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The Asian Elephant Action Plan 1 Asian Elephants

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The Asian Elephant Action Plan 1 Asian Elephants Contents Page Page Foreword .............................................................................. ii Populations of Between 1,000 and 2,000 Elephants ............................................................ 5 ... Compilers’ Note and Acknowledgements .......................... 111 Populations of Between 500 and Elephants ...... Populations of Less Than 500 Animals....................... Introduction ......................................................................... iv Doomed Populations 7 Management of Domestic and Captive 1. The Asian Elephant Action Plan 1 Asian Elephants .............................................................. 7 Research ......................................................................... 7 Objective 1 Monitoring of Better Known Elephant Populations...... National Conservation Strategies Should Include Support for Research Institutions ................................... 7 Elephant Conservation ................................................... 1 Public Awareness ........................................................... 8 National Elephant Conservation and Implementation of the Asian Elephant Action Plan...... Management Strategies 1 Enforcement of National Laws Protecting 2. Bangladesh ..................................................................... 9 Elephants and Their Habitats ......................................... 1 3. Bhutan .......................................................................... 13 Establishment of Managed Elephant Ranges (MER) 4. Burma ........................................................................... 16 and Protected Areas 1 5. Cambodia ..................................................................... 20 National and International Corridors to Facilitate 6. China ............................................................................ 23 Elephant Migration ......................................................... 2 7. India .............................................................................. 26 Mitigating Conflict between Elephants and People ...... 8. Indonesia: Kalimantan.................................................. 34 Compensation Schemes .................................................. 2 9. Indonesia: Sumatra ....................................................... 36 Guidelines for Minimising Elephant Depredation ........ 10. Laos 48 Translocation of Elephants ............................................. 3 11. Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia ..................................... 51 Control of Poaching ....................................................... 3 12. Malaysia: Sabah ........................................................... 54 Provision for Elephants in Development Areas 13. Nepal ............................................................................ 57 Enforcement of CITES Regulations on Trade in 14. Sri Lanka ...................................................................... 60 Asian Elephant Ivory and Hide 3 15. Thailand 67 Field Action: Management of Priority 16. Vietnam ........................................................................ 73 Elephant Populations Populations of More Than 2,000 Elephants ................ References .......................................................................... 76 Foreword The Asian elephant is unique, being the only species of wild tive alternatives, supported by quantifiable data and, where ap- animal that, after a few months of teaching by man, behaves propriate, strengthened by tested practical solutions which they towards him with patience and understanding. It participates in can use without seriously compromising national plans for eco- man’s religious, cultural, and social activities, lending dignity nomic development. Indeed, this is what the Asian Elephant and grace as each occasion demands, as though it had learnt all Specialist Group (AESG) pledged to do when it was founded in about it in the jungle. The folklore and cultures of Asian 1978. All the research and field projects that we have promoted countries are rich in tales and anecdotes, which confer on have been geared towards equipping ourselves with knowledge elephants a kind of superior intellect enabling them to live with that can be shared with decision-makers and economic devel- people and yet not succumb to complete domestication. opers. The work of members of the group in India, Indonesia, This touching relationship between man and elephant in Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand has enhanced the capacity to Asia from time immemorial sends strong conservation im- tackle such issues as elephant population biology, assessment pulses through governments, decision-makers, and the general of crop damage, prevention of human-elephant conflicts, and public. They would not consciously jeopardise the future of a translocation, including well-planned elephant drives. Now, at much-loved animal, so it is up to conservationists to translate the threshold of a new decade, we aim to sit with the this sentiment into a commitment from politicians and planners makers to help plot a course that will remove the threats to to safeguard that future. The best laid plans for conservation in survival of this great animal. It is no mean task but, judging general will come to nothing if there is no political will to from the determination and dedication of our members, we implement them. believe that we have a good chance of success. From personal experience, I venture to say that such com- It is appropriate to recall how it all began, and, in particular, mitment can be expected if we provide politicians with attrac- the pioneering efforts of the original 23-member Group led by 111 1. The Asian Elephant Action Plan Objective National Elephant Conservation and The objective of the Asian Elephant Action Plan is to conserve Management Strategies as many elephants as possible, throughout their range, while In addition to including elephants in their National Conserva- minimizing conflict with people. This objective has to be tion Strategies, governments in Asia with elephants should achieved in the context of continued increase in human popu- develop National Elephant Conservation and Management lation, rising living standards, and the need for land for agricul- Strategies. These strategies should include all the major aspects ture and settlement. addressed in this Action Plan. They should include a system of It will not be possible to save all Asia’s wild elephants, but assessing national conservation priorities, as demonstrated in losses can be kept to a minimum if economic development plans Chapter 14 on Sumatra. India has announced “Project Ele- take into account the needs of elephants, and planning for phant”, which will broadly follow the ecological approach used elephant conservation takes into consideration the needs of in Project Tiger. local people. The Asian Elephant Specialist Group is avail- Conservation of the elephant in Asia depends on the political able to advise governments and conservation organisations on will and concerted action of the governments involved. With- the preparation and implementation of such strategies through out political will and commitment, the implementation of many the IUCN Asian Elephant Conservation Centre, which has been of the conservation recommendations outlined here will be established at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. The impossible. Government commitment and action must be based Centre is preparing a model strategy for the benefit of Asian on sound ecological, economic, and cultural arguments for governments. conservation of elephants in the light of their positive and negative impacts on the environment. Enforcement of National Laws Protecting Elephants and their Habitat National Conservation Strategies Should Include Elephant Conservation Existing laws to conserve elephants and their habitats need to be fully enforced, and they should be supplemented wherever The World Conservation Strategy (WCS) jointly published in necessary to ensure the fullest protection. As has been stated, 1980 by IUCN, UNEP (United Nations Environment protection of elephants is especially valuable because it simul- and WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) recom- taneously covers the interests of a vast range of species and mended the preparation of National Conservation Strategies areas. Among countries with Asian elephants, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam have completed strategies, Bangladesh and India are preparing them, and Laos may soon do so. Establishment of Managed Elephant Malaysia is preparing state-by-state strategies. Other countries Ranges (MER) and Protected Areas with elephants should follow suit. Provision for elephant conservation should be included in an NCS because the Every country should develop a network of protected areas for term survival of the Asian elephant needs to be a part of overall elephant conservation. Such areas are of critical importance. environmental conservation plans. They need to be of sufficient size and ecological diversity to Conservation and development programmes need to be in- accommodate flourishing populations of elephants. It is not tegrated in such a manner as to reduce conflict. This can only sufficient to maintain a so-called “Minimum Viable Popula- be brought about by policy makers at the highest levels. Ele- tion” (MVP), as this does not have the ability to withstand phant conservation should not be viewed as preoccupation with natural hazards and fluctuations in elephant populations. The a single
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