to classroom discussion and there are numerous ways you can

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA use them accross the curriculum to engage children at higher levels of thingking. It is generally thought-provoking and strive to educate the viewer about a current issue. The politicians have grown extremely popular due to the straightforward way they address an issue. In Indonesia, the object which can be targeted of cartoonist to be used as topic their work are Politicians, Government, public figure. Joko Widodo (jokowi) for example, being a president of Indonesia is one of hundreds who becomes an object in political cartoon related with regulated of Jokowi characteristic blusukan habit which adopted as mayor of surakarta by regularly visiting population centres, especially slums.

The economic and political conditions in Indonesia are still quite labile thus they are often used as a target for cartoonist to be used as topics for their work. Political cartoons can also be used as a means to convey the ideology of indivuals or groups in order to establish, change the society or to criticize the government. Joko Widodo (Jokowi), as the president of Indonesia(2014-now) is one of hundreds examples who becomes an object in political cartoons. Joko Widodo has become popular not because has conducted image building, but because of Joko Widodo character pointed out.

Joko Widodo policies and utterances that sometimes draw protests from various parties have made him target of cartoonist or whoever plays behind the cartoonist to create an version of his personality attached to mass media, for example is his statement about not mixing politics with religion, which generated a negative reaction from several

Muslim organizations who accused him of promoting secularism. The president took time to explain his previous statement. Jokowi also added that religion would always be a very important factor in politics, since every form of politics must be based on honesty and morality, things that were taught every religion.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Media has long been accused of worsening political polarization throughout history.

A survey by the Indonesian Information and Telecomunications society (Mastel) in 2016 revealed the powerful role of digital technology in manipulating political dynamics.

Jakarta Post is a daily English language newspaper in Indonesia. From the Jakata post

E-paper, the message that was conveyed in the first cartoon is criticism to Joko

Widodo’s cabinet which is rated as liar, unseriousness, and incompetence government.

Political cartoons can usually be found on the editorial page of many newspaper especially Jakarta post although a few are sometimes placed on the regular comic strip page. Modern political cartooning can be built around traditional visual metaphors and symbols. One alternative approach is to emphasize the text or the story. Cartoons have a great potential to political communication capable of enchancing political comprehension and reconceptualization of events, through specific frames of understanding.

In this study, the researcher used Charles Sanders Peirce theory of sign or triadic model sign. Because, Peirce very concerned with the accurate description of empirical phenomena. And also developed a scientific system for logically describing all types of sign. This theory was contrast with the phenomena of political cartoons of Joko Widodo related new perppu’s for mass organizations President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo was turning back the clock to an era when the government could disband mass organizations using the argument that it posed a threat to Pancasila and the Constitution

The phenomena above is one of style of Joko Widodo’s government which make cartoonist interested for make political cartoons of Joko Widodo and also make the researcher interested for analysis Jokowi’s political cartoons used Charles Sanders

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Peirce (1839-1914) theory of sign (triadic model: Representamen, Object, Interpretant) to know more hidden messages of Jokowi’s political cartoon.

Based on the phenomenon above, the researcher is really interested in investigating the ideology and messages inserted in Jokowi political cartoons published in Jakarta

Post. the researcher is also sure that this study needs to be done because people have the right to know that there is “power” playing behind text in media around us. Hopefully people will not be silly dolls who are trapped in a “toys box” and will not let someone controls their mind easily.

I.2 Problem of the study

It is important to make the specification of problems which are going to be analyzed. It helps the writer to avoid the ambiguity of the analysis and get clear description about the object of the analysis itself. So in this thesis the writer decide some problems that should be analyzed. They are:

1. What repserentamen found Joko Widodo’s Political Cartoons in Jakarta Post E-

paper ?

2. What objects found in Joko Widodo’s political cartoons in the Jakarta Post E-

paper ?

3. What interpretant found in Joko Widodo’s political cartoon published by Jakarta

Post E-paper ?

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.3 Objective of the study

Related to the questions on the problem of the study, this research tries to find out the answer of those questions. They are:

1. To describe the representamen found in Joko Widodo’spolitical cartoons published by the Jakarta Post e-paper.

2. To describe the objects found in Joko Widodo’s political cartoons published by

Jakarta Post e-paper.

3. To find the interpretant found in Joko Widodo’s political cartoons published by

Jakarta post e-paper.

1.4 Scope of the study

Related to the problem and the scope of the study, the researcher has to limit the scope of study in order to avoid wider analysis. In this research, theresearcher would like to analyze Semiotics features in political cartoons of Joko Widodo the President of

Indonesia. The scope of this study is specifically under critical semiotic study.

Meanwhile, in analyzing the data the researcherwill use the theory of triadic model sign in semiotics by Charles Sanders Peirce (1931-1935 : 228).

The object of the study is Joko Widodo political cartoons published by the

Jakarta PostE-paper. The parameters of the study are visual signs which hide messages, supported by the verbal signs. Although, colors can be assumed as signs, the researcher didn’t include them into the parameters of this study. Caused by the data did not using colors except black-white.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.5 Significance of the Study

The analysis of this research is expected to be able to give significance for the reader, both theoretical and practical. Theoretically, the significance is to enrich sign and symbol which used in the political cartoons of Joko Widodo. The researcher hopes this analysis would be useful for the readers to enrich their knowledge, especially for future students who have interest in this kind of analysis. This study is designed to be functional both practically and theoritically.

1. Practically:

a. For the researcher, to enrich the researcher’s knowledge about semiotics in political cartoons in detail.

b. For the readers, analyzing the political cartoons in mass media will show people in general that every sign and text is a message.

2. Theoritically:

a.The researcher also hopes that this paper will give a contribution in Semiotic study. Especially in Triadic model sign by Charles Sanders Peirce.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

This research focuses on review of literature in some studies which are considered relevant to this study. Meanwhile, the expalanation of semiotics especially focused on triadic model sign by Charles Sanders Peirce which applied on political cartoons of Joko Widodo(as object) in the Jakarta Post E-paper. A theory is necessary in conducting a reseach. The theory is used to make the research much clearer. Considering that, the researcher uses some theories as the basis of the research and also as the way to do the analysis. In this part, the researcher will explain the theories related to the research. They are the theories of semiotics and cartooning politics.

2.2 Definition of Semiotics

Etymologically, the term of semiotics originate from Greek semion, which mean sign. Eco (1980) said Semiotic is general study about sign or method of analysis on sign interpretation or the study of the functioning of sign systems. A Sign is symbol used in everything around human being lives which located in everywhere, a sign in words form, a sign human gesture, a sign in traffic ways, a sign in National flag and every object that manifest a meaning which can be determined as sign. Semiotics is a general study about the signs as essential part of cultural life and communication. According to semiotics, we can only know about culture and reality by means of the sign, through the process ogf signification this studies assume that a human phenomena which cultural or

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA sociological is as sign signification. Semiotic become a sign interpretation due it characteristic of method and role which understanding the sign. Broadbent (1980) said that semiotics is usually define as a general philosophical theory dealing with the production of signs and symbols as part of code systems which are used to communicate information. Semiotics includes visual and verbal as well as tactile and olfactory signs

(all signs or signals which are accessible to and can be perceived by all our senses) as they form code systems which systemically communicate information or massages in literary every field of human behaviour and enterprise.

Eco (1984), one of the semioticians focuses on semiotic of communition. Wrote in his bookA Theory of Semiotic, He said that semiotics is concerned with everything that can be taken as significantly subtituting for something else. This something else does not necessary have to exist or to actually be somewhere at the moment in which a sign stand in for it. According to Oxford Dictionary, Sign is an object, quality, or event whose presence or occurrence indicates the probable presence or occurrence of something else.

According to Nőth (1990) in his Hand Book of Semiotics, Pierce once referred to his sign model as consisting of a “triple connection of sign, thing signified, cognition produced in the mind”. Its relevance to this study is that it is similar topic analyzing the presentation of words and pictures in memes. The strength of his study is the clear correlation both verbal and visual signs semantically. However, his study has a minor weakness in which the background should be more structural.The next review is from

International Journal of Semiotic Studies which entitled “The Semiotics of Memes in the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Law” written by Christophe B. Gray (2009) from International Journal for the Semiotics of Law. The article introduced the analogy of memes as a semiotic device for understanding the law. The strength of this journal is that it contains the complete explanation of how Memes are use in Law. However, this article give very little real example that makes the reader hardly understand about the explanations.

Blommaert (2010:54) attributed communicative inequality to orders of indexicality. It means that there exist orders in the general systems of meaningful semiosis valid in a group in a given time. Some forms of semiosis are perceived as valuable, others as less valuable and others are even declined the valid status of semiosis. But there are rules governing people’s access to them as well as their circulation. Consequently, the socially valued semiosis becomes the representation of power and also the stake of power struggle. In fact the accented instantiation of a supervenacular is largely due to the fact that not everyone has enough access to the en- globalized codes. Consequently, we can even evaluate that some codes are more standard than the others.

Bernstein’s (1971) concept of elaborated code and restricted code states that elaborated code, with its de-contextualized hence explicit nature benefits students who speak it in educational context. In contrast, restricted code is used to exchange insiders’ view, which is more appropriated in family and private contexts.

2.2.1 The Founder of Semiotic Approach

Semiotics also called semiology which is the study of signs using behaviour was defined by one of its founders, the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) as

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the study of “the life of signs within society”. Although the word was used in this sense in the 17th century by the English philosopher John Locke, the idea of semiotics as an interdisciplinary mode for examining phenomena in different fields emerged only in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the independent work of Saussure and of the

American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce.

2.2.1.1 Ferdinand De Saussure

Ferdinand de saussure (1857-1913), Swiss linguist and one of the tweentieth- century most influential thinkers on language and well known as father of modern linguistics, put his thought about general linguistic in his book Course in General

Linguistic. Saussure start his theory of sign by identifying a language as a system of sign that express ideas, and therefore comparable to a system of writing, the alphabet, symbolic rites, polite formulas, military signal and many more.

Chandler (2008:20) defined Saussure elements of sign, distinguish the object of language between signifiant(signifier) and signifie (signified).Signifiant is a material aspect of language, it can be a form of language or sound images. Signifie is a mental aspect of language of a concept appears in human thought. The principle between the signifiant and the signifie is arbitrary. Saussure treated language as a sign-system, and his work in linguistics has supplied the concepts and methods that semioticians apply to sign-systems other than language. One such basic semiotic concept is Saussure’s distinction between the two inseparable components of a sign: the signifier, which in language is a set of speech sounds or marks on a page, and the signified, which is the concept or idea behind the sign. Saussure also distinguished parole, or actual individual

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA utterances, from langue, the underlying system of conventions that makes such utterances understandable; it is this underlying langue that most interests semioticians.

2.1.1.2 Roland Barthes

Roland Barthes (1915-1980) is one of the leading theorists of semiotics, the study of signs. He is often considered a structuralist, following the approach of sauusure, but sometimes as a poststructuralist. A sign, in this context, refers to something which conveys meaning. For example, a written or spoken word, a symbol or a myth. As with many semioticists, one of Barthe’s main themes was the importance of avoiding the confusing of culture with nature, or the naturalisation of social phenomen. Another important theme is the importance in being careful how we use words and other signs.

In Saussurean analysis, which barthes largely uses, the distinction between signifier and signified is crucial. The signifier is the image used to stand for something else, while the signified is what it stands for. The signified sometimes has an existence outside- language and social construction, but the signifier does not. Further the relationship between the two is ultimately arbitrary. There are many different ways a particular signified could be expressed in language, or different objects divided up. None of these ways is ultimately superior to the other.

2.1.1.3 Charles Sanders Peirce

Charles Sanders Peirce (1834-1914) is one of the founders of the semiotic approach and logic philosophy which well-known as a pioneer of pragmatism doctrine who has provided the basic in the general theory of signs through his writings, and text

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA that have been compiled 25 years after his death in a single comprehensive piece of work entitled Oeuvres Completes (Zoest, 1991). Unlike Saussure who has introduced the term ‘semiology’, Peirce proposed the term ‘semiotic’ which according to peirce is synonymous with the concept of logic that focuses on the knowledge of human thinking process. Charles Sanders Peirce (1980), said that there are three sides of sign. The sides are representamen, object,and interpretant.

Figure 2.1 Charles Sanders Peirce triadic sign

Picture above described that Representament is a First which stands in such a genuine triadic relation to a Second, called its Object, as to capable of determining a third, called its Interpretant, to assume the same triadic relation to its Object in which it stands itself to the same Object. Representamen is a concrete thing that can be seen by the people and it represents another thing beyond it. It is used as a subtitute for another thing in order to transmit a concept about sign. A sign also serves to represent or subtitute something which may not be present, to a system capable of interpreting such subtitution. Peirce (1996:36) said that sign has been defined as something, which stands

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA to somebody for something in some respect or capacity. Peirce made a triangle-meaning model to understanding a sign. A triangle meaning consists of representamen, object and interpretant. Peirce is the one who has so far delivered the broadest and most advanced theoretical frame work on the semiotics. The triadic and evolutionary semiotics of

Charles Sanders Peirce has a phenomenological angle that places signification, emotions and perceptions at the basis of his theory of how create meaningful signs in cognition and communication). Peirce called the sign a representamen, in order to bring out the fact that a sign is something that "represents" something else in order to suggest it (that is, "re-present" it) in some way.Signs can take many forms. They can be words, numbers, sounds, photographs, paintings and road signs among and more. However, while signs can be many things, they can be categorized as one of a few types.

The triadic elation is genuine, that is its three members are bound together by it in a way that does not consist in any complexus of dyadic relation. That it the reason the

Interpretant, or Third, cannot stand in a mere dyadic relation to the Object, but must stand in such a relation to it as the Representamen itself does. Nor can the triadic relation in which the Third stands be merely similar to that in which the First stands, for this would make the relation of the Third to the First a degenerate Secondness merely. It means that those sides (Representamen, Object, Interpretant) is something which should always together. They are inseparable in semiosis because they themselves have their functions to determining each other so that semiosis process can describe or determine the sign clearly.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Nevertheless, a sign cannot call as the Firstness, and so forth. Definitely,

Firstness is a probability or something which does not refer to anything else. Then, the

Secondness is actual f act, or the sensation of feeling appeared. The last is Thirdness which is the law or general role or a tendency of how representamen will be predicted.According to Peirce (1940), every side of semiosis (representamen, object, interpretant) has its own classification. The Representamen can be divided into

Qualisign which is formed by quality, such as the concept of color, sinsign which is formed by the real physical reality or the shape of a thing. Peirce says about Sinsign (sin is “being only once” as in single, simple, Latin semel) is actual thing or event. Then

Legisign is the law or rule of how the thing should be such as the sound of whistle in the soccer match. Mostly the legisign is made by human being to organize the social life, and because of that almost all the convention is the legisign.

As for the relationship between the representamen and the object, object has three classifications too. They are icon which the sign has the resemblance with the fact of what it refers, or a sign which denotes and have the characters of the Object, whether the Object exists or not. The next classification is Symbol, the sign connected with the object because of the agreement. Symbol is a general law or ideas which operate only in a particular situation, areas, or society. It should be noticed to differentiate symbol with legisign. Then, the index which the sign connected with the object because of the cause and effect connection. But, this connection is not so much. Index is anything which takes attention or startles us. Index has three characteristics: a. Index has no resemblance to their Object, b. It refers to individual or single unit,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA c. It directs the attention or startle to its Object.

The interpretant has rheme, dicent, and argument. The rheme is the probability for interpretant such as a concept, the dicent is the fact of interpretant or the real description of a thing, then argument is logical reasoning of interpretant. In addition, in the Philosophical Writings of Peirce, the rheme is a qualitative possibility. It is the possibility interpretant which will be understood. The dicent (or dicisign) is a actual existence, and the argument is a sign of law such a sound of whistle in soccer competition.

Peirce believed that the three elements, and the respective classifications they imposed upon signs, could be combined to give a complete list of sign types. That is, since a sign has a sign-vehicle it can be classified as either a qualisign, a sinsign, or legisign. Additionally, since that sign has an object it can be classified as either an icon, an index, or a symbol. And finally, since that sign will also determine an interpretant it can be classified as either a rheme, a dicent, or a delome. Each sign is then classifiable as some combination of each of its three elements, that is, as either one of the three types of sign-vehicle, plus one of the three types of object, plus one of the three types of interpretant. Initially, this seems to yield twenty-seven possible classificatory combinations, but, because of certain of Peirce's phenomenological theories, there are restrictions on how we can combine the different elements that mean there are, in fact, only ten types of sign. (For more on the relation between Peirce's phenomenological categories, and his sign typology, see (Lizska 1996) and (Savan 1988)). The following table is the destribution of category in semiosis;

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Category

Firstness Secondness Thirdness

Trichotomy

Representamen Qualisign Sinsign Legisign

Object Icon Index Symbol

Interpretant Rheme Dicent Argument

Table 2.1 Diagram of Classification of Signs by Charles Sanders Peirce

The rules for the permissible combinations are actually quite simple so long as we bear two things in mind. First, types of each element are classifiable as either a quality, an existential fact, or a convention. That is, across the three elements of a sign, there are three types deriving from qualities (the qualisign, the icon, and the rheme), three deriving from existential facts, (the sinsign, the index, and the dicent), and three deriving from conventions (the legisign, the symbol, and the delome). Second, the classification of the interpretant depends upon the classification of the object, which in turn depends upon the classification of the sign-vehicle. The rules that determine permissible classifications, then, are that if an element is classified as a quality, then its dependent element may only be a classified as a quality. If an element is classified as an existential fact, then its dependent element may be classified as either an existential fact, or a quality. And if an element is classified as a convention, then its dependent element may be classified as either a convention, an existential fact, or a quality. This leaves us

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA with ten permissible combinations between a sign-vehicle, object and interpretant, and so ten possible kinds of signs. Such as the table below;

In addition, Peirce (1860) says that the semiosis process is infinite process, because he thinks that the interpretant can be a new representamen, and if it joins with another Object it will produce the new interpretant again, and so forth. And finally, it can be unlimited. Yet, according to Roland Barthes semiosis has a limitation. Barthes says that the limitation of semiosis process depends on the individual autonomy

(exegesising ability) or the supraindividual principles (the values and norms in a culture which regulate the human being’s habit) of the person who does the semiosis. The semiosis will end when the person does not have anything else to be connected again with the last interpretant.

Peirce defined semiotic as an irreducibly triadic process where in something, as an object. The object is what the sign represents. The sign can only represent the object; it cannot furnish acquaintance with it. The sign can express something about the object, providing that it is an object with which the interpreter is already familiar from collateral observation (experience created from other signs, which are always from previous history).

For example, a piece of red paper that is used as a sample of sign for a can of paint as object indicates only the red colour of the object, since it is assumed that one already knows all of its other characteristics (packaging, content, usage, etc.). The piece of paper shows that the paint in the can is red in colour, but it says nothing about the other characteristics of the object. Furthermore, if the interpreter knows that it refers to a can of paint, then, and only then, does the sample give him the information that this

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA particular can of paint must be red. To put it more succinctly, Peirce distinguishes the dynamical object (the object as it is in reality) from the immediate object (the object as it is represented by the sign). In this example, the can of paint is the dynamical object, and the colour red (of the can of paint) is the immediate object.

Interpretant or the usage of sign is a concept of thinking from the people who use a sign and give it a special meaning or meaning that people have in their minds about an object which is refered by the sign. The most important thing is in the process of semiotics is how the meaning occurs. Interpretant is aprocess of perceiving meaning (in the mind).an interpretant, in semiotics, is the effect of a sign on someone who reads or comprehends it. The concept of "interpretant" is part of Charles Sanders Peirce's

"triadic" theory of the sign. For Peirce, the interpretant is an element that allows taking a representamen for the sign of an object, and is also the "effect" of the process of semeiosis or signification.

Reveals the semiotic process behind seeing smoke and determining its meaning for example, ‘sign vehicle’ is used as an alternative term for ‘representamen’.Peirce’s model of the sign extends beyond Saussure’s focus on socially agreed linguistic conventions to embrace a wide range of signifying stimuli. Far from being about agreed linguistic entities, Peirce’s concept of the sign is all encompassing, as is revealed by his popular definition of a sign as “something which stands to somebody for something in some respect or capacity’” (Cobley : 22). This rather obtuse description is important, as it makes clear the necessary components for semioic (the occurance of meaning). The word ‘something which stands’ is a signifer such as the material (written, spoken,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA acted, imprinted etc.) component of the sign. The word ‘to somebody’ is a receiving mental presence (a human, or other animal). And the word ‘for something’ is a concept or image that differs from the material signifier but which is envoked by it. It can be seen in picture below:

Figure 2.2 Example of Peirce’s sign

2.3 Political Cartoon

Political cartoon dates back from the ancient Egypy’s culture 1360, where human and animal caricatures were painted on the walls then this genre travelled to Europe and other parts of the globe (Johnson, 1973; Willet, 1993). The medium of cartoons signifies political discourse climate and future plans both in politicians personal and in national interest. Language functions are a means of tansmitting one’s conitive and social development and sharing one’s specific attitude. Politics is the art of governance and political campaign is a solemn medium of convincing and canvassing public, to impact

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA their minds through speech, words, slogans, caricature, graffiti and specifically cartoons.

In the contemporary world, political action is prepared, accompanied, influenced and payed by language and cartoons, so, it could be viewed that politicians are concerned about using language or caricature and cartoons in order to communicate with the prospect audience. The purpose of such cartoons is to inform, persuade, advertise, issue rules and regulations and also legislate and mandate. These cartoons reflect the popular culture. They provide an insight into the social trends and account for how particular events make particular shared meaning for a specific social group ( McLuhan, 1964).

Figure 2.3 Example satirical cartoons of Donald Trump

The picture above is kind of political cartoon which a phenomenal president of

America, Donald Trump as the object. In that picture the cartoonist actually wants to show the netizen for effect of Trump’s regulation for Jerussalem which makes many people being demonstrated. Trump’s decision of Jerussalem was reckless,because

Trump’s decision not only provides unprecedented diplomatic backing for Israel’s exclusivist claims over the totality of the contested city, holy to adherents of Judaism,

Christianity and Islam alike and the locus of national aspirations for both Palestinians

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and Israelis, it also encourages fallacious Israeli thinking that its government can both continue to rule over all of historic Palestine. The regulation of Donald Trump which related to Jerusalem as capital city of Israel make almost people of the world were disagree and demonstrated. Finally, the cartoonist make this phenomena as one of their work to show the reader the way of thinking by cartoonist.

In this study, the researcher was explained about how politic condition of a country especially Indonesia influenced mass media and netizen the way of thinking and kind responses based on Charles Sanders Peirce theory of sign. But, it is declared that the purpose of political cartoons is to inform, persuade, advertise, issue rules and regulations by the object to many people. Actually, the economic and political conditions in Indonesia are still quite labile thus they are often used as a target for cartoonist to be used for their work. Especially, in modern print media, a cartoons is an illustration or series of illustration, usually humurous in intent. People can searching or browsing what they want to look in internet without buying a newspaper on the morning and read it, we can browsing by mobile phone all day long, and everywhere. It makes easier the people without wasting time for waiting in every morning.

Sooner or later politicians find themselves the subject of a political cartoon . in the hands of a talented artist the editorial cartoon can be a powerful weapon because the point it is making can be quickly absorbed and transmitted. Nevertheless, cartoons are frequently overlooked as a form of political communicaion. This article suggests that cartoon deserve to be studied and this sholud be done by taking into account the type of political regimes, forms of media ownership and rules that govern the production of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA cartoons. When this is done a conclusion emerges that political cartoons, are another means whereby powerful interests reinforce their views on society.

Most people, young and old, have some familarity with cartoons, from comics and graphic illustrations in books, to the “funnies” and editorial cartoons found in newspaper around the world. Cartoons can amuse, have messages that are pointed and provide a current social commentary on the world around them. One of the most powerful weapons that a cartoon has is its seemingly innocent humour whose message can be absorbed easily, without much reflection or resistance. But it is the instantaneous manner in which this message is transmitted which ensures the cartoon an important, if often overlooked, prominence in the real of communications. A cartoon’s typical placement in the editorial section, and the fact it is usually peoduced by the same staff cartoonist, over a long period of time, contribute to the development of themes and central ideas, and provide the impact on the persuasiveness of the medium.

DeSousa&Medhurst:1981 said that Political cartoons serve four functions which include entertainment, aggression reduction, agenda- setting-framing, and specific policy and history. Principle themes in cartoons.

A political cartoon is a satirical comment, usually humorous about political person, event, institution or idea, and reflecting the cartoonist’s own values or opinions on that issue. It should be noted that “cartoon” is used here in the sense of visual, humorous text that may or may not include a verbal part and that “political” is used in a very narrow sense, because most political issues for example: abortion, have political repercussions and most political issue which already a wealth of research on humor at

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA large and more specifically on political cartoons. It takes priority knowledge to be part of a social scenario selected by the cartoonist and reorganized to form the script which is essential to the realization of the humorous effect of a piece of humor. No matter how seriously they are taken, cartoons continue to reflect cultural attitudes and values, and record and perpetuate many commonly held beliefs. The effect of a political cartoon is therefore not simply and not always laughter. A political cartoon can be cathartic, resulting in an Aristotelian purgation or recognition, or in relief, or adjustive, resulting in behavioral or material change. Relief can happen upon beholding a egative object or entity.

2.4 Joko Widodo

Joko Widodo (Jokowi), as the president of Indonesia is one of hundreds examples who becomes an object in political cartoons. Joko Widodo policies and utterances that sometimes draw protest from various parties have made Jokowi target cartoonist or whoever plays behind the cartoonist to create an version of his personality attached to mass media. Joko Widodo as the first Indonesian president without a high- ranking political or military background. Joko Widodo has become well known in various regions in Indonesia. Joko Widodo has become popular not because has conducted image building, but because of Joko Widodo character pointed out.

Joko Widodo was seen to empathize with the poor and grew in popularity with measures such as relocating slum-dwellers and boosting small businesses.He campaigned for the presidency on a platform of stamping out corruption, nepotism and intolerance - and pushed for investment in education, meritocracy and increased use of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA technology in governance.He won the presidential election with a decisive victory over former general Prabowo Subianto. At Joko Widodo's inauguration in October 2014, he urged for a spirit of unity and hard work, and promised to restore national pride as well as build a stronger maritime presence.

Muslim organizations who accused him of promoting secularism. The president took time to explain his previous statement. He also added that religion would always be a very important factor in politics, since every form of politics must be based on honesty and morality, things that were taught every religion.

2.5 Jakarta Post E-paper

The Jakarta Post is a daily English language newspaper in Indonesia. The paper is owned by PT Bina Media Tenggara, and the head office is in the nation capital,

Jakarta. The Jakarta Post was started as a collaboration between four Indonesian media under the urging of information minister Ali Murtopo and politician Jusuf Wanandi.

After the first issue w as printed on 25 April 1983, it spent several years with minimal advertisements and increasing circulation. After a change in chief editors in 1991, it began to take a more vocal pro democracy point of view. The paper was one of the few

Indonesian English-language dailies to survive the 1997 Asian financial crisis. The

Jakarta Post also features an online edition and newspaper edition was targeted at

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA foreigners, Indonesian businesspeople, educated Indonesian, although the middle-class

Indonesian readership has increased. Going online has become a necessity for businesses, the media in particular, expecting to progress to the new millennium. Recent development in Indonesia shows that the Web is the future of news and information as evidenced by the increasing number of media publications available over the internet.

Jakarta Postas the largest English newspaper in Indonesia which has anticipated on trend and has dedicated a considerable amount of time and resources to preparing its website. They are proud to announce that the online version called Jakarta Post e

(electronic)-paper of their newspapre is now available on the Web. The Jakarta post.com is more than just an extension of the Jakarta Post daily newspaper. As the name suggests, it also offers breaking news and a wealth of information on Indonesia. By providing up-to-date, in- depth accurate information and analyses, the jakarta post.com aspires to be a one-stop reference point on Indonesia that will serve both local and international audiences. Taking full advantage of the unlimited space available on the web, the jakarta post.com also provides featured articles and special coverage that may not otherwise appear in the printed edition.

2.5Relevant Studies

The research about semiotics has been done by many researcher. There are many object that the researcher used to completed their thesis. The five journals from national and international journal are reviewed in this journal:

The First study is national journal which entitle An analysis of Political

Cartoons in the jakarta Post E-paper (a semiotic discursive Approach) by Hudi Aryuni

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA (2012). This national journal analyzing political cartoons of Susilo Bambang

Yudhoyono as a president of Indonesia at 2004-2014. This journal also analyzed two kinds of sign, which are verbal sign and non-verbal sign also concerned of the hidden messages of the public figure and the ideology of the Jakarta Post. the researcher described the political issues related to each cartoon and also proceeded the signs in each cartoon using Peirce’s semiosis analysis model, then followed by discussion. The researcher of this journal analyzed the sentences or words in the cartoons using Van

Djik’s theory in CDA followed by discussion. the researcher applied Van Djik’s ideological square to analyze discourse at the levels of meaning.

Finally, The result of her research found the hidden messages, the tools that were used to convey the message and also the ideology of Jakarta Post as her surces of data.

By presenting beggars in the cartoons, the cartoonist want to alert the readers to realize the poverty of the people. (The contribution of this research is to describe political cartoon using Peirce’s triadic model and Van Djik’s ideological square in analysis text)

The second study is national journal which entitled Semiotic Analysis of South

Park Cartoon Comedy Season 1 written by Ahmad Shadiqi, (2014). This national journal describ e the usage of language seen as a communication tools and how a system of signs that generates interpretation of meanings. The researcher describe the messages and value in two levels of meaning, denotation and connotation. This research aims to describe the signs in South Park Television show season 1 and elaborate the codes or systems in which the signs are organised.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Therefore, to conduct the analysis the reseacher was collecting signs following some criteria:the objects must have a physical form (it varies from words to utterance, images, gestures,scene, etc.), it must refer to something other than itself, It must be used and recognised by people as a sign,It has meaning to the members of certain cultural group as it stands for issues in socialdiscourse.

Finally, this journal conclude that Semiotics sees any kind of text as a system of signs often utilized in deliveringmessages and value. Some message can be easily recognized while some others need adeeper understanding or interpretation. Therefore, the analysis of signs leads to a set ofinterpretations which assists in decoding the messages and values that those signs carry.Focusing on signs which have meaning to the members of certain cultural group, thissemiotic analysis elaborates the signs in South

Park cartoon comedy season I and describesthe codes in which those signs operate.( contribution for this research is to describe signs, messages and value which reflected

South Park Cartoon Comedy Season 1 using Peirce’s triadic model and Saussure semiotics theory in visual represantation).

The third study is International journal which entitle Cartoon war.. a political dilemma! A semiotic analysis of political cartoons. written by Nazra Zahid Shaikh,

Ruksana Tariq, Dr.Najeeb-us-Saqlain(2016), Journal of Media studies. This journal attempts to evaluate Pakistani political cartoons as a case study in order to increase general understanding of the structures and importants features of political cartoons.

Using quanto-qualitative meaures, current study is the semiotic analysis of political cartoons published during the general election campaign 2013 in Pakistan. It analyses the ways cartoons were used as communicative tools on internet and print media to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA produce significant meaning and dominan political themes. The researcher more explained about political cartoons which have been a part of print media and political campaigns for more than last two centuries but still this genre is unsuccessful in gaining the true attention. The purpose of this case study is to establish a link between political cartoons published during election campaign 2013 and pakistani political cultural context (contribution for this research as the explanation how to analyze political cartoon and describe the hidden message of political cartoon which analyzed)

The Fourth is International journal which have entitled Linguistic analysis on the construction of satire in Nigerian Political Cartoons : The example of newspaper cartoons. Written by Iro Sani, Mardziah Hayati Abdullah, Afida Mohammad Ali and

Faith Sathi Abdullah (2012). This journal was described political cartoons constitute a form of media text and visual elements have made them an interesting research field across academic disciplines. The 21st century has witnessed a considerable research on political cartoons. In his study, Tsakona (2009) examined language and interaction in cartoons, using multimodal theory of humor as an analytical framework. The writer indicates that cartoon humor is a complex process that involves different mechanisms of language interplay between verbal and nonverbal devices such as exaggeration, contradiction and metaphor. Audiences need to pay close attention to both verbal and visual details contained by each cartoon to grasp its meaning.

This article devices used for the construction of satire in Nigerian political cartoons highlight specific features employed to present view points and create social identities and representations of political figures, parties and other public officials. The

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA devices also provide additional insight on how language is specifically used as a vital medium of communication in social discourse especially in the political cartoon genre in the Nigerian print media. Additionally, the cartoon genre demonstrates how language is creatively and ingeniously used to accomplish communicative tasks. Hence,political cartoons are communication artifacts. From methodological perspectives, cartoons provide useful source of data that enable researchers usingsocial discourse to study social practices. Further, cartoons could be used to demonstrate the use of language to accomplish specific communicative tasks. Finally, this study perhaps provides an inspiration for future studies in the field of political cartoons research. (Contribution for this research is to describe these linguistic devices used for the construction of satire in

Nigerian political cartoons highlight specific features employed to present view points and create social identities and representations of political figures, parties and other public officials).

2.5 Theoritical framework

POLITICAL CARTOONS of JOKO WIDODO

SEMIOTIC SIGN

CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE'S SIGN SIGN OBJECT INTERPRETANT

ANALYSIS AND

FINDINGS

Figure 2.5 Theoretical Framework

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The picture above is the scheme how this research being work. Political Cartoon of Joko Widodo as object which being analysis used Charles Sanders peirce’s sign triadic model. Semiotics is one of branch linguistics studies which explain the study of meaning- making, also the study of sign process and meaningful of communiction. In

Saussuruean tradition this study called semiology which is a subset of semiotics. a sign or representamen is a concrete thing that can be seen by the people and it represents another thing beyond it. It is used as a subtitute for another thing in order to transmit a concept about sign.

A sign also serves to represent or subtitute something which may not be present, to a system capable of interpreting such subtitution. Peirce defined semiotic as an irreducibly triadic process where in something, as an object. The object is what the sign represents. Interpretant or the usage of sign is a concept of thingking from the people who use a sign and give it a special meaning or meaning that people have in their minds about an object which is refered by the sign. The most important thing is in the process of semiotics is how the meaning occurs. Interpretant is a process of perceiving meaning

(in the mind).an interpretant, in semiotics, is the effect of a sign on someone who reads or comprehends it.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research method was arranged based on the problem analyzed and the objectives of the research. The research method in this study covers research design, unit of analysis,data and source of data , technique of data collection and technique of data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

Research is any activities to collect the data, analyze d and present the result. It is done in systematic and scientific steps to answer a certain problem. In this research a semiotic analysis of Joko Widodo political cartoons in the Jakarta Post E-paper, the researcher used the descriptive qualitative methods.

Descriptive Qualitative is the detailed description of specific situations using interviews, observations, document review which you describe thing as they are. The kind of research is descriptive qualitative research (Ary,2006:32). This study is called descriptive because the data of this study are explained descriptively, because the truth can be expressed with some ways without number. Qualitative have some types based on collecting data, one of them is descriptive qualitative approach in document or content analysis, this analysis focuses on analyzing the semiotic in political cartoons of

Joko Widodo. Descriptive research is used to answer descriptive research questions : what is happening? How is something happening? Why is something happening.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Cresswell (1998:5) states that a qualitative is can be undertaken when its needs to present a detailed view of a topic. According to Moleong (2003:3), “ qualitative method is a research procedure that results in descriptive data, either in written or oral “.

According to Azwar (1998: 5) :

“Pendekatan kualitatif lebih menekankananalisisnya pada proses penyimpulan deduktif

dan induktif serta pada analisisterhadap dinamika hubungan antarfenomena yang

diamati, dengan menggunakanlogika ilmiah.”.

Based on the method above, the researcher used descriptive qualitative method.

Besides, the findings of this research were not served in percentages, but description.

3.2 Data and Source of Data

Data of this research are Visual and verbal sign of 5 political cartoons of Joko

Widodo. Actually, there are many cartoons of Joko Widodo from many sources but in this research the data were collected from Jakarta Post e-paper which being analyze used

Peirce triadic sign. The visual sign represent pictures of character of object from 5 political cartoons. The verbal sign represents text which consist of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences related to political cartoons of Joko Widodo using Charles

Sanders Peirce triadic sign.

The source of data in this research is Jakarta Post e-paper downloaded from www.thejakartapost.com/channel/cartoon. from 2014-2017. The table below shows the data which obtained and will be analyzed in this research based on their publication.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA NO. Title Time Published

PDI-P presidential nomination enigma, Monday, February 10, 1. Mega-Jokowi relations 2014 at 10:19 am

Wednesday, July 23, 2. Keeping up the momentum 2014 at 09:49 am

Is optimism warratnted for ‘new Thursday, September 3. leadership’ economic policies? 18, 2014 at 03:24 pm

Tuesday, October 27, 4. Jokowi, human rights and the US 2015 at 04:08 am

Friday, July14,2017 at 5. Perppus’s slippery slope 08:19 am

Table 3.2. Data Collection Based on tittle and time Published

The data of semiotic signs especially political cartoons of Joko Wiododo were analyzed by using Peirce’s Theory namely Diagram of Semiosis known as Triangle Semiosis.

Whereas, the data analysis model based on the interactive model qualitative anlysis by Miles,

Huberman and Saldana (2014).

The semiosis process belong to Peirce’s theory of semiotic more obvious to trichotomy of sign which be related to the relationship between representamen and its object. The symbol in the political cartoon may become words, phrases, clauses, or sentence that written on the political cartoon. Whereas the icon is the pictures, imagers, or photos that used to make the attractive political cartoon . Meanwhile, index will not be analyzed because of index related to the influence of casuality which need more time in analyze it. Following the definition, both symbol and icon which are found in the tagline and image of the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA advertisemnt will be analyzed in this thesis to search every hidden meaning containing in the selected poster of advertisment that will be describe and limited.

3.3 Collecting Data Method

According to Arikunto (2005:175) the data collection technique is the way used

by researchers to obtain the required data. In data collection, researchers required data.

In this research, the research obtained the data from the official website of Jakarta Post

www.thejakartapost.com/channel/cartoon/ . the researcher save the data in the folder of

laptop as a file.

The data used in this analysis are taken from Jakarta Post E-paper political

cartoon special edition. There are many cartoons which have exist in the Jakarta Post

galery of Cartoon or called J+ in editor opinion galery of analytical cartoons. But this

study the researcher 5 only which being analysis which related political cartoons of Joko

Widodo. The total samples were five cartoons. In collecting the data, the researcher

applied the following steps:

1. Searching the cartoons from the website of the Jakarta Post

atwww.thejakartapost.com/channel/cartoon/;

2. Downloading the cartoons;

3. Sorting and sampling of the Joko Widodo cartoons which consist of verbal and

visual sign out;

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Research instrument is the important thing to obtain the data in this research.

Research instrument of this research is researcher himself. Researcher is the only one

who collects, identifies and analyzes the data.

3.4 Data Analysis Method

The interactive model of qualitative data analysis introduced by Miles,Huberman and

Saldana (2014) is how data are stored and retrieved is the heart of data management. . In this research, there will be data selection that is suitable with the issues raised. The existence of data will be grouped and also the end result of this research can be reviewed by adding previous data of relevant studies.

Figure 3.1 Component of data analysis: Interactive Model

Sources: (Miles, Huberman and Saldana, 2014: 14)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA According to Miles and Huberman (2014), data analysis can be defined as

consisting of three concurrent flows of action: data condensation, data display, and

Drawing and verifying conclusions.

3.4.1 Data Condensation

Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014) Data condensation refers to the refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and/or transforming the data that appear in the full corpus (body) of written-up field notes, interview transcripts, documents, and other empirical materials.

In this stage there are several sub-stages. Because the data consists of selecting data, focusing the data that has been selected, simplifying the data according to the type, problem and theory to be used, abstracting the data in accordance with the theory used to answer the problems and transform the form of data that was in the table or other forms Into a qualitative description that describes the content.

The semiotic signs that had been collected as data for this study will be described and also explained with article that represent each political cartoon of Jokowi.

 Selecting

The data is selected based on verbal and visual sign in political cartoons of Joko

Widodo. Visual and Verbal data will be using Peirce’s theory.

 Focusing

After selecting the appropriate data in answering the research problem, further data is focused to find the message conveyed in movie poster.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA  Simplifying

The data had been selected some of pictures and texts in political cartoon of Joko

Widodo by Jakarta Post e-paper. Then it had been noted kind of linguistic and visual and verbal signs that include from the data analysis into theory.

 Abstracting

The data had been analyzed using Peirce’s Theory. The analysis theories were analysis of visual and verbal signs political cartoon of Joko Widodo which are published by Jakarta post e-paper.

 Transforming

After the data have been transformed into separated of pictures and texts. They will be merged in one table to become model analysis by using the theory.

3.4.2 Data Display

Data display means organizing assembly of information that allows conclusion drawing. Usually in a form of table or diagram to make the data looks more organized and easir to observe so it helps conclusion drawing. In this study, the researcher will use table as model analysis.

Representamen Object Interpretant

Tears Water which coming out Very sad,

from eyes when someone is in a weepy, hurt ,

state of high emotion, scared,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA whether sad or happy. Or sensitive or very

when the eyes of someone happy

possessed by dust or injured.

Tabel 3.3 Model Analysis based on Peirce’s triadic model

In this research, the data displayed in thee form of diagram that show the relation of representamen, object and interpretant in the political cartoon.

3.4.3 Drawing & Verifying Conclusion

Conclusion drawing from the start of data collection until data display has been verified. Conclusion from this study focused on the semiotic signs in the political cartoons also a way of semiotic signs realized the message in a political cartoon as a language for communication in order to draw the interest of the people. People will be aware about political cartoon that display or describe a certain movie because every part of that poster has meaning to learn. The verification would be done by the supervisor.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 The Data Analysis

Data analysis is process of evaluating data using analytical and logical reasoning to examine each component of the data provided. This form of analysis is just one of the many steps that should be complete when conducting a research. Data from the source are gathered, received, and then analyzed to form some sort of findings or conclusions.

In this chapter, the researcher elaborates in detail, the result of the analysis about triadic sign Peirce of Joko Widodo political cartoons. In analyzing the data, the researcher used the Peirce’s semiotic (1931-1935). Peirce’s theory was used to dig the meaning of any signs in the cartoon. Sign, object and interpretant were the elements that were proceeded and understood into meaning.The representamen can be divided into qualisign, sinsign, and legisign. The object has three classification, they are icon, symbol, and index. The interpretant has rheme, dicent, and argument.

4.1.1 Data 1

PDI-P presidential nomination enigma, Mega-Jokowi relations

The Jakarta Post, Monday, February 10, 2014 10:19 am

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 5

6 2

4 4 3

Figure 4.1 PDI-P presidential nomination enigma, Mega-Jokowi relations

This political cartoon was published in 2014 by Jakarta Post. Based on the analysis of the data, the researcher found three signs; the representamen, object, and interpretant. The data is analyzed using Triadic semiosis by Peirce. The following data are explained in the table semiosis below;

4.1.1.1 Visual analysis

No Representamen Object Interpretant

The expression of Frightened expression Based on the expresion of Jokowi

Jokowi as object caused by something in the cartoon, Jokowi was afraid

is shocking. that do not like. It of Megawati instruction to be one

represent from Jokowi of presidential nomination from

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA expression. PDI-P. Because, at that time, Joko

widodo is a populer governor of

jakarta which have character down

to earth. Joko widodo has been

declared as governor of Jakarta at

october 15, 2012.

2. Paddling the Act of walking on the Many ways doing by people for get

bull.The bull is bulls go to somewhere. what they want to. Joko Widodo

icon of PDI-P being a governor of Jakarta because

which being a of choosen by PDI-P where

transportation of Megawati as the chairman. Jokowi

Jokowi to be a won the Jakarta gubenational

politicians. election in 2012 and left his job as

the mayor of the Central Javacity of

Surakarta three years before central

the end of his second term.

3. The bull get Two bulls looks like Bull is icon of PDI-P which

injured in his leg tired, one of them has obviously on an upward trend,

represent of tired get injured in his legs. particulary in relation to the

or accident. popularity of its rising star,

incumben Jakarta governor Joko

Widodo.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4 “tanduk banteng” The megawati ones has The bulls have many times to rides,

of Jokowi is get injured. so megawati’s bull get injured,

different from weak than Jokowi has.

megawati ones.

5 Megawati s the Right hand especially Megawati Soekarno Putri as the

chairman of PDI- index finger give an chairman of PDI-P give an

P looks like raise instruction. instruction to Joko Widodo to be

her finger Giving presidential nomination for this

an instruction to party. Actually, at that time Joko

someone. widodo as Governor of Jakarta.

6. Wagging bull’s The bulls look like Wagging tail is one body language

tail.The bulls look wagging his tail of animals means that they are

likes wagging his threatened.

tail three times,

represents that the

bulls walking and

running so fast.

7. Jakarta’s Flood, The situation of the city Joko Widodo as new governor

there is Monas, is very difficult, choosen hoped by people can be

and big building especially flood and solve the problem in Jakarta for his

which represent traffic jam. era.

of Jakarta.

Table 4.1 visual analysis of political cartoons

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The qualisign in this sign areblack-white color all of visual sign. The sinsign in this sign is the expression showed by the characters, the expression of Joko Widodo show the afraid and seriousness, Megawati Soekarno Putri show the expression anger and arrogant. The icon found in this sign is a power in politic and the influenced of throne in government. The symbol in this sign is a bull with their boss, a bull represents a power, strong and dangerous.

The index found in this sign is verbal text which used as information to the reader such as the figure, tittle, date of issue.The interpretant in this sign is although at that time, Joko Widodo is a governor of Jakarta, Jokowi still undercontrol of Megawati as the chairman of PDI party.

4.1.1.2 Verbal analysis

On this cartoon there are 2 phrases which have been analyzed using Charles

Sanders Peirce theory.

1. PDI-P presidential nomination enigma, Mega-Jokowi relations

2. Vote me! Me again!

There are 2 phrases which have analyzed by the researcher, the first one is PDI-P

presidential nomination enigma, Mega-Jokowi relations. This phrases supported by

visual sign out from political cartoons of Joko Widodo. The topic of the cartoon is about

PDI-P presidential nomination enigma which relate of Joko Widodo. In this verbal

analysis, words categorized as a sign, and the object of this analysis can be seen at visual

sign out. The interpretant of phrases 1 is PDI-P presidential nomination still enigma, but

many people predicted Jokowi as one of the nomination because of Megawati and

Jokowi relations, and also track record of Jokowi in political event.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The interpretant of phrase 2 is The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle

(PDI-P) is obviously on an upward trend, particularly in relation to the popularity of their rising star, Jakarta Governor Joko Widodo as main character in capital city. The party seems to depict the ongoing political maneuverings within the party ahead of the upcoming presidential election. And hope the people will voting their candidates to be president.

4.1.2 DATA 2

Keeping up the momentum

The Jakarta Post Wednesday, July 23, 2014 at 09:49

4 2

5 1

Figure 4.2. Keeping the Momentum

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1.2.1 Visual Analysis

No. Representamen Object Interpretant

People shocking The expression of this An accident or event which makes

object is shocking look at the object shocking. In this section

the other object is about declaration the winner of

bicycling. the presidential election. The object

is a rival of the winner.

2. Holding a flag Bring a flag with left “mental revolution, clean

hand governance, good governance” that

slogan on flag include that a new

hope from people for new cabinet

governance with a new revolution.

3. Sunshine Sun shine with smile There is a brand new day which

expression bring a happines, sadness.

4. Flag flutering Flag fluttering with The world looks like conspirated

freedom with new government Jokowi-JK

5. Riding a bicycle Bicycle Building a new governance after

presidential election

6. Gathering People gathering after The anthusiasim of people who

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the president winner supporting Jokowi-Jk

Table 4.2 Visual analysis

From the table 4.1.2 it can be seen that shows that after going through the

semiosis process, target spotdesignates Joko Widodo as the major targeted president selected. While smiling based on the contextis interpreted as happiness. Both signs function as a proponent of the text whichwill be discussed in the verbal analysis.

The qualisign in this sign is color background consist of black and white. The sinsign in this sign is the expression showed by the characters, Jokowi Widodo, Jusuf Kalla and

Prabowo Subianto indifferent expression. The object that researcher found: The icon found in this sign are: bicycle, Flags, sunshine. All of the icon supported the political cartoon interpretation. The index found in this sign is verbal text which used as information to the reader about title, and the date of issue.

4.1.2.2 Verbal Analysis

There are 2 phrases which found in the visual political cartoon and 1 sentence of tittle. They are:

1.Keeping up the momentum (tittle)

2. Welcome our new president! Welcome our new hope !

3. Clean Government, Mental Revolution, Good governance

There are 2 phrases and 1 sentence which have analyzed by the researcher, This phrases supported by visual sign out from political cartoons of Joko Widodo. The topic of the cartoon is As predicted by many observers, Joko 'Jokowi' Widodo has finally been

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA declared the winner of the presidential election.A lesson learned from outgoing

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's government (president before) is the way in which it was often impeded by policy paralysis caused by the unstable coalition. Jokowi has always said that he is a man of action. Now is the time for him to prove that this is a case.

4.1.3 Data 3

Is optimism warranted for’ new leadership’ economic policies?

The Jakarta Post Thursday, September 18,2014 at 03:24 pm

5 4

Figure 4.3 Is optimism warranted for’new leadership’ economic policies?

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1.3.1 Visual Analysis

No Representamen Object Interpretant

Hesitancy and also Joko Widodo Hesitanted to Create a new mentality in

the expression of do something. governance

Jokowi represent

shameand confused

to what to do

showed by the body

language in that

cartoon appear.

2. Sunshine Hot Weather There is a new hope from

people for the government

3. There is a small tree A tree with words “politics, Jokowi should be do

and the words in the economy, behavior” have something which can change

root. meaanings which described the habitual action in politics,

in the article. economy, behavior.

4. Jokowi’s hand put “cangkul” as a tools which This time to open new

“cangkul” at his arm is usual using by farmer in government era by Jokowi

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the field. At this cartoons and Jusuf Kalla as the

jokowi using that tools to president choosen.

build or to do something in

his government era.

5. Pushing Jusuf Kalla look likes The object as president of

pushing Jokowi’s arms Indonesia given a serious

challenges awaiting the new

government

6. Watering flowers in Watering flowers usually Jokowi-JK have solutions for

JK’s hands used to give a new life for government problem.

plant

7. Jusuf Kalla smiling Jusuf kalla as partner in Jusuf Kalla looks like support

with showed his work for Jokowi from Jokowi to build this

teeth when pushing presidential election until government era.

Jokowi, finish their period looks

smiling for Jokowi

Tabel 4.3 Visual analysis

Table 4.3 show us Jokowi- JK strongly believe that developing the economy should focus seriously on human resources. This ideology is declared by cabinet work ministries after exploring the Indonesia substantial improvement. Outgoing President

Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono flaunted what he is claiming as his economic achievements over the past five years when he delivered his Independence Day State of the Nation

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Address on Aug. 15, pointing out that national economic development was on the right track. Later in the afternoon of that same day, he proposed the draft 2015 state budget to the House of Representatives, which will be implemented

4.1.3.2 Verbal Analysis

There are 1 sentence and 6 words which the researcher found in visual analysis:

1. Is optimism warranted for’new leadership’ economic policies?

2. integrity

3. new mentality

4. new work ethic

5.politics

6. economy

7. behavior

Jokowi-JK strongly believe that developing the economy should focus seriously on human resources.Indonesia took a sigh of relief over its monumental accomplishment in conducting a peaceful legislative election in April and the presidential election in

July. We now await the swearing in of the newly elected members of the legislature at national and local government levels in early October, and the new president and vice president later that same month.

The public has high expectations that the new president and vice president will make substantial improvements to the lives of all Indonesians. Given the serious challenges awaiting the new government, public attention is now focused on who president-elect Joko 'Jokowi' Widodo will appoint to be the ministers in charge of managing the economy and implementing the top priority programs he sets.The biggest

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA question now is what the new government's top programs will be to fulfill the high

expectations what Jokowi-JK promises when the campaign of presidential election.

4.1.4 Data 4

Jokowi, human rights and the US

The Jakarta Post Tuesday, October 27, 2015 at 04:08 pm

8 3

Figure 4.4 Jokowi, human rights and the US

4.1.4.1 Visual Analysis

No. Representamen Object Interpretant

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.

Jokowi put his A bag in Jokowi hands and Jokowi represents give an

index finger on another hand used to put on the instruction “keep silent” for

the mouth “shut mouth people who knows what he

up” which is do.

people reactions

to make people

silent.

2. A pair of wings Wings represents of angel, in Jokowi looks like a hero for

on Jokowi’s this cartoons the cartoonist try his country, but we don’t

body. to inform the reader the jokowi know what he do.

like angel.

3. Riding a bicycle Bicycle with two people Building a new governance

having ride after presidential election

4. Gathering People gathering after the The anthusiasim of people

president winner who supporting Jokowi-Jk

4.1.4.2 Verbal analysis

When President Joko 'Jokowi' Widodo meets with US President Barack Obama this week in Washington, DC, the two 'œpeople'™s presidents' might talk about all they have in common, including loving to eat bakso (meatball). Both were elected to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA bring about more social justice and equality to countries where the gap between rich and

poor is widening and the suffering of common people is worsening. Both are under

pressure from nationalist conservatives promoting discrimination and xenophobia for

opportunistic political purposes. In the US, Obama is faced by conservatives who are

creating discord with anti-Muslim and racist rhetoric. In Indonesia, powerful elites who

want Indonesia to return to Suharto era authoritarianism are gaining ground.

4.1.5 Data 5

Perppu’s slippery slope

The Jakarta Post Friday, July 14,2017 at 08:19 am

3 6

5 2 55

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 5 The context of the cartoon based on political issues as follow. This cartoon appeared after Wiranto as Law and Human rights Ministry to disband a mass organization within a week after issuing only one warning letter, a radical from the 2013

Law on Mass Organizations (Ormas) that requires the government to seek a court ruling to ban aberrant organizations.

4.1.5.1 Visual Analysis

No. Representamen Object Interpretant

Standing at Standing at podium Giving a speech by public figure,

podium with pollitical figure, the Government.

No expression in front There is a message want to tell.

of many people

2. Pressing a button left hand pressing a There will be something happen,

button consist a bomb effect of the rocket. In this section

or like rocket talk about a new perppu related by

mass organization which anti-

pancasila

3. Throwing a rocket The right hand of Effect from the rocket for mass

Jokowi look like organization.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA throwing a rocket

4. Rocket ready to Rocket with “regulation New perppu from president

glide in new of law” ready to regulation should be follow by

bombing the target. many people.

5. The Board was The board of mass The Government hope new perppu

scattered organization look like about regulation in new of law can

scattering in every dissolve the problem.

where.

6. People running The people of mass Mass organization should be

away organization shock and follow the new perppu

running far away

Table 4.1.5 Perppu’s slippery slope visual analysis

Table 4.1.5 it can be said that standing in front of many people as the first sign is interpreted as there is a public figure especially president Joko Widodo giving a speech in front of many people. The second sign is the president Joko Widodo look like pressing a button by his left hand is interpreted as people especially mass organization waiting for the regulation after issuing of anti-pancasila mass organization. The third sign is throwing a rocket which interpreted as pro-kontra the new perppu’s slippery slope for mass organization, slipppery slope itself means that critical thinking,pollitical rhetoric. The fourth signs is people running far away which interpreted as the mass organization show off their existence of anti-pancasila organization.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2 Findings

1. The representamen which have found in this research are: Qualisign which is based on quality of background color in the political cartoon which in this section consistent using black-white colour. Sinsign that found in this political cartoon is the expression of characters, which are smiling, shocking, arrogant, shame etc. Legisign is the law or fact which is used by generally such as the application of color.

2. The object which have found in this research are: Icon such as a picture of Joko widodo as target of cartoonist warning sign. But also consist of another figure like Megawati

Soekarno Putri, Jusuf Kalla, Prabowo Subianto. Second is symbol which can be found in this political cartoons such as bicycle,hoe, back, podium, rocket, wings, flag, a bull etc, that represent the political issues. And index is the written language that used to inform the reader which analyzed by the researcher in the verbal analysis.

3. The interpretant which have found in this research is that the process of thinking can be seen by people who look and read the article. And the interpretant of this political cartoons was supported by the article to describe the political issue. Up and down of

Jokowi-JK era is like roller coaster for politicians, people and others, what regulation have done by Jokowi also have been pass re-thinking by his parliament. In this world only GOD which has perfect. A President, Prime Ministry and others also human who make mistakes in their life, people can not judging the other people caused by their weakness. Let’s work hard together with the government to make Indonesia brighter from now on also for our future. in the first cartoon is criticism to Joko Widodo’s cabinet which is rated as dishonest, unserious, and incompetent.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter presents some conclusions about this study and suggestions for the readers

and the next researchers that can be explained as follows.

5.1 Conclusion

2. The object which have found in this research are: Icon such as a picture of Joko widodo as target of cartoonist warning sign. But also consist of another figure like Megawati

Jokowi-JK era is like roller coaster for politicians, people and others, what regulation have

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA done by Jokowi also have been pass re-thinking by his parliament. In this world only GOD which has perfect. A President, Prime Ministry and others also human who make mistakes in their life, people can not judging the other people caused by their weakness. Let’s work hard together with the government to make Indonesia brighter from now on also for our future. in the first cartoon is criticism to Joko Widodo’s cabinet which is rated as dishonest, unserious, and incompetent. Newspaper as mass media functions to give its reader the information that can bedirectly andindirectly. it means that the language is figurative used. it seems thatthe use offigurative meanings can attract attention from the readers and makesentences will be more comprehensive. That is why we say that metaphor hides itsmeaning in the text.

After analyzing the semiotic signs in political cartoon of Joko Widodo in the

Jakarta Post e-paper by using Peirce’s Triadic Semiosis, the researcher conclude some points such as: The semiotic signs found in political cartoon of Joko Widodo in the Jakarta Post e- paper are visual and verbal signs. Each cartoons contain picture of characters based on the political issues as follow in that time. analyzed data of this study were Joko Widodo political cartoons that were taken from www.thejakartapost.com/channel/cartoon/ from 2014-2017.

There are five cartoons in total.

5.2 Suggestion

The researcher realizes that this research is far from the perfect work because of

her lack of adequate ability. Therefore, she suggests the next researcher who wants to

conduct a further research about semiotics in political cartoon that they get data which

consist of two or more parties that are against each other more clearly in order to

conduct deeper and maximum analysis on the research.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

REFERENCES Ahmad, Shadiqi. 2014. Semiotic Analysis of South Park Cartoon Comedy Season I. Retrieved from [serialonline]. http://eprints.dinus.ac.id/5979/1/THESIS.PDF.

Barthes, Roland. 1964. Elements of Semiology. New York: Hill and Wang.

Berg, L. Bruce. 2007. Qualitative Research Methods for The Social Sciences (6th Ed.).

Bogdan, R. 1972. Participant Observation in Organization Settings.Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

Bungin, H.M. Burhan. 2008. Penelitian Kuailitatif: Komunikasi, Ekonumi, Kebijkan Publik dan Ilmu Sosial. Jakarta: Kencana.

Bussmann, Hadumod. 1995. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. China: Routledge.

Chandler, D. 2008. Semiotics: The Basics. London: Rouledge.

City Lit. 2008. British Sign Language for culture. London : John Wiley &Sons,Ltd.

Cobley, P. 1996.Introduction. The Communication Theory Reader (Pp. 132). Abingdon: Routledge.

Cobley, P. 2001.Introduction.The Routledge Companion to Semiotics and Linguistics. London: Routledge.

Creswell, J. W. 1994: Research Design Qualitative & Quantitative Approaches. Thousand oaks, Lincoln: Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. W. 2003. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, And Mixed Methods Approaches (2nd Ed). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Eco, Umberto. 1979. A theory of Semiotics. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Fought, C. 2006.Language and Ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Halliday, M.A.K. and C.M.I.M Mathiessen 2001.Construing Experience: Deakin University Press. Hudi, Aryuni. 2012. An Analysis of Political cartoons in the Jakarta Post E-paper (A semiotic Discursive Approach). Retrieved from [serialonline] http://eprints.dinus.ac.id/5979/1/THESIS.PDF

Iro, Sani, Mardziah Hayati, dkk. 2012. Linguistic analysis on the construction of satire in Nigerian political cartoons: the example of newspaper cartoons. Retrieved from[serialonline],: http://www.academicjournals.org/article/article138291756_Sani%20et%20al.pdf

Isaac, S., & Michael, W.B. 1987.Handbook in Research and Evaluation for Education and The Behavioral Sciences. San Diego: Edits Publishers.

Keraf, G. 1980. Introduction to Linguistics and Grammar Indonesia. Jakarta:

Lamb, S.M. 1984. Semiotics of Language and Culture: a relational approach. London: Pinter press.

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, M. A. 1983.Qualitative Data Analysis.Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, M. A. 1994.Qualitative Analysis: An Expanded Source Book (2nded.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Miles, M. B., Huberman, M. A, & Saldana, J. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis. A Method Sourcebook (3rd ed.). Arizona State University, USA: Sage Publication, Inc.

Moleong, Lexy J. 1998. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosda Karya.

Moleong, Lexy J. 2000. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosda Karya.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Nazra, Zahid Shaikh, dkk. 2010. CartoonWar...Apolitical dillemma! A Semiotic Analysis of Political Cartoons.Retrieved from [serialonline] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316407081_Cartoon_war_A_political dilemma_A_semiotic_analysis_of_political_cartoonspdf.

Pierce, Charles. S. 1932. The Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Pierces, Vol. Ii: Elements of Logic. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Peirce. C. P. 1965. Basic Concepts of Peircean Sign Theory. Gottdiener: M., Boklund- Lagopoulou, K. & Lagopoulos, A.P.

Peirce. C. P. 2003. Semiotics. London: Sage Publications.

Saussure, D. F. 1993. Course in General Linguistic. London: Duckworth Ltd.

Sitindoan, G. 1984. Introduction to Linguistics and Grammar Indonesian. Bandung: Pustaka Prima. Trimble, L.1985. English for Science and Technology: a discourse approach.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Van Le ewuen, T. 2005. Introducing social semiotics. London: Routledge

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDICES

1. PDI-P presidential nomination enigma, Mega-Jokowi relations

By: The Jakarta Post | Mon, February 10, 2014 | 10:19 am

The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) is obviously on an upward trend, particularly in relation to the popularity of its rising star, incumbent Jakarta

Governor Joko 'Jokowi' Widodo. Largely associated with its chairwoman Megawati

Soekarnoputri, the party is tipped as the strongest candidate in this year's elections. The

Jakarta Post's Hasyim Widhiarto and the 2014 election reporting team offers an analysis of the party's rising profile, presented in two separate items of this special report.

After leading a three-hour meeting with dozens of key party members, Megawati immediately left the party's headquarters in South Jakarta, leaving only deputy secretary-

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA general Hasto Kristianto to deal with a score of reporters who were curious about the meeting's results.

2. Keeping up the momentum

By: The Jakarta Post Jakarta | Wed, July 23, 2014 | 09:49 am

As predicted by many observers, Joko Widodo has finally been declared the winner of the presidential election. His win signifies the maturity of democracy in Indonesia.

Jokowi epitomizes a new generation of politicians in Indonesia, who are young and do not have any connections to the military or any of the country's political dynasties. He is a commoner, not a member of the elite. In other words, Jokowi represents a transition from an autocratic and paternalistic democracy to true democracy in Indonesia.

Nevertheless, he must act fast to consolidate the win in order to push through his proposed reforms. This need for speed is dictated by his narrow victory.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3. Is optimism warranted for 'new leadership' economic policies?

By: The Jakarta Post Yogyakarta. | Thu, September 18, 2014 | 03:24 pm

We now await the swearing in of the newly elected members of the legislature at national and local government levels in early October, and the new president and vice president later that same month.

Joko 'Jokowi' Widodo will appoint to be the ministers in charge of managing the economy and implementing the top priority programs he sets.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. Jokowi, human rights and the US

By: The Jakarta Post Jakarta | Tue, October 27, 2015 | 04:08 pm

During his campaign, Jokowi promised to prioritize investigation and reconciliation of past human rights abuses. On the first anniversary of his presidency,

Indonesian human rights defenders are dismayed. The respected human rights NGO

KontraS stated last week that Jokowi had taken no concrete steps in pursuing past human rights abuses. Meanwhile, he has appointed to senior positions current and former generals, some of whom human rights groups allege have a record of human rights abuses and whose reactionary rhetoric is ominous for continued democratic reform. KontraS concluded that the Jokowi government is heading towards a deteriorating human rights environment. Human rights activists conclude that the issue of human rights was never high on Jokowi's agenda but rather he prioritizes quick fixes

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA for the economy and infrastructure. Some believe he is relying on tough generals to efficiently address problems and bolster his political strength against powerful enemies.

Many say he is listening too much to politicians and not enough to the people.

5. Perppu's slippery slope

By: The Jakarta Post Jakarta | Fri, July 14, 2017 | 08:19 am

The new Perppu gives authority to the Law and Human Rights Ministry to disband a mass organization within a week after issuing only one warning letter, a radical departure from the 2013 Law on Mass Organizations (Ormas) that requires the government to seek a court ruling to ban aberrant organizations. It’s a slippery slope from here. Wiranto himself said that the government will expand the definition of anti-

Pancasila ideologies, which currently only refer to atheism, Marxism and Leninism.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA