Innamincka Talk a Grammar of the Innamincka Dialect of Yandruwandha with Notes on Other Dialects
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Innamincka Talk A grammar of the Innamincka dialect of Yandruwandha with notes on other dialects PacificLinguistics REFERENCE COpy Not to be removed Breen, G. Innamincka Talk: A grammar of the Innamincka dialect of Yandruwandha with notes on other dialects. PL-558, xvii + 245 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 2004. DOI:10.15144/PL-558.cover ©2004 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 558 Pacific Linguistics Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in grammars and linguistic descriptions, dictionaries and other materials on languages of the Pacific, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, East Timor, southeast and south Asia, and Australia. Pacific Linguistics, established in 1963 through an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund, is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Publications are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise, who are usually not members of the editorial board. FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORlAL BOARD: John Bowden, Malcolm Ross and Darrell Tryon (Managing Editors), I Wayan Arka, Bethwyn Evans, David Nash, Andrew Pawley, Paul Sidwell, Jane Simpson ---_._. _---- EDITORlAL ADVISORY BOARD: Lillian Huang, National Taiwan Normal University Karen Adams, Arizona State University Bambang Kaswanti Purwo, Universitas Atma Peter Austin, School of Oriental and African Jaya Studies Marian Klamer, Universiteit Leiden Alexander Adelaar, University of Melbourne Harold Koch, Australian National University Byron Bender, University of Hawai 'i Frantisek Lichtenberk, Universityof Walter Bisang, Johannes Gutenberg- Auckland Universitdt Mainz Patrick McConvell, Australian Institute of Robert Blust, University of Hawai 'i Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Lyle Campbell, Canterbury University Studies James Collins, Universiti Kebangsaan William McGregor, Aarhus Universitet Malaysia Ulrike Mosel, Christian-Albrechts Bernard Comrie, Max Planck Institute for Universitdt zu Kiel Evolutionary Anthropology Claire Moyse-Faurie, Centre National de la Soenjono Dardjowidjojo, Universitas Atma Recherche Scientifique Jaya Bernd Nothofer, Johann Wolfgang Goethe- Matthew Dryer, State University of New York Universitdt Frankfurt am Main at Buffalo Ger Reesink, Universiteit Leiden Jerold A. Edmondson, Universityof Texas at Lawrence Reid, University of Hawai 'i Arlington Jean-Claude Rivierre, Centre National de la Nicholas Evans, University of Melbourne Recherche Scientifique Margaret Florey, Monash University Melenaite Taumoefolau, University of William Foley, University of Sydney Auckland Karl Franklin, Summer Institute of Linguistics Tasaku Tsunoda, University of Tokyo Charles Grimes, Universitas Kristen Artha John Wolff, Cornell University Wacana Kupang Elizabeth Zeitoun, Academica Sinica Nikolaus Himmelmann, Ruhr-Universitdt Bochum Innamincka Talk A grammar of the Innamincka dialect ofYandruwandha with notes on other dialects Gavan Breen Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies The Australian National University Published by PacificLinguistics Research School of Pacificand Asian Studies The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Copyright in this edition is vested with Pacific Linguistics. First published 2004 Breen, Gavan Innamincka Talk: a grammar of the Innamincka dialect of Yandruwandha with notes on other dialects. Bibliography Tertiary students ISBN 0 85883 547 9 1. Innamincka language - Dialects. 2. fnnarninckalanguage Grammar. 3. Yandruwandha (Australian people). 4. Queensland Languages. 5. South Australia - Languages. I. The Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. II. Title. (Pacific Linguistics 558). 499.15 Copyedited by Basil Wilson Typeset by Jeanette Coombes Cover design by Ciril' s Printers Printed Ciril's Printers, Fyshwick, Canberra Table of contents Acknowledgments XI Prefa ce xu Abbreviations and conventions XIII Map: xvii Yandruwandha and neighbouring languages Introduction 1 l.l The Yandruwandha and their country 1.2 linguistic of the 3 The affinities Yandruwandha language 1.3 Previous work 4 1.4 The informants 5 1.5 A comparison of the sources 7 1.6 The project 8 The sound system 10 2 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Consonant phonemes 11 2.2.1 V oiceless stops 11 2.2.2 Voiced stops 12 2.2.3 Trill-released stops 13 2.2.4 Nasals 14 2.2.5 Laterals 15 2.2.6 Pre-stopped laterals 16 2.2.7 Rhotics 17 2.2.8 Glides 18 2.2.9 The apical contrast between unstressed vowels 18 2.3 Vowel phonemes 19 Pronunciation 21 3 3.1 Description of the consonants 21 3.1.1 Voiceless stops 22 3.1.2 Voiced stops 23 v VI 3.1.3 Trill-released stops 24 3.1.4 Nasals 24 3.1.5 Laterals 24 3.1.6 Pres topped laterals 25 3.1.71 Trill 25 3.1.8 Glides 25 3.2 Description of the vowels 25 3.2.1 Distortion of word-final vowels 27 3.3 Features of rapid speech 28 3.4 Interphonemic alternations 29 3.5 Extraphonemic exclamations 30 3.6 Stress 30 3.6.1 Phrase stress 33 3.6.2 Intonation 33 Organisation of sounds 36 4 4.1 Distribution of phonemes 36 4.1.1 Consonant clusters 37 4.2 Phoneme fr equencies 39 The sentence 5 44 5.1 Definitions 44 5.2 Sentence types and constituents 46 5.3 Word and phrase order 47 5.4 Incomplete sentences 50 6 Word classes and paradigms 52 6.1 Words 52 6.2 Word classes 53 6.3 Nominal paradigms 55 Simple declarative sentences 7 60 7. 1 Verbless sentences 60 7.2 Intransitive sentences 62 7.3 Transitive sentences 63 7.4 Reflexive and reciprocal sentences 64 Non-declarative simple sentences 8 66 8.1 Command sentences 66 8.2 Questions 66 8.3 Uncertainty and indefiniteness 68 8.4 Negation 70 8.4.1 walya 70 vii 8.4.2 pani 73 8.4.3 pudlu 74 Nominal inflection 9 75 9. 1 Common noun inflection 75 9. 1.1 Nominative 75 9.1.2 Vocative 76 9.1.3 Operative 77 9.1.3.1 Operative as a co-ordinator in a noun phrase 78 9. 1.4 Dative 79 9.1.5 Locative 81 9.1.6 Ablative 83 9.1.7 Aversive 84 9.2 Kinship terms 85 9.3 Personal names 86 9.4 Dual and plural nouns 87 9.5 The personal interrogative 87 9.6 Location nouns 88 9.7 Directional terminology 89 9.8 Singular personal pronouns 90 9.9 Non-singular personal pronouns 93 9.10 Inflection of third person and demonstrative pronouns and yarndu 94 9.10.1 Singular third person pronoun inflection 94 9.1 0.2 Non-singular third person pronoun inflection 97 9.10.3 Inflection of demonstrative pronouns 97 9.1 0.4 Yarndu 99 9.11 The interrogative yila- 100 9.12 Inflection of noun phrases 101 9.13 Double case-marking 103 9.14 The suffix-ngi 103 Noun-stem formation 106 10 10.1 Noun roots 106 10.2 Reduplication 107 10.3 Compounds 109 10.4 Non-productive noun-stem formatives III 10.5 Productive noun-stem formatives 112 10.5.1 Dual 113 10.5.2 Plural 113 10.5.3 Other 114 10.5.4 Proprietive 116 10.5.5 Privative 116 10.5.6 Comitative 117 10.5.7 First person kin proprietive 118 viii 10.5.8 Second and third person kin proprietive 118 10.5.9 Habitual action 119 10.5.10 Forrnativesdenoting characteristics 120 10.5.11 Noun stem fo rmation by inflectional suffixes 120 10.6 Derivation of nouns from verbs 121 Verb inflection 125 11 11.1 Past tenses 126 11.2 Present tense 130 11.3 Future tense 130 11.3.1 Immediate future 132 11.4 Specification of time of day 133 11.5 Imperative mood 136 11.5.1 Negative imperative 136 11.6 Optative mood 137 11.7 Potential mood 138 11.8 Unspecifiedtense 138 11.9 Contemporaneous action 139 11.10 Repeated action 140 11.11 Immediate sequence 140 11.12 Simultaneous action ] 41 11.13 Number markers 142 11.14 Motion away 143 11.15 The 'now' present 144 11.16 Possible suffix, with unknown function 145 11.17 Inflection of verb phrases containing two verbs 146 Bound verb aspect markers 12 ]48 12.1 Action while going along ]50 12.2 Action on passing 150 12.3 Action directed away ]5] 12.4 Action directed back 152 12.5 Arrival 154 12.6 Widespread action 156 12.7 Action around a centre 157 12.8 Continued action 158 12.9 Habitual action 159 12.10 Action at night 159 12.11 Action in the morning 159 12.]2 Action directed in or across 160 ]2.13 Action directed downwards 162 12.14 Action directed upwards 163 12.15 Action directed across 163 12.16 Going a different way 164 IX 12.17 Action for oneself 164 12.18 Following and completion 165 12.19 -thanggu 166 12.20 Order of aspect markers 167 Verb-stem formation 13 169 13.1 Verb roots 172 13.2 Reduplication 172 13.3 Compounding of verbs 173 13.4 Compounding of nouns and verbs 174 13.4.1 Derivation of verb phrases from abstract nouns 175 13.5 Compounding of adverbs and verbs 176 13.6 Non-productive verb-stem fo rmatives 176 13.7 Productive verb-stem fo rmatives 176 13.7.1 Inchoative/transitiviser/appiicative 177 13.7.2 Inchoative verb phrases 180 13.7.3 Causative -ka 181 13.7.3.1 -kanrnana 183 13.7.4 Causative -rna 184 13.7.5 Causative -lka 184 13.7.6 Intransitivisation of transitive verbs 185 Variations on transitivity 186 14 14.1 Verbs with -yindri 186 14.2 Pseudo transitive sentences 194 14.3 Ditransitive sentences 195 Coordination and subordination 197 15 15.1 Compound sentences 199 15.2 Coordinate sentences 200 15.3 Complex sentences 201 15.4 Subordinate sentences 205 15.5 Quotation 205 Adverbs 207 16 16.1 Modal adverbs 208 16.2 Aspectual adverbs 208 16.2.1 kali 208 16.2.2 ngada 209 16.2.3 ngurra 209 16.3 Reciprocal adverbs 210 16.4 Adverbs of time 211 16.5 Adverbs of