Honey Bees Let’S Learn About Bees!
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Save the Bees Save the Bees
Unit for week 5 save the bees Save the bees Stresses on the Honey bee Several factors may create stress in the hive, which can cause a decrease in population. Below are some of those possible contributors. All of these effects on the colony can be observed, some more easily than others, in the Observation Hive. VARROA MITES: The Varroa mite is a parasitic, invasive species that was introduced to the United States in the 1980’s . It BEYOND THE originated in Asia and the western honey bee has no resistance. The mated adult female Varroa mites enter the brood cells right before HIVE the bees cap the pupae and feed on the growing bee. The bee will hatch with deformities such as misshapen wings that result in an inability to fly. SMALL HIVE BEETLES: Hive beetles are pests to honey bees. Ask the Audience They entered the United States in the late 90’s. Most strong hives will not be severely affected by the beetle; however, if the hive • Do you know what it feels like beetle becomes too overbearing, the colony will desert the hive. The to be stressed? beetle tunnels in the comb and creates destruction in the storage of honey and pollen. Ways to identify a beetle problem is a smell of • Do you have any pests in your fermented honey, a slimy covering of the comb, and the presence life? of beetle maggots. • Do you have a vegetable DISEASE: although bees keep their hive very clean and try to garden or any flowers in your maintain sanitation as best as possible, there are many pathogens, yard? disease causing microorganisms, which can infect the bees. -
The Effects of Royal Jelly on Performance and Fatty Acid Profiles of Different Tissues in Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) Reared Under High Stocking Density
Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Turk J Vet Anim Sci (2014) 38: 271-277 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/veterinary/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/vet-1303-62 The effects of royal jelly on performance and fatty acid profiles of different tissues in quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) reared under high stocking density 1 2 3 4, 4 3 İsmail SEVEN , Ülkü Gülcihan ŞİMŞEK , Zehra GÖKÇE , Pınar TATLI SEVEN *, Aslıhan ARSLAN , Ökkeş YILMAZ 1 Vocational School of Sivrice, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey 2 Department of Zootechnics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey 4 Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey Received: 27.03.2013 Accepted: 07.10.2013 Published Online: 21.04.2014 Printed: 20.05.2014 Abstract: To study the effects of royal jelly (RJ) on performance and fatty acid profiles, 168 unsexed 8-day-old quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were assigned to 4 treatment groups. Groups were arranged as follows: control (LSD; 160 cm2/quail and no supplementation), high stocking density (HSD; 80 cm2/quail and no supplementation), HSD-RJ 250 [80 cm2/quail and 250 mg/kg body weight (BW) RJ given orally], and HSD-RJ 500 (80 cm2/quail and 500 mg/kg BW RJ given orally). Body weight gain decreased significantly in the HSD group at day 42 (P < 0.01). Feed intake (FI) and feed conversion rate (FCR) were also significantly affected in the HSD group (P < 0.01). FI and FCR were improved by both doses of RJ. -
Feared Than Revered: Insects and Their Impact on Human Societies (With Some Specific Data on the Importance of Entomophagy in a Laotian Setting)
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Entomologie heute Jahr/Year: 2008 Band/Volume: 20 Autor(en)/Author(s): Meyer-Rochow Victor Benno, Nonaka Kenichi, Boulidam Somkhit Artikel/Article: More Feared than Revered: Insects and their Impact on Human Societies (with some Specific Data on the Importance of Entomophagy in a Laotian Setting). Mehr verabscheut als geschätzt: Insekten und ihr Einfluss auf die menschliche Gesellschaft (mit spezifischen Daten zur Rolle der Entomophagie in einem Teil von Laos) 3-25 Insects and their Impact on Human Societies 3 Entomologie heute 20 (2008): 3-25 More Feared than Revered: Insects and their Impact on Human Societies (with some Specific Data on the Importance of Entomophagy in a Laotian Setting) Mehr verabscheut als geschätzt: Insekten und ihr Einfluss auf die menschliche Gesellschaft (mit spezifischen Daten zur Rolle der Entomophagie in einem Teil von Laos) VICTOR BENNO MEYER-ROCHOW, KENICHI NONAKA & SOMKHIT BOULIDAM Summary: The general public does not hold insects in high regard and sees them mainly as a nuisance and transmitters of disease. Yet, the services insects render to us humans as pollinators, entomophages, producers of honey, wax, silk, shellac, dyes, etc. have been estimated to be worth 20 billion dollars annually to the USA alone. The role holy scarabs played to ancient Egyptians is legendary, but other religions, too, appreciated insects: the Bible mentions honey 55 times. Insects as ornaments and decoration have been common throughout the ages and nowadays adorn stamps, postcards, T-shirts, and even the human skin as tattoos. -
The Buzz About Bees: Honey Bee Biology and Behavior
4-H Honey Bee Leaders Guide Book I The Buzz About Bees: 18 U.S.C. 707 Honey Bee Biology and Behavior Publication 380-071 2009 To the 4-H Leader: The honey bee project (Books Grade 5 1 - 4) is intended to teach young people the basic biology and behavior of honey bees in addition to Living Systems 5.5 hands-on beekeeping management skills. The honey The student will investigate and understand that bee project books begin with basic honey bee and organisms are made up of cells and have distin- insect information (junior level) and advance to guishing characteristics. Key concepts include: instruction on how to rear honey bee colonies and • vertebrates and invertebrates extract honey (senior level). These project books are intended to provide in-depth information related Grade 6 to honey bee management, yet they are written for the amateur beekeeper, who may or may not have Life Science 5 previous experience in rearing honey bees. The student will investigate and understand how organisms can be classified. Key concepts include: Caution: • characteristics of the species If anyone in your club is known to have severe Life Science 8 allergic reactions to bee stings, they should not The student will investigate and understand that participate in this project. interactions exist among members of a population. The honey bee project meets the following Vir- Key concepts include: ginia State Standards of Learning (SOLs) for the • competition, cooperation, social hierarchy, and fourth, fifth, and sixth grades: territorial imperative Grade 4 Acknowledgments Authors: Life Processes 4.4 Dini M. -
Honey Bees: a Guide for Veterinarians
the veterinarian’s role in honey bee health HONEY BEES: A GUIDE FOR VETERINARIANS 01.01.17 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Honey bees and veterinarians Honey bee basics and terminology Beekeeping equipment and terminology Honey bee hive inspection Signs of honey bee health Honey bee diseases Bacterial diseases American foulbrood (AFB) European foulbrood (EFB) Diseases that look like AFB and EFB Idiopathic Brood Disease (IBD) Parasitic Mite Syndrome (PMS) Viruses Paralytic viruses Sacbrood Microsporidial diseases Nosema Fungal diseases Chalkbrood Parasitic diseases Parasitic Mite Syndrome (PMS) Tracheal mites Small hive beetles Tropilaelaps species Other disease conditions Malnutrition Pesticide toxicity Diploid drone syndrome Overly hygienic hive Drone-laying queen Laying Worker Colony Collapse Disorder Submission of samples for laboratory testing Honeybee Flowchart (used with permission from One Health Veterinary Consulting, Inc.) Additional Resources Acknowledgements © American Veterinary Medical Association 2017. This information has not been approved by the AVMA Board of Directors or the House of Delegates, and it is not to be construed as AVMA policy nor as a definitive statement on the subject, but rather to serve as a resource providing practical information for veterinarians. INTRODUCTION Honey bees weren’t on veterinarians’ radars until the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a final Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rule, effective January 1, 2017, that classifies honey bees as livestock and places them under the provisions of the VFD. As a result of that rule and changes in the FDA’s policy on medically important antimicrobials, honey bees now fall into the veterinarians’ purview, and veterinarians need to know about their care. -
Honey Bees Identification, Biology, and Lifecycle Speaker: Donald Joslin Hive Consists of Three Types of Bees ◦ Queen, Drone and Worker
Honey Bees Identification, Biology, and Lifecycle Speaker: Donald Joslin Hive consists of three types of bees ◦ Queen, Drone and Worker For Year Color: Ending In: White 1 or 6 Yellow 2 or 7 Red 3 or 8 Green 4 or 9 Blue 5 or 0 Queen Marking Colors Queen Only Fertile female in the Hive Can lay 2000 eggs each day She can live 5 years, 3-years average One per colony usually Mates in flight with 7-150 drones Queen Her thorax is slightly larger No pollen baskets or wax glands Stinger is smoother and curved (and reusable) The Honey Bee Colony Queen Pheromones ◦ The “social glue” of the hive ◦ Gives the colony its identity and temperament ◦ Sends signals to the workers Mates once, in flight, with 7 to 150 drones Lays both fertilized and unfertilized eggs Fertilized eggs become workers or Queens Unfertilized eggs become drones How does an egg become a queen instead of a worker? ◦ Royal Jelly is fed to the larvae for a much longer period of time ◦ Royal Jelly is secreted from the hypopharynx of worker bees Royal Jelly Supercedure Cell (Never cut these unless you have a replacement queen ready) Basic Anatomy Worker ◦ Sterile female ◦ Does the work of the hive ◦ Have specialized body structures Brood food glands – royal jelly Scent glands (pheromones) Wax glands Pollen baskets Barbed stingers – Ouch! The Honey Bee Colony Worker Bees Perform Roles ◦ Nurse ◦ Guard ◦ Forager Castes Worker bees progress through very defined growth stages ◦ When first hatched they become Nurse Bees Clean cells, keeps brood warm, feed larvae Receive -
Body-Enlarging Effect of Royal Jelly in a Non-Holometabolous Insect Species, Gryllus Bimaculatus
© 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Biology Open (2016) 5, 770-776 doi:10.1242/bio.019190 RESEARCH ARTICLE Body-enlarging effect of royal jelly in a non-holometabolous insect species, Gryllus bimaculatus Atsushi Miyashita, Hayato Kizaki, Kazuhisa Sekimizu and Chikara Kaito* ABSTRACT (Conlon and Raff, 1999; Otto, 2007). These studies have provided Honeybee royal jelly is reported to have body-enlarging effects in significant insight into the principles of size regulation of living holometabolous insects such as the honeybee, fly and silkmoth, but organisms, although recent concerns over genetically modified its effect in non-holometabolous insect species has not yet been organisms have led researchers to evaluate other types of strategies examined. The present study confirmed the body-enlarging effect in to enlarge animals for industrial purposes. silkmoths fed an artificial diet instead of mulberry leaves used in the As a non-genetic size manipulation, oral ingestion of royal jelly previous literature. Administration of honeybee royal jelly to silkmoth by larvae of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, a holometabolous from early larval stage increased the size of female pupae and hymenopteran insect, induces queen differentiation, leading to adult moths, but not larvae (at the late larval stage) or male pupae. enlarged bodies. Royal jelly contains 12-15% protein, 10-16% We further examined the body-enlarging effect of royal jelly in a sugar, 3-6% lipids (percentages are wet-weight basis), vitamins, non-holometabolous species, the two-spotted cricket Gryllus salts, and free amino acids (Buttstedt et al., 2014). Royal jelly bimaculatus, which belongs to the evolutionarily primitive group contains proteins, named major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs), which Polyneoptera. -
Evolution of the Yellow/Major Royal Jelly Protein Family and the Emergence of Social Behavior in Honey Bees
Downloaded from genome.cshlp.org on October 1, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Letter Evolution of the Yellow/Major Royal Jelly Protein family and the emergence of social behavior in honey bees Mark David Drapeau,1,4 Stefan Albert,2,4 Robert Kucharski,3,4 Carsten Prusko,2 and Ryszard Maleszka3,5 1Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA; 2Institut für Medizinische Strahlenkunde und Zellforschung, Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; 3Visual Sciences and Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia The genomic architecture underlying the evolution of insect social behavior is largely a mystery. Eusociality, defined by overlapping generations, parental brood care, and reproductive division of labor, has most commonly evolved in the Hymenopteran insects, including the honey bee Apis mellifera. In this species, the Major Royal Jelly Protein (MRJP) family is required for all major aspects of eusocial behavior. Here, using data obtained from the A. mellifera genome sequencing project, we demonstrate that the MRJP family is encoded by nine genes arranged in an ∼60-kb tandem array. Furthermore, the MRJP protein family appears to have evolved from a single progenitor gene that encodes a member of the ancient Yellow protein family. Five genes encoding Yellow-family proteins flank the genomic region containing the genes encoding MRJPs. We describe the molecular evolution of these protein families. We then characterize developmental-stage-specific, sex-specific, and caste-specific expression patterns of the mrjp and yellow genes in the honey bee. -
WHO IS the QUEEN BEE? Alex Tuchman
WHO IS THE QUEEN BEE? Alex Tuchman INTRODUCTION Out of their own bodies the workers create wax platelets which they then shape the wax with Beekeeping today presents us with no small their mandibles into the required cell type. The number of challenges. Indeed, the life of the queen creates eggs in her ovaries, which pass one honeybee and the profession of beekeeping are in by one into her vaginal canal. She will either serious crisis—most people are aware of this. We releases sperm into her vaginal canal to fertilize have a great responsibility to leave no stone the egg (to create a female worker or a queen), or unturned as we search for the underlying causes leaves the egg unfertilized (to create a male of the plight of the honeybee. One such drone). The worker and the queen eggs will be underlying cause is hiding in plain sight, namely, fertilized with sperm that the queen carries in a artificial queen rearing. To explain this in a way special organ called the spermatheca. When the that engenders understanding and can bring forth queen places a fertilized egg into a horizontal- appropriate solutions, we shall start by asking the hexagonal wax cell, then a worker arises. When question: who is the queen bee? the queen places an unfertilized egg into a horizontal-hexagonal wax cell, then a drone THE CONCEPTION OF THE THREE CASTES OF arises. With the worker and the drone, the HONEYBEES fertilization of the egg is the determining factor. But what differentiates the worker and the In the dark fragrant warmth of the hive center, queen, who both become females born from a the queen places an egg into a wax cell, which has fertilized egg? The fertilized egg placed into a been created by the worker bees. -
BEEKEEPING: General Information by R
BEEKEEPING: General Information by R. A. Morse and E. J. Dyce A Cornell Cooperative Extension Publication Information Bulletin 90 The New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences is a statutory college of the State University, at Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 2 BEEKEEPING: This bulletin provides general informa Honey Bee as a Pollinator tion about beekeeping that is not usually General Information included in current publications. Informa The pollination of agricultural crops is by R. A. Morse and E. J. Dyce tion on specific beekeeping problems can the most important contribution of honey be obtained by writing to the Office of bees to our national economy. Although Apiculture, Department of Entomology, the value of honey bees for pollination Contents Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. cannot be estimated , it is many times the 2 Extent of Beekeeping Industry total value of both the honey and bees wax that they produce . Without cross 2 Honey Bee as a Pollinator Extent of Beekeeping Industry pollination many crops would not set seed 3 Who Keeps Bees? or produce fruit. Many insects other than In New York State about 8,500 people the honey bee can carry pollen from one 3 Where Bees Can Be Kept keep at least 125,000 colonies of honey plant to another; but in areas where agri 4 A Skilled Occupation bees. The annual production is about 8 culture has been intensified, such as the million pounds of honey and 120,000 fruit areas in New York State, the number 4 How to Acquire a Knowledge of pounds of beeswax. -
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT May 15Th, 2011
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT May 15 th , 2011 Disease & Pest Identification CAPA Honey Bee Diseases and Pests Publication. OBA Beekeeping Manual Tech-Transfer Website - http://techtransfer.ontariobee.com American Foulbrood (AFB) A bacteria affecting brood ( Bacillus larvae ) Found on every continent Spores remain viable indefinitely on beekeeping equipment Larvae are susceptible up to 3 days after hatching Spores germinate in the midgut, then penetrate to body cavity Spread by robbing and drifting bees and through transfer of hive equipment AFB Combs of infected colonies have a mottled appearance Cell cappings containing diseased larvae appear moist and darkened Larval and pupal colour changes to creamy brown, then dark brown Unpleasant odour in advanced stages Death in the pupal stage results in the formation of the pupal tongue Diseased brood eventually dries out to form characteristic brittle scales adhering tightly to the cell wall Monitoring - visual exam every time hive is opened AFB AFB Diagnosis Ropiness test Use twig or matchstick to ‘stir’ larvae 2 cm ‘rope’ will be attached to stick Microscopic examination Spores resemble slender rods in chains European Foulbrood (EFB) A bacteria affecting brood Not as widespread as AFB Larvae are infected by nurse bees EFB Twisted larvae Slight ropiness Monitoring - visual exam Chalkbrood A fungus affecting brood Patchy brood White/black “mummies” in cells, at hive entrance, on bottom board Monitoring - visual exam Sacbrood A virus affecting brood Patchy brood, punctured cells Larvae are like -
Additional Activities Honey Bee Math
Additional Activities Name: _____________________________ Honey Bee Math Date:__________________ Answer the following questions using these honey bee facts. Weight of average worker bee: 80 milligrams Amount of nectar the honey sac can hold: 70 milligrams Amount of pollen a worker can carry in the pollen baskets: 20 milligrams Maximum number of eggs laid daily by the queen: 3,000 Average number of trips a worker bee makes outside the hive each day: 10 trips Average speed of a worker bee in flight: 15 miles per hour Average distance from hive a worker bee travels in one trip: 1-1/2 miles Average life of a worker bee in the summer: 45 days 1. What is the average total weight a worker bee carries in both nectar and pollen per trip? Amount of nectar _____ + amount of pollen _____ = _____ Total Weight 2. What is the amount of nectar one worker bee could contribute to the colony in one day? Amount of nectar carried in one trip ____ x number of trips in one day _____ = _____ Total Nectar 3. What is the ratio of the total weight of a full load of nectar and pollen carried by the worker bee in one trip as compared to her body weight? 4. If you could carry the same amount of weight in comparison to your body weight as a honey bee, how much weight could you carry? 5. Approximately how many weeks does a worker bee live in the summer? 6. About how long would it take a worker bee to fly to a garden 2 miles away? 7.