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Fleming Vs. Florey: It All Comes Down to the Mold Kristin Hess La Salle University
The Histories Volume 2 | Issue 1 Article 3 Fleming vs. Florey: It All Comes Down to the Mold Kristin Hess La Salle University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Hess, Kristin () "Fleming vs. Florey: It All Comes Down to the Mold," The Histories: Vol. 2 : Iss. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories/vol2/iss1/3 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Scholarship at La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The iH stories by an authorized editor of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Histories, Vol 2, No. 1 Page 3 Fleming vs. Florey: It All Comes Down to the Mold Kristen Hess Without penicillin, the world as it is known today would not exist. Simple infections, earaches, menial operations, and diseases, like syphilis and pneumonia, would possibly all end fatally, shortening the life expectancy of the population, affecting everything from family-size and marriage to retirement plans and insurance policies. So how did this “wonder drug” come into existence and who is behind the development of penicillin? The majority of the population has heard the “Eureka!” story of Alexander Fleming and his famous petri dish with the unusual mold growth, Penicillium notatum. Very few realize that there are not only different variations of the Fleming discovery but that there are also other people who were vitally important to the development of penicillin as an effective drug. -
Cave Archaeology and the NSS: 1941–2006
George Crothers, P. Willey, and Patty Jo Watson – Cave archaeology and the NSS: 1941–2006. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 69, no. 1, p. 27–34. CAVE ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE NSS: 1941–2006 GEORGE CROTHERS1,P.WILLEY2, AND PATTY JO WATSON3 Abstract: Like most other branches of speleology, cave archaeology in the U.S. grew and developed significantly during the mid to late twentieth century. Originally viewed as marginal to mainstream Americanist archaeology, pursuit of prehistoric and historic archaeology underground is now widely accepted as making valuable contributions to knowledge of human past. The National Speleological Society played a central role in that development and continues to do so. We outline the establishment and growth of cave archaeology in North America, with special emphasis on relations between the NSS and archaeology performed in dark zone, deep cave interiors. INTRODUCTION 1920s and 1930s by ‘‘the Caveman,’’ as Neville was often called. The NSS has directly participated in cave archaeology Despite interest in cave archaeology within the NSS through cooperation, education, and conservation. Mem- governance and some portion of the membership during bers of the Society have made notable contributions to the the first few decades after the organization was formed, science by reporting the location of archaeological sites, systematic, long-term archaeological research by pro- participating in their investigation, and by equipping fessional archaeologists in the dark zones of big caves in scientists with the techniques and technology needed to the Americas did not get underway until the 1960s. There work safely in the cave environment (Damon, 1991, p. -
Thinking Outside the Sphere Views of the Stars from Aristotle to Herschel Thinking Outside the Sphere
Thinking Outside the Sphere Views of the Stars from Aristotle to Herschel Thinking Outside the Sphere A Constellation of Rare Books from the History of Science Collection The exhibition was made possible by generous support from Mr. & Mrs. James B. Hebenstreit and Mrs. Lathrop M. Gates. CATALOG OF THE EXHIBITION Linda Hall Library Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering and Technology Cynthia J. Rogers, Curator 5109 Cherry Street Kansas City MO 64110 1 Thinking Outside the Sphere is held in copyright by the Linda Hall Library, 2010, and any reproduction of text or images requires permission. The Linda Hall Library is an independently funded library devoted to science, engineering and technology which is used extensively by The exhibition opened at the Linda Hall Library April 22 and closed companies, academic institutions and individuals throughout the world. September 18, 2010. The Library was established by the wills of Herbert and Linda Hall and opened in 1946. It is located on a 14 acre arboretum in Kansas City, Missouri, the site of the former home of Herbert and Linda Hall. Sources of images on preliminary pages: Page 1, cover left: Peter Apian. Cosmographia, 1550. We invite you to visit the Library or our website at www.lindahlll.org. Page 1, right: Camille Flammarion. L'atmosphère météorologie populaire, 1888. Page 3, Table of contents: Leonhard Euler. Theoria motuum planetarum et cometarum, 1744. 2 Table of Contents Introduction Section1 The Ancient Universe Section2 The Enduring Earth-Centered System Section3 The Sun Takes -
Redeeming the Truth
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Redeeming the Truth: Robert Morden and the Marketing of Authority in Early World Atlases A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Laura Suzanne York 2013 © Copyright by Laura Suzanne York 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Redeeming the Truth: Robert Morden and the Marketing of Authority in Early World Atlases by Laura Suzanne York Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2013 Professor Muriel C. McClendon, Chair By its very nature as a “book of the world”—a product simultaneously artistic and intellectual—the world atlas of the seventeenth century promoted a totalizing global view designed to inform, educate, and delight readers by describing the entire world through science and imagination, mathematics and wonder. Yet early modern atlas makers faced two important challenges to commercial success. First, there were many similar products available from competitors at home and abroad. Secondly, they faced consumer skepticism about the authority of any work claiming to describe the entire world, in the period before standards of publishing credibility were established, and before the transition from trust in premodern geographic authorities to trust in modern authorities was complete. ii This study argues that commercial world atlas compilers of London and Paris strove to meet these challenges through marketing strategies of authorial self-presentation designed to promote their authority to create a trustworthy world atlas. It identifies and examines several key personas that, deployed through atlas texts and portraits, together formed a self-presentation asserting the atlas producer’s cultural authority. -
Neo-Colonial Continuities in the Mediterranean Infrastructure Projects of Atlantropa and Desertec
Ardeth A magazine on the power of the project 7 | 2020 Europe Neo-colonial Continuities in the Mediterranean Infrastructure Projects of Atlantropa and Desertec Alexander Stumm Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/ardeth/1883 ISSN: 2611-934X Publisher Rosenberg & Sellier Printed version Date of publication: 1 December 2020 Number of pages: 127-140 ISSN: 2532-6457 Electronic reference Alexander Stumm, “Neo-colonial Continuities in the Mediterranean Infrastructure Projects of Atlantropa and Desertec”, Ardeth [Online], 7 | 2020, Online since 01 June 2021, connection on 29 July 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ardeth/1883 CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 Neo-colonial Continuities in the Mediterranean Infrastructure Projects of Atlantropa and Desertec Alexander Stumm Abstract Affiliatio Herman Sörgel’s gigantic project “Atlantropa” is a Technische Universität Berlin, prominent European project in terms of infrastruc- Institut für ture and territory in the first half of the 20th century. Architektur It is an example of a modernity that is necessarily Contacts: believing in progress through technology – as will stumm [at] tu-berlin be shown the first section of this essay, but it is also [dot] de profitable in that it historically locates Europe’s cur- Received: rent energy policy infrastructure projects in Africa, 8 July 2020 to which the second section of the essay is dedicated. The vision pursued under the name Destertec envis- Accepted: 23 February 2021 ages the large-scale implementation of renewable energy power plants, especially solar thermal power DOI: plants in Northern Africa. Both projects share an 10.17454/ARDETH07.08 unshakeable belief in ecomodernist ideas, meaning ARDETH #07 the solution of socio-economic and ecological chal- lenges through technology (Gall, 2014). -
The Most Beautiful Book Ever Published on the Constellations
The most beautiful book ever published on the constellations Andreas Cellarius. Harmonia macrocosmica, seu Atlas universalis et novus. Amsterdam: Jan Jansson, 1661. 20 7/8 inches x 13 inches (530 x 330 mm), 364 pages, engraved and colored title page, 29 hand-colored plates. The seventeenth century was the Golden Age of Dutch cartography, in which the availability of large copperplates, superb draftsmanship, and immaculate coloring were combined with a period exuberance of detail—for winds, anchors, and a compass rose were more important to a map’s effect than many a minor inland town. The earth and sea in that nautical era were the chief subjects of attention; the celestial atlas remained a rarity. Cellarius’ Harmonia macrocosmica, however, has claims to be the most beautiful book ever published on the constellations, with delineations not only of the zodiac but the different cosmological systems of Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Tycho Brahe. Cellarius himself remains a shadowy figure, but he was most likely a German or a Pole as his name suggests — it is a Latinization of Keller or Kellner. Cellarius produced an atlas of Poland and Lithuania in 1652, and at the time of publication of Harmonia macrocosmica was rector of the Latin School at Hoorn, roughly twenty miles north of Amsterdam. The plates are brilliantly colored, highlighted in gold, with all the baroque trimmings. What space remains after a celestial hemisphere has been imposed on a huge rectangular sheet is filled to overflowing with banners, clouds, diagrams, mythological figures, portraits of astronomers and their observatories, or cherubs playing with sextants and telescopes. -
Interpolar Transnational Art Science States
ART I N AN TA R C T I C A , A SE R I E S O F CO N F E R E N C E S … P. 4 @rt Outsiders September 2008 - 9th year www.art-outsiders.com Tel : +33 (0)1 44 78 75 00 Maison Européenne de la Photographie 5-7 rue de Fourcy – 75 004 Paris M° Saint-Paul ou Pont-Marie / Bus 67, 69, 96 ou 76 I N T E R P O L A R A RT 24 September 2008 - 12 October 2008 with Marko Peljhan and Annick Bureaud, Bureau d’études, Ewen Chardronnet, Andrea Polli, Catherine Rannou. The extreme in the centre by Annick Bure a u d rom the very first polar expeditions, artists have contributed to the imaginary surrounding the FEarth’s “extremities” and their work has fed a sense of the sublime and of romanticism. Such a romantic vision endures, fuelled by adventurers of the extreme, who set out crossing, alone, the antarctic continent, the touching (and a n t h ropomorphic) image of penguins, the deadly beauty of the environment conveyed by thousands of images of “icy white”, and by the fact that Antarctica is now threatened by global warming and our pollution, that this last huge, supposedly virg i n , territory is in danger. To create in or about Antarctica today is as much a political as an artistic act, just as it was in the 19th or early 20th century. Except today the continent faces quite a diff e r ent reality and our approaches are p r obably more varied, more contradictory, more complex; burdened with numerous clichés all the I-TASC - The Arctic Perspective more enduring for being mostly true. -
Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc
Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. 7407 La Jolla Boulevard www.raremaps.com (858) 551-8500 La Jolla, CA 92037 [email protected] Planisphaerium Arateum Sive Compages Orbium Mundanorum Ex Hypothesi Aratea In Plano Expressa Stock#: 41104 Map Maker: Cellarius Date: 1660 (1708) Place: Amsterdam Color: Hand Colored Condition: VG Size: 20 x 17 inches Price: SOLD Description: Fine old color example of Cellarius's chart illustrating the Greek Astronomer Aratus' model of the universe, from the 1708 Valk & Schenk edition of Andreas Cellarius' Harmonia Cosmographica . This decorative celestial chart is based on the theories of the 3rd century Greek astronomer, Aratus, in which the Earth is at the center of the celestial universe with the Sun and Moon orbiting around it. The orbits of the planets are shown with the twelve signs of the zodiac and their human representations depicted around the edge of the sphere, with additional illustrations of principal Greek gods and goddesses. Aratus's most famous work was his hexameter poem Phaenomena. The first part of the poem is a verse setting of a lost work of the same name by Eudoxus of Cnidus. It describes the constellations and other celestial phenomena. The second half is called the Diosemeia, and is chiefly about weather lore. Although Aratus was somewhat ignorant of Greek astronomy, his poem was very popular in the Greek and Roman world. Andreas Cellarius was born in 1596 in Neuhausen and educated in Heidelberg. He emigrated to Holland in the early 17th Century and 1637 moved to Hoorn, where he became the rector of the Latin School. -
“Peces En El Cielo” ¿Por Qué Hay Constelaciones Con Nombres De Animales Marinos?
MUSEO DE LA CIENCIA Y EL COSMOS Organismo Autónomo de Museos y Centros del Cabildo Insular de Tenerife “Peces en el cielo” ¿Por qué hay constelaciones con nombres de animales marinos? Por Carmen del Puerto Varela, directora del Museo de la Ciencia y el Cosmos, y Oswaldo González Sánchez, responsable de Didáctica del Museo. La luz artificial y otros factores de contaminación medioambiental en las ciudades impiden hoy disfrutar de la belleza de una noche estrellada. Pero, en la antigüedad, la presencia nocturna de las estrellas era tan manifiesta que inevitablemente los pueblos de entonces habían de establecer vínculos con ellas. Las diferentes culturas creyeron o quisieron ver dibujado en el cielo a sus héroes mitológicos y sus leyendas. Después, entre los siglos XVI y XVIII, fue el exotismo de los Mares del Sur, como resultado de los grandes viajes de exploración alrededor del mundo, el que se vio reflejado en el cielo. Y de dividir el firmamento en elementos pictóricos a lo largo de la Historia surgieron las llamadas “Constelaciones”. Mapa de los hemisferios celestes de 1680. Foto: Frederick de Wit/Fine Art Photographic/Getty Images) 1 Una constelación es una agrupación aparente de estrellas: aunque parecen hallarse en el mismo plano, en realidad se encuentran a diferentes distancias sin que necesariamente exista relación entre ellas. Por convenio, hoy es cada una de las 88 áreas en que se divide el cielo así como el grupo de estrellas que contienen. Sin embargo, a lo largo de la Historia, el número total de constelaciones y el área que ocupaban variaban según el autor que catalogaba las estrellas. -
H-Environment Roundtable Reviews
H-Environment Roundtable Reviews Volume 1, No. 3 (2011) Roundtable Review Editor: www.h-net.org/~environ/roundtables Jacob Darwin Hamblin Publication date: August 5, 2011 James Rodger Fleming, Fixing the Sky: The Checkered History of Weather and Climate Control (Columbia University Press, 2010). ISBN: 978-0-231-14412-4. Hardcover. 344 pages. Stable URL: www.h-net.org/~environ/roundtables/env-roundtable-1-3.pdf Contents Introduction by Jacob Darwin Hamblin, Oregon State University 2 Comments by Ted Steinberg, Case Western Reserve University 4 Comments by R. S. Deese, Northeastern University 6 Comments by Matthew Farish, University of Toronto 9 Comments by Paul N. Edwards, University of Michigan 14 Author’s Response by James Rodger Fleming, Colby College 22 About the Contributors 26 Copyright © 2011 H-Net: Humanities and Social Sciences Online H-Net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, H-Environment, and H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. H-Environment Roundtable Reviews, Vol. 1, No. 3 (2011) 2 Introduction by Jacob Darwin Hamblin, Oregon State University n 1968, the Whole Earth Catalog proclaimed “We are as gods and might as well get good at it.” Amidst the environmental crisis of the 1960s, the publication’s founder II Stewart Brand wanted to provide access to tools, and he was remarkably friendly to technological solutions. His kind of environmentalism drew from human ingenuity and achievement, and unlike many of the commentators of that era, he was optimistic about a future in human hands. -
July 1953 3 the SWISS ELECTRIC RAZOR with a PROVEN POPULARITY
CIATION OF ALUMNI ORGE WILLIAMS COLLEGE Gaiety . charm ... hospitality in the fin est French-Canadian tradition ... make the Hotel de LaSalle th :,~,w•ir~~you,::~::~;:~ in Mon- ~ .- . \~ . .. tasteful dance music. , ':7 cg 5 1k,.~R.eottt, ~~ delightful French-Canadian decor . superbly ~ prepared meals . dancing nightly . ~ e~o~,tfor J~fontreal's literary, musical and theatrical folk . .. made for gay informality . All restaurants are air-canditianed. - 200 modern rooms . .. every convenience for the traveller, presented with Old \Vor:ld courtesy that enables the Hotel de LaSalle to retain its happy combination of modern comfort and picturesque atmosphere. ~ Hotel de LaSalle Drummond at St. Catherine St., Montreal, Que. Published quarterly by The Association of Alumni, Sir George Williams College, 1441 Drummond Street, Montreal 25, Quebec, Canada. Advertising offi ce, 1063 Beaver Hall H ill, Montreal 1. T el. UN. 6-4628. Authorized as Second Class Mail, Post Office Department, Ottawa. Printed for the publishers by R apid Press Ltd., Montreal. Editor: BoB HAYES, B.A. Associate Editor: ALEC S. FINEBERG, B. CoM. VOLUME 9, NUMBER 2 VACATIO N ISSUE J U LY 1953 CONTENTS College Counselling Service Claimed Canada's Clearest 3 The Principal 's Page 7 The President's Page 9 Process of Degeneration Sometimes Begins in College 11 Valedictory Address Stresses New Duties and New Burdens 20 One of the most Resourceful Leaders in the Jewish Community . 30 Postgrad Patter 33 A College is what its Students Make it 35 Lost Alumni . 37 A Proud and Happy Occasion 39 Convocation Prizes and Special Awards 41 Service Professions Need Graduates 44 '53 G raduates 45 ~ working with Canadians in every walk of life since 1817 ••• Greenshields & Co Inc Underwriter. -
An Atomic History Chapter 2
An Atomic History 0-3 8/11/02 7:31 AM Page 18 Chapter Two 19 THE FERMI-SZILARD PILE AND URANIUM RESEARCH The first government funding for nuclear research was allocated to purchase graphite and uranium oxide for the chain reaction experiments being organized by Fermi and World War II and the Manhattan Project Szilard at Columbia University in February 1940.2 This work, which began in New York 2 City, soon spread to Princeton, the University of Chicago, and research institutions in California.3 Even at this stage, the scientists knew that a chain reaction would need three major components in the right combination: fuel, moderator, and coolant. The fuel would contain the fissile material needed to support the fission process. The neutrons generated by the fission process had to be slowed by the moderator so that they could initiate addi- tional fission reactions. The heat that resulted from this process had to be removed by the coolant. Fermi’s initial research explored the possibility of a chain reaction with natural urani- The 1930s were a time of rapid progress in the development of nuclear physics. um. It was quickly determined that high-purity graphite served as the best neutron moder- Research accelerated in the early years of the Second World War, when new developments ator out of the materials then available.4 After extensive tests throughout 1940 and early were conceived and implemented in the midst of increasing wartime urgency. American 1941, Fermi and Szilard set up the first blocks of graphite at Columbia University in government interest in these developments was limited at first, but increased as the war September 1941.