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Computer System Management - Troubleshooting and Operating System

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Computer System Management - Troubleshooting and Operating System Computer System Management - Troubleshooting and Operating System Amarjeet Singh August 11, 2011 Partly adopted from Computer System Management Slides by Navpreet Singh Logistics Lab sessions: Did you find it useful? BIOS will be done in the next lab session Handout for the next lab session uploaded on the course website Video for the next lab session uploaded on youtube channel If you got your new laptop, please bring it to the next lab session so that you can install Ubuntu on your laptop itself rather than on the lab machine Course webpage updated: Last lecture slides Notes on PCI, CD RW Logistics Learn-it-yourself: Topics will be put on the course website by next week If you want to do something outside the list, make sure that it involves using some hardware/software utility and is not purely a reading topic For each topic, I will also provide a list of expectations from each topic in due course of time as well To be done in groups of 3 You have to create a video, preferably less than 10 minutes, but surely not more than 15 minutes Make sure to create a proper script and then make a proper video for that topic – should be good enough for students outside to also watch and learn Honor code! Any exam or submission, I will be checking for copying/cheating We have software that can with a high degree of accuracy provide us with sources from where the text is copied Make sure you don’t copy/cheat First act - reduction in one letter grade Second act - F in the course Revision - I Computer Model - What are the 4 building blocks? What are the 4 Primary CPU operations? How is memory in a computer structured hierarchically? What different parameters does the speed of computer depend on? How is information stored on a HDD? How does DVD store more data than a CD? What are the typical DC output values of the computer power supply? What is the difference between mechanical and optical mouse? What is the maximum number of connected devices allowed by the USB standard? Quiz - I In the feedback sheet you are going to provide, also add the answers to the following questions: 1. When I specify the serial port configuration as 19200-8-N-1, what does each field signify? 2. Write the one bit parity (even parity) for the following sequence: 2.a 10010111 2.b 01011010 3. Write two factors that lead to PCI-e being faster than PCI 4. How are CD/DVD drives different from HDD in terms of rotational velocity? Troubleshooting - POST Power On Self Test (POST) - Tests the computer to make sure all the hardware is working properly Errors found during the test are stored/reported through visual/auditory means Successful completion usually reported using a single beep Typical components tested - Power supply, CPU, CMOS, Memory interface, I/O bus interface Failure of any test returns irregular POST through a beep code (specific to the BIOS) Error also used to be published to a fixed I/O port address and read by POST card Troubleshooting - Free Diagnostic Tools Memory Interface Windows memory test - part of Vista and Windows 7 Memtest86 - http://www.memtest86.com Motherboard and CPU: Hot CPU Tester - http://www.memtest86.com CPU temperature monitor utilities HWMonitor - http://www.cpuid.com/hwmonitor.php Core Temp - http://www. alcpu.com/CoreTemp SpeedFan - http://www.almico.com/sfdownload.php Hard Disk Drive: Scandisk, Chkdsk - Pre-installed in windows TestDisk - http://www.cgsecurity.org/wiki/TestDisk HDD health - http://www.panterasoft.com CD/DVD: CD Roller - http://www.cdroller.com CD Check - http://www.kvipu.com/CDCheck Booting up So far we have come across BIOS which is the first piece of software that gets executed when you start the computer Lets move on… We need to start the Operating System stored in hard disk drive Computer executes BIOS stored in ROM that performs the POST and initiates the Operating System - Boot loader Often multi-stage: BIOS executes a small program in the boot device Also called Master Boot Record (MBR): Space constrained (446 bytes) MBR being limited size points to another location where detailed boot information is stored (can be located anywhere on the disk) Stage architecture allows boot loader to be larger in size Second stage loads OS and transfers execution to it Boot Loader Different types of second stage boot loader - Grand Unified Bootloader (GRUB), BOOTMGR, Linux Loader (LILO), NT Loader (NTLDR) For a multi-boot system, always install Windows first, on the first hard disk, in the first partition (Three firsts) Windows assumes it is the only operating system in the world, and does not try to live with existing information present in the MBR - overwrites it Learn-it-yourself activity Remember that if you spoil your boot loader, you are risking your complete system since the address from where the OS should start is spoiled in that case Be careful! Operating System (OS) Let us look at some of the definitions from the class: Interface/link/intermediate-language/GUI between the machine/ hardware/system and the user/us Platform/software for other program/application to run Medium between user and software through which better use of hardware and software is possible Operates the system In which everything runs Main part which performs the operations/calculations and processes the result Manages files and folders Helps us communicate with computer in a user friendly way Operating System (OS) OS is a set of system software programs that regulate how the application software controls the hardware and how the users control the program Acts as an intermediary between application software and actual hardware to perform hardware functions such as input/output and memory space allocation Primary OS Windows (NT Family): First public Release 1993, Latest stable version Windows 8 (2012) Linux: 1992, Linux Kernel 3.5.2 (2012) MAC OS X: 2001, 10.8 (2012) - Latest version OS X Mountain Lion Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system Operating System (OS) Image Source: Wikipedia OS components User Interface: for human input Command-line interface: commands are typed out line by line (eg. Terminal) Graphical User Interface (GUI): visual environment (eg. Explorer) GUI primary components Windows: Information is organized in windows Icons: Information represented by icons Menu: Available commands are compiled together in menu Pointing device: position of cursor controlled by a physical input device Called WIMP paradigm Are all GUI WIMP? Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system OS components User Input to an application initiates interaction with the computer hardware devices (CPU, memory, I/O devices) Since there will be multiple programs running in parallel - hardware resources need to be controlled (task of OS) Executing a program results in a process in OS (ps in linux, Task Manager in Windows) Memory and other resources, together with a priority are assigned to each process Process continues interaction with user and other devices Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system OS components All this is done by Kernel in OS Bridge between applications and actual data processing done at the hardware level Manages system’s resources Provides lowest level abstraction for hardware resources Resources consist of CPU, memory and I/O devices How does kernel manage multiple resources? Poll sources of inputs (programs/ hardware) for events that require action Let the sources tell whenever an event occurs - interrupts Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system OS components Kernel is specific to OS and allows interfacing with variety of hardware resources Need a way for these resources to tell OS how to interface with them - job of a Device Driver Since each hardware device interacts in a specified manner, device driver will be specific to a device and the OS Communicates with the hardware through communication subsystem to which the hardware is connected (eg. ?) Acts as a translator Handles interrupts both from the application and hardware Usually comes with the hardware (installation CD) Either loaded at boot time or on request OS components Image Source: http://dlc.sun.com/ OS components Image Source: http://www.roma1.infn.it MS-DOS Microsoft Disk Operating System Primary OS for personal computers until mid 90s Command-line interface Runs on machines with the Intel x86 or compatible CPUs, mainly the IBM PC and clones Single-user, single-task OS with basic kernel functions that are non- reentrant: only one program at a time can use them What does that mean in terms of interrupts? All version of MS Windows have MS-DOS like command line interface Accessed by typing “cmd” in “run” Windows Operating System Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 As an add-on to MS-DOS 16 Bit OS running on top of DOS providing Multitasking and GUI Windows 3.0 (1990), Windows Workgroup 3.11 (1992) Improved the design 16/32 Bit OS Windows 3.1 had Internet Explorer browser as part of OS Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME (2000) 32 Bit OS Used FAT File System Supported DOS as well Windows Operating System NTFS introduced in 1993 as the file system for Windows NT server Later adopted as default File system for all later releases of Windows client and server OS Windows NT 4.0 (1996) was the true Multi-User and Multi-Tasking OS based on NTFS File System; Later replaced by Windows 2000 Windows XP, Vista, 2003, 2008, Windows 7 and Windows 8 are all available in 32 bit and 64 bit versions Mobile version - Windows mobile (renamed as Windows Phone with launch of Windows Phone 7) Approx.
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