Review of Birdwing Butterflies from Indonesia

UNEP-WCMC technical report

(Version edited for public release)

Review of Birdwing butterflies from Indonesia

Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels, Belgium

Published November 2014

Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2014. Review of Birdwing Butterflies from Indonesia. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.

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Contents

Introduction and summary ...... 3 Ornithoptera meridionalis II/B ...... 4 Ornithoptera tithonus II/B ...... 6 Troides amphrysus II/B ...... 9

Ornithoptera meridionalis

Introduction and summary

This review has been prepared to support the Scientific Review Group in assessing trade in ranched specimens of three Birdwing butterflies from Indonesia: Ornithoptera meridionalis, O. tithonus and Troides amphrysus .

To aid the SRG in updating its opinions, UNEP-WCMC presented an overview of EU decisions and recent trade in Birdwing butterflies to the EU (2003-2012) from Indonesia at SRG 69. On the basis of this report, the SRG replaced a number of positive opinions for wild specimens of Birdwing butterflies with no opinion i), on account of no significant trade anticipated. The SRG also decided that current positive opinions for ranched specimens of the three species covered by this report may require reassessment.

Overview of butterfly ranching:

Butterfly ranching has been defined as a method “whereby unenclosed habitat patches are enriched with larval food-plants and adult nectar sources and thereby rendered superattractive, and from where specimens may be harvested by rearing from collected early stages” (New, 1994). It involves artificial manipulation of the natural density of caterpillar host-plants (typically Aristolochia and Adenia vines) within gardens or secondary growth forest to attract egg-laying females. Pupa can then be collected and placed in a cage, hatching box, glass house, or shade house, then when it hatches, the butterfly is killed (by injection of boiling water or ethyl acetate), dried in the sun and sold (Hutton, 1985; Ruskin, 1985; Parsons, 1995; Weintraub, 1995; Small, 2004).

Butterflies may be reared for commercial purposes through ranching (source ‘R’) or captive-breeding (source ‘C’). In accordance with Resolution Conf. 11.16 (Rev. CoP15), ranching involves the rearing of high mortality life-stages taken from the wild to adulthood in a controlled environment. Captive breeding is more appropriate to cases where all stages of development are enclosed in a controlled environment. Ranched or captive-bred butterflies are, unlike wild-caught ones, undamaged and therefore of higher quality (Parsons, 1995).

Butterfly ranching as described above is thought to minimise the impact on wild stocks of butterflies, as a proportion of the pupa (ideally, about 50 per cent) is left on the vine to repopulate the “farm”. However, it is difficult for a farmer to know how many pupae are present on the vines and thus how many should be collected (Ruskin, 1985; Hutton, 1985; Parsons, 1995; Small, 2004).

Nevertheless, butterfly ranching has been widely considered to be a successful conservation tool, both for the butterflies and for their habitats (Hutton, 1985; New and Collins, 1991; Parsons, 1995; New, 1994; Weintraub, 1995; Orsak, 1993). People can participate easily in butterfly ranching because of the low capital needed, which in turn can also help to reduce destruction of primary habitat by lessening economic dependence on shifting agriculture as a result of cash being available from sales of the insects (New, 1994). Butterfly ranching can, therefore, play a vital role locally in preventing the destruction of tropical forest (Parsons, 1995).

Ornithoptera meridionalis

INSECTA: PAPILIONIDAE Ornithoptera meridionalis II/B

COMMON NAMES: Southern Tailed Birdwing (English); Ornithoptère méridional (French)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

EU DECISIONS: Current positive opinion for ranched specimens from Indonesia formed on 11/02/1998, and no opinion for wild specimens formed on 15/05/2002. A no opinion (ii) was formed for ranched specimens from Papua New Guinea on 27/02/2014.

IUCN: Endangered (needs updating)

Taxonomic Note According to D'Abrera (2003), Ornithoptera meridionalis was previously considered to be a subspecies of O. paradisea , which it resembles. Ohya (2001, cited in Matsuka, 2001 [the CITES standard nomenclature reference for birdwing butterflies]) listed two subspecies: O. m. meridionalis and O. m. tarunggarensis.

Trade patterns Direct trade in Ornithoptera meridionalis from Indonesia to the EU-28 2003-2012 mainly comprised ranched bodies for commercial purposes (700 bodies as reported imported by EU Member States) (Table 1). The principal importers were Austria and Germany. Direct trade to the rest of the world 2003-2012 mainly comprised ranched bodies, predominantly imported by Japan, the United States and Canada. Indirect trade in O. meridionalis to the EU-28 originating in Indonesia 2003-2012 consisted of small numbers of ranched bodies (56 and 24, as reported by exporters and importers respectively), all for commercial purposes; Malaysia was the main re-exporter. There were no exports of wild-sourced specimens from Indonesia 2003-2012.

Indonesia has not published export quotas for ranched or captive-bred specimens of this species.

Table 1: Direct exports of Ornithoptera meridionalis bodies from Indonesia to the EU-28 (EU) and the rest of the world (RoW), 2003-2012.

Importer Purpose Source Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total EU P R Importer 6 6 10 8 6 36 Exporter T C Importer 24 24 Exporter 6 6 R Importer 36 28 48 92 38 373 26 32 27 700 Exporter 80 72 68 104 100 38 96 114 115 787 RoW E R Importer 4 4 Exporter T C Importer 2 10 12 Exporter 4 4 R Importer 108 402 288 200 200 70 50 144 66 44 1572 Exporter 314 268 444 236 230 236 159 424 595 324 3230 Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 22/09/2014. 4

Ornithoptera meridionalis

Conservation status Ornithoptera meridionalis was reported to occur in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea on the island of New Guinea (Laithwaite et al. , 1975; Collins and Morris, 1985). Collins and Morris (1985) considered typical habitats to include primary and secondary lowland rainforests, usually at altitudes of 20-200 m. The species was reported to carry five to seven large eggs, which was considered to be a relatively low number compared to other birdwings (D’Abrera, 1975; Collins and Morris, 1985). Collins and Morris (1985) reported that the giant birdwings of New Guinea, Indonesia and the Solomon Islands generally lay no more than thirty eggs per generation.

D’Abrera (2003) reported that the two subspecies occured at opposite ends of mainland New Guinea, with O. m. tarunggarensis occuring in the north of Western Irian Jaya (Papua), from Kamrau Bay to Timika and north to the Kobowre (Weyland) Mountains. Collins and Morris (1985) noted its occurrence in the area around Lake Yamur (Jamur) in the east of the Weyland Mountains. Whilst D'Abrera (2003) noted that the nominate form was distributed in the “south to south-eastern Papua (from Aseki to Vanapa River, Cape Rodney, Mamai and Alotau)”, it seems apparent that this erroneously refers to the species distribution within Papua New Guinea, rather than the Indonesian province of Papua.

O. meridionalis was classified as Endangered in the IUCN Red List (Gimenez Dixon, 1996a) but the listing is annotated to reflect the need for a reassessment. Haugum and Low (1978, in Collins and Morris, 1985) described it as “very rare and localized but not uncommon where it occurs”. Collins and Morris (1985) considered that Indonesian populations of O. meridionalis were relatively remote from human settlements, and were therefore at less risk than in neighbouring Papua New Guinea. However, they noted that whilst neither illegal collecting and trade, nor legitimate dealing were known threats, the species was in high demand by butterfly collectors (Collins and Morris, 1985). Melisch (2000) reported that a pair of O. meridionalis birdwings had been advertised for sale in Europe for USD3400.

The main threat to birdwings in Indonesia was was considered to be habitat loss (New and Collins, 1991). O. meridionalis is not a protected species in Indonesia under Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999a). The species distribution was reported to occur outside protected or proposed reserves in Papua (Irian Jaya); one exception was the proposed Weyland Mountains Nature Reserve Area (Collins and Morris, 1985). The current extent of protection within national parks for O. meridionalis is unclear.

Collection of wild birdwing specimens is subject to quotas set by Indonesia. Wild-taken specimens are only allowed to be collected for ranching/breeding and/or for research by the Indonesian Science Institute (Regulation SK.33/IV-KKH/2007, Mandate of the Director General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation).

Ornithoptera tithonus

INSECTA: PAPILIONIDAE Ornithoptera tithonus II/B

COMMON NAMES: Tithonus Birdwing (English)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia

UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

EU DECISIONS: Current positive opinions for ranched specimens from Indonesia formed on 11/02/1998 and a no opinion (i) for wild specimens formed on 30/11/2009. A negative opinion for wild specimens was formed on 11/02/1998; an Article 4(6)b suspension was in place from 19/09/1999 until formation of the current no opinion.

IUCN: Data deficient (needs updating)

Taxonomic Note Six subspecies are recognised: O. t. waigeuenis; O. t. misoolana; O. t. dominici; O. t. misresiana; O. t. tithonus and O. t. cytherea (Ohya, 2001 cited in Matsuka, 2001 [the CITES standard nomenclature reference for birdwing butterflies]; D’Abrera, 2003).

Trade patterns Direct trade in Ornithoptera tithonus from Indonesia to the EU-28 2003-2012 predominantly comprised ranched bodies exported for commercial purposes (903 bodies as reported imported by EU Member States) (Table 1). The principal importers were Germany and France. Direct trade to the rest of the world 2003-2012 mainly comprised ranched bodies, all for commercial purposes. The main importers were Japan, the United States and Canada. Japan reported the import of 80 wild-sourced bodies for commercial purposes in 2012; this was not reported by Indonesia. Total direct exports from Indonesia (to both the EU-28 and the rest of the world) exceeded 1000 ranched bodies in both 2010 and 2011, higher than in any other year since 1996.

Indirect trade in O. tithonus to the EU-28 originating in Indonesia 2003-2012 consisted of small numbers of ranched bodies, (37 and 23, as reported by exporters and importers respectively), mainly for commercial purposes. All reported trade was re-exported via Malaysia and Australia.

Indonesia has not published export quotas for ranched or captive-bred specimens of this species.

Ornithoptera tithonus

Table 1: Direct exports of Ornithoptera tithonus from Indonesia to the EU-28 (EU) and the rest of the world (RoW), 2003-2012.

Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total EU bodies P R Importer 10 20 20 12 2 64 Exporter S R Importer 10 10 20 Exporter T C Importer Exporter 6 6 R Importer 43 104 12 113 48 44 140 70 114 215 903 Exporter 74 136 34 188 108 144 180 186 236 174 1460 RoW bodies T C Importer 10 20 30 Exporter 8 8 F Importer 20 20 Exporter R Importer 308 322 499 280 262 114 118 379 142 78 2502 Exporter 508 463 735 408 246 334 303 844 896 536 5273 W Importer 80 80 Exporter live T R Importer 14 14 Exporter Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 22/09/2014 Conservation status Ornithoptera tithonus is endemic to Indonesia, where it is restricted to West Papua (formerly western Irian Jaya) and the neighbouring islands of Waigeo (Waigeu), Salawati (Salwatty) and Misool (Mysol) (D’Abrera, 2003; Collins and Morris, 1985). In Papua it occurs from the Vogelkopf (Bird’s Head Peninsula, forming the northwestern portion of New Guinea) to approximately the border with Papua New Guinea, and probably beyond (D’Abrera, 2003). Ornithoptera tithonus inhabits hill forest areas, and has been located from sea level up to around 1250 m, occasionally up to 1900 m (Collins and Morris, 1985). Virtually nothing has been recorded on the ecology or life history of this species (Collins and Morris, 1985), although the establishment of captive breeding facilities in Indonesia and elsewhere implies that biology is known locally.

Distribution records are described by subspecies; O. t. tithonus has the largest distribution from Salawati Island, the coast of the northwest Doberati Peninsular (Sorong), Katimin 2, Klamono, Onin Peninsula (Fak-fak, Mt. Aigah, Berau Bay southern inland), Kamrau Bay, Yamur Lake, foot hills of Wondiwoi Mts., Wasior, Djalan River, Wanggar River, Timika, lower Otkwa River (Ohya, 2001; D’Abrera, 2003). O. t. tithonus was reported to occur at lower elevations from the extreme west of Vogelkopf (D’Abrera, 2003). O. t. misresiana was recorded from the Arfak Mountains (Meni, Minyambow, Dimaisi, Anggi Gigi, Memti, Bikela and Mt. Misresi) (Ohya, 2001; D’Abrera, 2003).

O. t. waigeuenis was recorded from Waigeo Island, northwest of the Vogelkopf; and O. t. misoolana was found only from Misool Island, west of the mainland (Ohya, 2001; D’Abrera, 2003). O. t. dominici was found to occur from the Vogelkopf, from the Tamrau Mountains (Mt. Kwoka and Mt. Irau); and O. t. cytherea was reported from the Central New Guinea mountain range, from Kobowre (Weyland) Mts. (Eastern part) in a narrow band, almost to Telefomin across the border in Papua New Guinea, including Wisell Lakes, Enarotali, Lake Tigi, Tembagapura and Jayawijaya Mts (Ohya, 2001; D’Abrera, 2003).

Ornithoptera tithonus was classified by the IUCN as Data Deficient (Gimenez Dixon, 1996b), but the listing is annotated to reflect the need for a species re-assessment. Given the restricted area of occurrence and a contracting range, Collins and Morris (1985) considered the species as “rare”. T. New (in litt . to Trade Specialist Group, 1991 in: WCMC et al ., 1993) reported the species to be extremely rare.

Ornithoptera tithonus

WWF Indonesia (1992 in: WCMC et al . 1993) reported that local villagers had noticed a reduction in numbers of O. tithonus after two decades of their being collected in the wild. One online article of the Papua Insects Foundation suggests that the species is “locally rather common” (Moonen, 2013), although no further supporting data appears available. Trade was considered a potential threat to the species, along with other general pressures such as habitat loss and anthropological disturbance (Collins and Morris, 1985).

The main threat to birdwings in Indonesia was was considered to be habitat loss (New and Collins, 1991). O. tithonus, along with two other birdwings were the main species ranched within community-managed butterfly ranching programmes established in Papua in the 1990s; for example by WWF in the buffer zone of the Arfak Mountains Nature Conservation Area (New, 1990; New & Collins, 1991; Parsons, 1995). Over 1000 families were involved in the use of birdwing butterflies by 1992 (Neville, 1992 in Parsons, 1995). A butterfly cooperative, Yayasan Bina Lstari Bumi Cendrawasih (YBLBC), was established in 1993 by WWF and ranching of birdwings in the Arfak Mountains Nature Reserve continued as a sustainable activity in the following years, according to MacKinnon and Wardojo (2001), Rosser and Haywood (2002) and CITES (2006). However, problems with poaching were identified; illegally caught specimens were reportedly sold to undercut the local ranching programmes and penalties were often described as no more than confiscation of the butterflies (BCN, undated).

O. tithonus is listed as a protected species in Indonesia under Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999a). Law No. 5/1990 prohibits the collection, possession, transport and export for commercial purposes of protected species (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1990). Regulation No. 8, 1999 on “Wild Flora and Fauna Exploitation” indicates that trade can only be accepted for protected fauna bred to second and subsequent generations (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999b). Collins and Morris (1985) considered that O. tithonus had either been recorded or was likely to occur in six nature reserves, including in Misool Salatan Nature Reserve and Salawati Utara Nature Reserve.

Troides amphrysus

INSECTA: PAPILIONIDAE Troides amphrysus II/B

COMMON NAMES: Malay Birdwing, Golden Birdwing (English)

RANGE STATES: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand

UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

EU DECISIONS: Current positive opinions for ranched specimens from Indonesia formed on 11/02/1998 and wild specimens from Malaysia formed on 07/06/2012. No opinion (i) in place for both wild and ranched specimens from Brunei Darussalam, Singapore, Myanmar and Thailand formed on 02/12/2011, wild specimens from Indonesia (03/09/2014), and ranched specimens from Malaysia (07/06/2012).

IUCN: Not evaluated

Taxonomic Note Ohya (2001, cited in Matsuka, 2001 [the CITES standard nomenclature reference for birdwing butterflies]); recognised 16 subspecies: Troides amphrysus ruficollis, T. a. naokoae, T. a. arkumene, T. a. euthydemus, T. a. simeuluensis, T. a. astrea, T. a. niasicus, T. a. vistara, T. a. amphrysus, T. a. perintis, T. a. kuris, T. a. chrysomelas, T. a. flavicollis, T. a. actinotia, T. a. hilbert and T. a. kecilensis. However, D’Abrera (2003) considered that only three populations were distinct from each other: amphrysus from Java, flavicollis from North Borneo, and ruficollis from elsewhere.

Trade patterns Direct trade in Troides amphrysus from Indonesia to the EU-28 2003-2012 predominantly comprised ranched bodies for commercial purposes (1998 bodies as reported imported by EU importers) (Table 1). The principal importers were Austria and Germany. Direct trade to the rest of the world 2003-2012 mainly comprised ranched bodies, predominantly imported by Japan, the United States and Canada. The United States reported the import of 20 wild-sourced derivatives for commercial purposes in 2012, although this was not reported by Indonesia. Indirect trade in Troides amphrysus to the EU-28 originating in Indonesia 2003-2012 consisted of small numbers of captive-bred and ranched bodies, (15 and one, as reported by exporters and importers respectively), for both personal and commercial purposes. All reported trade was re-exported via Australia and Canada. Indonesia has not published export quotas for ranched or captive-bred specimens of this species.

Troides amphrysus

Table 1: Direct exports of Troides amphrysus from Indonesia to the EU-28 (EU) and the rest of the world (RoW), 2003-2014.

Importer Term Purpose Source Reported by 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total EU bodies P R Importer 20 20 Exporter S R Importer 40 40 Exporter T C Importer 45 45 Exporter 6 6 R Importer 90 332 192 278 186 90 648 59 54 69 1998 Exporter 74 432 207 455 192 392 64 119 68 93 2096 RoW bodies T C Importer 30 30 Exporter 2 2 R Importer 105 574 362 614 152 37 330 248 45 2467 Exporter 878 970 1218 835 537 107 594 883 234 6256 derivatives T W Importer 20 20 Exporter specimens T R Importer 12 12 Exporter Source: CITES Trade Database, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK, downloaded on 22/09/2014 Conservation status Troides amphrysus was reported to occur from southern Myanmar and offshore islands, down Peninsular Malaysia and offshore islands, to Singapore and Indonesia, including Java, Sumatra and Borneo and their offshore islands (D’Abrera, 2003) and Central Kalimantan (Cleary and Genner, 2006). It was also reported from Brunei Darussalam, Singapore and Thailand (Lekagul et al. , 1977; in Barzdo, 1985; Matsuka, 2001).

T. amphrysus was generally found to be a lowland species, from sea level to moderately high elevations, although it was reported to occur at higher elevations in Borneo (D'Abrera, 2003). It was reported to be widespread (D'Abrera, 2003) and considered to be fairly common (Nagypal, 2008). The species was not considered to be rare or threatened across most of its range, with the exception of Malaysia, where it was thought to be Vulnerable (Collins and Morris, 1985). No specific information on species biology could be located, however Collins and Morris (1985) reported that the giant birdwings of New Guinea, Indonesia and the Solomon Islands generally lay no more than thirty eggs per generation.

In Indonesia, T. amphrysus was found to be a dominant species in continuous habitats in Central Kalimantan, while the species was rare in isolated forest fragments and absent in areas of burned forest (Cleary and Genner, 2006). However, the species, considered a liana specialist, was also found to be more abundant along forest edges in C. Kalimantan (typically showing higher densities and variety of lianas), than within unlogged forest (Cleary et al. , 2005). Peggie (2012) recorded the species from Ujung Kulon National Park in western Java, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The main threat to birdwings in Indonesia was considered to be habitat loss (New and Collins, 1991). T. amphrysus is listed as a protected species in Indonesia under Government Regulation No. 7/1999 (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999a). Law No. 5/1990 prohibits the collection, possession, transport and export for commercial purposes of protected species (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1990). Regulation No. 8, 1999 on “Wild Flora and Fauna Exploitation” indicates that trade can only be accepted for protected fauna bred to second and subsequent generations (President of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999b).

Collection of wild birdwing specimens is subject to quotas set by Indonesia. Wild-taken specimens are only allowed to be collected for ranching/breeding and/or for research by the

Troides amphrysus

Indonesian Science Institute (Regulation SK.33/IV-KKH/2007, Mandate of the Director General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation).

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