DOCSLIB.ORG

Bilingual Mixed Language Accented Speech Database

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bilingual Mixed Language Accented Speech Database MEDIAPARL: BILINGUAL MIXED LANGUAGE ACCENTED SPEECH DATABASE David Imseng1;2, Herve´ Bourlard1;2, Holger Caesar1;2, Philip N. Garner1, Gwenol´ e´ Lecorve´1, Alexandre Nanchen1 1Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland 2Ecole Polytechnique Fed´ erale,´ Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland fdimseng,bourlard,hcaesar,pgarner,glecorve,[email protected] ABSTRACT MediaParl was recorded at the cantonal parliament of Valais. About two thirds of the population speak French, MediaParl is a Swiss accented bilingual database containing and one third speaks German. However, the German that is recordings in both French and German as they are spoken in spoken in Valais is a group of dialects (also known as Wal- Switzerland. The data were recorded at the Valais Parliament. liser Deutsch) without written form. The dialects differ a lot Valais is a bilingual Swiss canton with many local accents from the standard (high) German (Hochdeutsch, spoken in and dialects. Therefore, the database contains data with high Germany) and are sometimes even difficult to understand for variability and is suitable to study multilingual, accented and other Swiss Germans. Close to the language border (Italy and non-native speech recognition as well as language identifica- French speaking Valais) people also use foreign words (loan tion and language switch detection. words) in their dialect. In the parliament (and other formal We also define monolingual and mixed language auto- situations), people speak in accented standard German. In matic speech recognition and language identifictaion tasks the remainder of the paper, we refer simply to German and and evaluate baseline systems. French but take this to mean Swiss German and Swiss French. The database is publicly available for download. The political debates at the parliament are recorded Index Terms— Multilingual corpora, Non-native speech, and broadcasted. The recordings mostly contain prepared Mixed language speech recognition, Language identification speeches in both languages. Some of the speakers even switch between the two languages during the speech. Therefore, the database may also be used to a certain extent to study code- 1. INTRODUCTION switched ASR. However, in contrast to for example [1], the code switches always occur on sentence boundaries. While In this paper, we present a database that addresses multilin- some similar databases only contain one hour of speech per gual, accented and non-native speech, which are still chal- language [2], MediaParl contains 20 hours of German and 20 lenging tasks for current ASR systems. At least two bilingual hours of French data. databases already exist [1, 2]. The MediaParl speech cor- In the remainder of the paper, we will give more details pus was recorded in Valais, a bilingual canton of Switzerland. about the recording (Section 2) and transcription (Section 3) Valais is surrounded by mountains and is better known inter- process. We will also present the dictionary creation process nationally for its ski resorts like Verbier and Zermatt with the in Section 4 and define tasks and training, development and Matterhorn. Valais is an ideal place to record bilingual data, test sets in Section 5. Finally we present and evaluate baseline because there are two different official languages (French and systems on most of the tasks in Section 6. German). Furthermore, even within Valais, there are many local accents and dialects (especially in the German speak- ing part). This language mix leads to obvious difficulties, 2. RECORDINGS with many people working and even living in a non-native language, and leads to high variability in the speech record- The MediaParl speech corpus was recorded at the cantonal ings. On the other hand, it leads to valuable data that allow parliament of Valais, Switzerland. We used the recordings study of multilingual, accented and non-native speech as well of Swiss Valaisan parliament debates of the years 2006 and as language identification and language switch detection. 2009. The parliament debates always take place in the same closed room. Each speaker intervention can last from about This research was supported by the Swiss NSF through the project In- 10 seconds up to 15 minutes. Speakers are sitting or stand- teractive Cognitive Systems (ICS) under contract number 200021 132619/1 and the National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) in Interactive ing when talking and their voice is recorded through a distant Multimodal Information Management (IM2) http://www.im2.ch microphone. The recordings from 2009 that were processed at Idiap Research Institute are also available as video streams that are specific to the domain (politics) and region (Switzer- online1. land). Hence, the dictionaries need to be completed. In the The audio recordings of the year 2006 were formatted as reminder of this section, we first generally describe how we “mp3”, more specifically MPEG ADTS, layer III, v1, 128 complete the dictionaries and then give more details about kbps, 44.1 kHz, Monaural with16 bits per sample. The video German and French in Sections 4.2 and 4.3 respectively. recordings of the year 2009 were formatted as “avi” with un- compressed PCM (stereo, 48000 Hz, 16 bits per sample) au- 4.1. Phonetisaurus dio data. All the audio data (2006 and 2009) was converted to WAVE audio, Microsoft PCM, 16 bit, mono 16000 Hz prior We used Phonetisaurus [3], a grapheme-to-phoneme (g2p) to any processing. tool that uses existing dictionaries to derive a finite state trans- ducer based mapping of sequences of letters (graphemes) to their acoustic representation (phonemes). The transducer was 3. TRANSCRIPTIONS then applied to unseen words. For languages with highly transparent orthographies such Each recorded political debate (session) lasts about 3 hours as Spanish or German [4], g2p approaches typically work and human-generated transcriptions are available. However, quite well [5]. However, for languages with less transparent manual work was required to obtain annotated speech data of orthographies, such as English or French [4], it is relatively reasonable quality: difficult to derive simple mappings from the grapheme repre- • Speaker diarization was performed manually. Each sentation of a syllable to its phoneme representation. There- speaker cluster is referred to as an intervention; an in- fore, g2p approaches tend to work less well [5]. tervention consists of multiple sentences consecutively Furthermore, due to the prevalence of English in many spoken by the same speaker. fields, domain-specific words, such as “highspeed”, “inter- view” or “controlling” are often borrowed from English. • Each intervention is then associated with the corre- Since MediaParl was recorded in a bilingual region, this sponding transcription and manually split into individ- effect becomes even more pronounced than in other more ho- ual sentences. mogenous speaker populations. As a result, the dictionaries contain relatively large numbers of foreign words. However, • The transcription of each sentence is then manually ver- the g2p mappings of one language do not necessarily general- ified by two annotators and noisy utterances are dis- ize to a foreign language. French word suffixes for example, carded. are often not pronounced if they form an extension to the word stem, such as plurals and conjugations. On the other Finally, all the transcriptions were tokenized and normal- hand, German word suffixes are usually pronounced, except ized using in-house scripts. The transcription process de- for some cases where terminal devoicing (voiced consonants scribed above resulted in a corpus of 7,042 annotated sen- become unvoiced before vowels or breaks) applies. tences (about 20 hours of speech) for the French language Owing to the above problems with g2p, all entries gen- and 8,526 sentences (also about 20 hours of speech) for the erated by Phonetisaurus were manually verified by native German language. speakers according to the SAMPA rules for the respective language. Table 2 shows the number of unique words in each 4. DICTIONARIES dictionary. The phonemes in the dictionaries are represented using the 4.2. German Dictionary Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (SAMPA)2. SAMPA is based on the International Phonetic Alphabet To bootstrap the German dictionary, we used Phonolex3. (IPA), but features only ASCII characters. It supports multi- Phonolex was developed by a cooperation between DFKI ple languages including German and French. Saarbrucken,¨ the Computational Linguistics Lab, the Uni- Manual creation of a dictionary can be quite time consum- versitat¨ Leipzig (UL) and the Bavarian Archive for Speech ing because it requires a language expert to expand each word Signals (BAS) in Munich. into its pronunciation. Therefore we bootstrap our dictionar- 82% of the German MediaParl words were found in ies with publicly available sources that are designed for a gen- Phonolex. Phonetisaurus was then trained on Phonolex to eral domain of speech, such as conversations. However, the generate the missing pronunciations. All g2p-based dic- speech corpus that we use includes large numbers of words, tionary entries were manually verified in accordance to the German SAMPA rules [6]. 1http://www.canal9.ch/television-valaisanne/ emissions/grand-conseil.html 3http://www.phonetik.uni-muenchen.de/Bas/ 2http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/index.html BasPHONOLEXeng.html Since Phonolex is a standard German dictionary and we As already described in Section 3, an intervention con- only use one pronunciation for each word, the actual Swiss tains multiple sentences of the same speaker. The bilin- German pronunciation of some words may significantly dif- gual speakers change language within one intervention, fer. Analyzing, for instance, various samples of the German hence the database can also be used to study the de- word “achtzig” reveals that speakers in MediaParl pronounce tection of language switches. Note that the language it in three different ways: switches always occur at sentence boundaries. 1. /Q a x t s I C/ Mixed language ASR Mixed language ASR is defined as 2. /Q a x t s I k/ ASR without knowing the language of a sentence a priori.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Modelling Mixed Languages: Some Remarks on the Case of Old Helsinki Slang1
    MODELLING MIXED LANGUAGES: SOME REMARKS ON THE CASE OF OLD HELSINKI SLANG1 Merlijn de Smit Stockholm University Abstract Old Helsinki Slang (OHS) a linguistic variety spoken in the working-class quarters of Helsinki from approx. 1900 to 1945, is marked by the usage of a virtually wholly Swedish vocabulary in a Finnish morphosyntactic framework. It has recently been subject of two interestingly contrasting treatments by Petri Kallio and Vesa Jarva. Kallio argues that the morphosyntactic base of OHS gives cause to analyzing it as unambiguously Finnic, and therefore Uralic, from a genetic perspective, whereas Jarva, drawing attention to the possible origins of OHS in frequent code-switching, believes it deserves consideration as a mixed language alongside such cases as Ma’a and Media Lengua. The contrasting approaches of the two authors involve contrasting presuppositions which deserve to be spelled out: should the genetic origin of a language be based on the pedigree of its structure (with mixed structures pointing to a mixed genetic origin) or on the sociolinguistic history of its speakers? Taking the latter course, I argue that the most valid model for the emergence of genetically mixed languages is the code-switching one proposed by Peter Auer. Measuring OHS against Auer’s model, however, it is a marginal case for a mixed language, particularly as Auer’s and similar models imply some composition in structural domains, which seems wholly absent in the case of OHS. Thus OHS is not a genetically mixed language, even if it may have developed as one, had early OHS taken a different course as it eventually did.
    [Show full text]
  • Negotiating Ludic Normativity in Facebook Meme Pages
    in ilburg apers ulture tudies 247 T P C S Negotiating Ludic Normativity in Facebook Meme Pages by Ondřej Procházka Tilburg University [email protected] December 2020 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/ Negotiating ludic normativity in Facebook meme pages Negotiating ludic normativity in Facebook meme pages PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan Tilburg University, op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. W.B.H.J. van de Donk, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties aangewezen commissie in de Portrettenzaal van de Universiteit op maandag 7 december 2020 om 16.00 uur door Ondřej Procházka geboren te Kyjov, Tsjechië Promotores: prof. J.M.E. Blommaert prof. A.M. Backus Copromotor: dr. P.K. Varis Overige leden van de promotiecommissie: prof. A. Georgakopoulou prof. A. Jaworski prof. A.P.C. Swanenberg dr. R. Moore dr. T. Van Hout ISBN 978-94-6416-307-0 Cover design by Veronika Voglová Layout and editing by Karin Berkhout, Department of Culture Studies, Tilburg University Printed by Ridderprint BV, the Netherlands © Ondřej Procházka, 2020 The back cover contains a graphic reinterpretation of the material from the ‘Faceblock’ article posted by user ‘Taha Banoglu’ on the Polandball wiki and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- Share Alike License. All rights reserved. No other parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any other means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without permission of the author.
    [Show full text]
  • “Goat-Sheep-Mixed-Sign” in Lhasa – Deaf Tibetans' Language Ideologies
    Theresia Hofer “Goat-Sheep-Mixed-Sign” in Lhasa – Deaf Tibetans’ language ideologies and unimodal codeswitching in Tibetan and Chinese sign languages, Tibet Autonomous Region, China 1 Introduction Among Tibetan signers in Lhasa, there is a growing tendency to mix Tibetan Sign Language (TSL) and Chinese Sign Language (CSL). I have been learning TSL from deaf TSL teachers and other deaf, signing Tibetan friends since 2007, but in more recent conversations with them I have been more and more exposed to CSL. In such contexts, signing includes not only loan signs, loan blends or loan trans- lations from CSL that have been used in TSL since its emergence, such as signs for new technical inventions or scientific terms. It also includes codeswitching to CSL lexical items related to core social acts, kinship terms or daily necessities, for which TSL has its own signs, such as for concepts including “to marry”, “mother”, “father”, “teacher”, “house”, “at home”, “real”, “fake”, “wait”, “why”, “thank you” and so on.1 Some Tibetan signers refer to the resulting mixed sign language as “neither- goat-nor-sheep sign” (in Tibetan ra-ma-luk lak-da). This phrase is partly derived from the standard Lhasa Tibetan expression of something or somebody being “neither-goat-nor-sheep” (in Tibetan ra-ma-luk), an expression widely used in the context of codeswitching between Lhasa Tibetan and Putunghua (i.e. stan- dard Chinese) and the resulting “neither-goat-nor-sheep language” (in Tibetan 1 Although the acronym TSL is also used for Taiwan Sign Language and Thai Sign Language, I use it here, because it is used in the English designations of many TSL-related publications written in the Tibetan language, co-authored by deaf Tibetans.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Projections for Canada, 2011 to 2036
    Catalogue no. 89-657-X2017001 ISBN 978-0-660-06842-8 Ethnicity, Language and Immigration Thematic Series Language Projections for Canada, 2011 to 2036 by René Houle and Jean-Pierre Corbeil Release date: January 25, 2017 How to obtain more information For information about this product or the wide range of services and data available from Statistics Canada, visit our website, www.statcan.gc.ca. You can also contact us by email at [email protected] telephone, from Monday to Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., at the following numbers: • Statistical Information Service 1-800-263-1136 • National telecommunications device for the hearing impaired 1-800-363-7629 • Fax line 1-514-283-9350 Depository Services Program • Inquiries line 1-800-635-7943 • Fax line 1-800-565-7757 Standards of service to the public Standard table symbols Statistics Canada is committed to serving its clients in a prompt, The following symbols are used in Statistics Canada reliable and courteous manner. To this end, Statistics Canada has publications: developed standards of service that its employees observe. To . not available for any reference period obtain a copy of these service standards, please contact Statistics .. not available for a specific reference period Canada toll-free at 1-800-263-1136. The service standards are ... not applicable also published on www.statcan.gc.ca under “Contact us” > 0 true zero or a value rounded to zero “Standards of service to the public.” 0s value rounded to 0 (zero) where there is a meaningful distinction between true zero and the value that was rounded p preliminary Note of appreciation r revised Canada owes the success of its statistical system to a x suppressed to meet the confidentiality requirements long-standing partnership between Statistics Canada, the of the Statistics Act citizens of Canada, its businesses, governments and other E use with caution institutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Glish Is No Glitch: Spanish-English Contact Phenomena in Advertising Copy Katherine Hagan April 20, 2009
    The ‘Glish is no Glitch: Spanish-English Contact Phenomena in Advertising Copy Katherine Hagan April 20, 2009 Potato, potahto, tomato, tomahto: some customers call their favorite cereal “Corn flakes,” while others reach for los cornflais (Ilan Stavans 2005: 102). Faced with language choices, advertisers might be calling the whole thing off. The fast food chain Chick-Fil-A combines English and Spanish in their caricatured cow-friendly calendar: “Chikin es mooey gud.” Fashion magazine Ocean Drive Español promises “lo más fashion para la playa (the most fashion for the beach),” and hosts headlines on the “hoteles con star power (hotels with star power)” (italics theirs). The cows are painting it. The fashionistas are styling it. “Spanglish,” according to the title of Ilan Stavans’ 2003 book on the topic, is “the new American language.” The present study examines competing definitions of “Spanglish.” After reviewing various English-Spanish contact phenomena, the presence of code-switching, calques, Spanglish neologisms, and bilingual translation in print advertising are examined. Qualitative analysis serves to assess the motivations, rules, and ramifications of meshing Spanish and English in the media. Such analysis reveals that the function of advertising language is often more symbolic than referential. Close readings of the ad also serve as an additional account of linguistic correlates of “Spanglish” in the hybrid communication between advertiser and consumer. Preface Upon every return to my native Atlanta, I serve a couple shifts as a waitress in a local soul food restaurant. The menu is traditionally Southern: barbecue beef brisket with black-eyed peas and turnip greens. The best fried-green tomatoes on this side of the Mississippi—claim the most consistent customers—and all the cornbread and yeast rolls you can eat.
    [Show full text]
  • MIXED CODES, BILINGUALISM, and LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requi
    BILINGUAL NAVAJO: MIXED CODES, BILINGUALISM, AND LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Charlotte C. Schaengold, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2004 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Brian Joseph, Advisor Professor Donald Winford ________________________ Professor Keith Johnson Advisor Linguistics Graduate Program ABSTRACT Many American Indian Languages today are spoken by fewer than one hundred people, yet Navajo is still spoken by over 100,000 people and has maintained regional as well as formal and informal dialects. However, the language is changing. While the Navajo population is gradually shifting from Navajo toward English, the “tip” in the shift has not yet occurred, and enormous efforts are being made in Navajoland to slow the language’s decline. One symptom in this process of shift is the fact that many young people on the Reservation now speak a non-standard variety of Navajo called “Bilingual Navajo.” This non-standard variety of Navajo is the linguistic result of the contact between speakers of English and speakers of Navajo. Similar to Michif, as described by Bakker and Papen (1988, 1994, 1997) and Media Lengua, as described by Muysken (1994, 1997, 2000), Bilingual Navajo has the structure of an American Indian language with parts of its lexicon from a European language. “Bilingual mixed languages” are defined by Winford (2003) as languages created in a bilingual speech community with the grammar of one language and the lexicon of another. My intention is to place Bilingual Navajo into the historical and theoretical framework of the bilingual mixed language, and to explain how ii this language can be used in the Navajo speech community to help maintain the Navajo language.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Camfranglais in the Italian Migration Context
    Paper The use of Camfranglais in the Italian migration context by Sabrina Machetti & Raymond Siebetcheu (University of Foreigners of Siena, Italy) [email protected] [email protected] May 2013 SABRINA MACHETTI, RAYMOND SIEBETCHEU University of Foreigners of Siena (Italy) The use of Camfranglais in the Italian migration context 1. INTRODUCTION It is nearly ten years since the concept of lingue immigrate (Bagna et al., 2003), was formulated. To date, immigrant minority languages are poorly investigated in Italy. Actually, when referring to applied linguistics in the Italian context, research tends to focus on Italian language learning and acquisition by immigrants but it does not take into consideration contact situations between Italian and Immigrant languages. The linguistic mapping of these languages (Bagna, Barni, Siebetcheu, 2004; Bagna, Barni, 2005; Bagna; Barni, Vedovelli, 2007) so far undertaken empowers us to consider them as belonging to a linguistic superdiversity in Italy (Barni, Vedovelli 2009). Consequently, rather than being an impediment, immigrant languages shall enrich research in this area of study, without disregarding the complexity at both individual and collective levels. Bagna, Machetti and Vedovelli (2003) distinguish Immigrant languages from Migrant languages. For these authors, unlike Migrant languages which are languages passing through, Immigrant languages are used by immigrant groups that are able to leave their mark on the linguistic contact in the host community. A clear example of such immigrant language is called Camfranglais, an urban variety that stems from a mixture of French, English, Pidgin English and Cameroonian local languages (Ntsobé et al., 2008). On the basis of this backdrop, we present a case study started in 2008 across various Italian cities that focuses on the outcome of the interaction between Italian and Camfranglais.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Heritage Language Learners' Critical Language
    languages Article Understanding Heritage Language Learners’ Critical Language Awareness (CLA) in Mixed Language Programs Laura Gasca Jiménez * and Sergio Adrada-Rafael Department of Modern Languages and Literatures, Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT 06824, USA; sadradarafael@fairfield.edu * Correspondence: lgascajimenez1@fairfield.edu Abstract: Despite the prevalence of mixed language programs across the United States, their impact on the unique socio-affective needs of heritage language (HL) students has not been researched sufficiently. Therefore, the present study examines HL learners’ critical language awareness (CLA) in a mixed Spanish undergraduate program at a small private university in the eastern United States. Sixteen HL learners enrolled in different Spanish upper-level courses participated in the study. Respondents completed an existing questionnaire to measure CLA, which includes 19 Likert-type items addressing different areas, such as language variation, language ideologies, bilingualism, and language maintenance. Overall, the results show that learners in the mixed language program under study have “somewhat high” and “high” levels of CLA. The increased levels of CLA in learners who had completed three courses or more in the program, coupled with their strong motivation, suggests that this program contributes positively toward HL students’ CLA. However, respondents’ answers also reveal standard language ideologies, as well as the personal avoidance of code-switching. Based on these findings, two areas that could benefit from a wider representation in the curriculum of mixed language programs are discussed: language ideologies and plurilingual language practices. Keywords: critical language awareness; language attitudes; mixed language program; standard Citation: Gasca Jiménez, Laura, language ideology; code-switching; language variation; plurilingualism and Sergio Adrada-Rafael.
    [Show full text]
  • *Language Contact in Times of Globalization
    June 30 –July 2, 2011 LCTG 3* *Language Contact in Times of Globalization DURK GORTER University of the Basque Country DENNIS PRESTON Oklahoma State University KEYNOTES MARK SEBBA Lancaster University DONALD WINFORD Ohio State University Metalinguistic discourse on language contact and globalization Linguistic landscapes: multilingualism in urban areas Contact‐induced change: from language mixing to mixed languages SECTIONS Language awareness and language choice in individual use, multilingual speech communities and institutional contexts The creative potential of language contact and multilingualism An International Conference hosted by the Chair of English Linguistics phil.uni‐greifswald.de/lctg3 lctg3@uni‐greifswald.de List of participants This list comprises the names, affiliations and email addresses of all participants which will actively contribute to our conference. Prof. Dr. Jannis University of Hamburg jannis.androutsopoulos@uni- Androutsopoulos hamburg.de Dr. Birte Arendt University of Greifswald [email protected] Dr. Mikko Bentlin University of Greifswald [email protected] Prof. Dr. Thomas G.Bever University of Arizona [email protected] Dr. Olga Bever University of Arizona [email protected] Prof. Dr. Hans Boas University of Texas [email protected] Petra Bucher University of Halle- [email protected] Wittenberg halle.de Melanie Burmeister University of Greifswald melanie.burmeister@uni- greifswald.de Lena Busse University of Potsdam [email protected] Viorica Condrat Alecu Russo State [email protected] University of Balti Dr. Jennifer Dailey- University of Alberta jennifer.dailey-o'[email protected] O’Cain Dr. Karin Ebeling University of Magdeburg [email protected] Dr. Martina Ebi University of Tuebingen [email protected] David Eugster University of Zurich [email protected] Konstantina Fotiou University of Essex [email protected] Matt Garley University of Illinois [email protected] Edward Gillian Gorzów Wielkopolski [email protected] Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Goat-Sheep-Mixed-Sign” in Lhasa - Deaf Tibetans’ Language Ideologies and Unimodal Codeswitching in Tibetan and Chinese Sign Languages, Tibet Autonomous Region, China’
    Hofer, T. (2020). "Goat-Sheep-Mixed-Sign” in Lhasa - Deaf Tibetans’ Language Ideologies and Unimodal Codeswitching in Tibetan and Chinese Sign Languages, Tibet Autonomous Region, China’. In A. Kusters, M. E. Green, E. Moriarty Harrelson, & K. Snoddon (Eds.), Sign Language Ideologies in Practice (pp. 81-105). DeGruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501510090-005 Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record License (if available): CC BY-NC-ND Link to published version (if available): 10.1515/9781501510090-005 Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared online via DeGruyter at https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501510090-005 . Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ Theresia Hofer “Goat-Sheep-Mixed-Sign” in Lhasa – Deaf Tibetans’ language ideologies and unimodal codeswitching in Tibetan and Chinese sign languages, Tibet Autonomous Region, China 1 Introduction Among Tibetan signers in Lhasa, there is a growing tendency to mix Tibetan Sign Language (TSL) and Chinese Sign Language (CSL). I have been learning TSL from deaf TSL teachers and other deaf, signing Tibetan friends since 2007, but in more recent conversations with them I have been more and more exposed to CSL. In such contexts, signing includes not only loan signs, loan blends or loan trans- lations from CSL that have been used in TSL since its emergence, such as signs for new technical inventions or scientific terms.
    [Show full text]
  • Ideogram- Based Lexical Borrowing in Japanese Sign Language
    Corso di Laurea in Scienze del Linguaggio ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004 Tesi di Laurea Ideogram- based lexical borrowing in Japanese Sign Language Relatore Ch. Prof. Carmela Bertone Correlatore Ch. Prof. Giuliana Giusti Laureando Arancia Cecilia Grimaldi Matricola 836204 Anno Accademico 2015 / 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................................ 5 Chapter 1 1.1.1 Language contact and motivation for borrowing 7 1.1.2 Integration of loans................................................................................ 10 1.1.3 Identification ......................................................................................... 14 1.1.4 Borrowability ......................................................................................... 14 1.1.5 Relationship between culture and influence on borrowing ...................... 15 1.2 Historical path of borrowing-themed researches .......................................... 18 1.2.1 Haugen’s work ....................................................................................... 18 1.2.2 Importance of sociological factors and borrowing in core vocabulary ...... 22 1.2.3 Gain motivation ..................................................................................... 27 1.3 Field works ................................................................................................. 29 1.3.1 Affective reasons .................................................................................... 29 1.3.2
    [Show full text]
  • Mixed Languages: YARON MATRAS University of Manchester a Functional±Communicative Approach
    Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 3 (2), 2000, 79±99 # 2000 Cambridge University Press 79 Mixed languages: YARON MATRAS University of Manchester a functional±communicative approach It has been suggested that the structural composition of mixed languages and the linguistic processes through which they emerge are to some extent predictable, and that they therefore constitute a language ``type'' (e.g. Bakker and Mous, 1994b; Bakker and Muysken, 1995). This view is challenged here. Instead, it is argued that the compartmentalisation of structures observed in mixed languages (i.e. the fact that certain structural categories are derived from one ``parent'' language, others from another) is the result of the cumulative effect of different contact mechanisms. These mechanisms are de®ned in terms of the cognitive and communicative motivations that lead speakers to model certain functions of language on an alternative linguistic system; each mechanism will typically affect particular functional categories. Four relevant processes are identi®ed: lexical re-orientation, selective replication, convergence, and categorial fusion. Different combinations of processes will render different outcomes, hence the diversity of mixed languages as regards their structure, function, and development. terest for a theory of grammar is therefore in de®ning Introduction and explaining qualitative and quantitative differ- Recent collections by Bakker and Mous (1994a) and ences between the effects of contact in mixed lan- by Thomason (1997a) highlight growing interest in guages, as opposed to more conventional linguistic what have been termed ``mixed languages'' or ``bilin- systems. gual mixtures''. Examples of mixed languages that It appears however that few structural properties have received considerable attention in recent litera- are shared by a majority of the languages classi®ed as ture are Michif, the Cree±French mixture spoken by mixed in the literature.
    [Show full text]