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Referaat E.J. Keulemans IDM 2008-2009 Optische illusie? Een onderzoek naar voorwaarden voor- en eisen van het bewaarbeleid van optische schijven Erasmus Universiteit, Informatie- en Documentmanagement (IDM) 2008-2009 Referaat, Eric-Jan Keulemans, 4 september 2009. Begeleider ir. A. (Ad) C. van der Kolk, tweede lezer dr. O.(Otto) W. Hoogerhuis. Optische illusie? Samenvatting......................................................................................................3 1 Onderzoeksvraag en onderzoeksmethodieken........................................4 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................. 4 Situatieschets ......................................................................................................................... 4 Onderzoeksvraag ................................................................................................................... 4 Doel van het onderzoek ........................................................................................................ 4 Onderzoeksmethodieken ...................................................................................................... 5 Opbouw ................................................................................................................................. 5 Doelgroep .............................................................................................................................. 5 2 Oorsprong optische schijf.............................................................................6 Geschiedenis .......................................................................................................................... 6 Werking van een laser ........................................................................................................... 6 Uitvinding optische schijf .................................................................................................... 7 Eerste generatie optische schijven ........................................................................................ 7 Tweede generatie optische schijven ..................................................................................... 9 Derde generatie optische schijven ....................................................................................... 9 Toekomstige generatie optische schijven .......................................................................... 12 3 Randvoorwaarden bewaarbeleid optische schijven en toegankelijkheid op lange termijn ..............................................................14 Series optische schijven ...................................................................................................... 14 Omgevingsfactoren ............................................................................................................. 14 Bewaarcondities ................................................................................................................... 14 Brandproces ......................................................................................................................... 15 Soort optische schijf............................................................................................................ 16 Absolute Time in Pre-groove (ATIP) ................................................................................. 16 Kopie naar harde schijf ....................................................................................................... 17 Soort (re)writer .................................................................................................................... 17 Brandmethode ..................................................................................................................... 18 Brandsnelheid ...................................................................................................................... 18 Buffer Underrun .................................................................................................................. 18 Computerverbinding ........................................................................................................... 18 Referaat E.J. Keulemans, IDM 2008-2009, 04-09-2009 1 Optische illusie? Brandprogramma ................................................................................................................. 18 Beschrijven van optische schijven ...................................................................................... 19 Periodieke controles van optische schijven ....................................................................... 19 4 Alternatieve opslagmedia...........................................................................20 Harde schijf .......................................................................................................................... 20 Solid State Drive ................................................................................................................. 21 Magneetband ....................................................................................................................... 21 Tapedrive ............................................................................................................................. 21 Silicon Carbide .................................................................................................................... 22 5 Casestudy: Onderzoek naar bewaarbeleid in de praktijk ...................23 6 Conclusies en aanbevelingen.....................................................................27 Literatuur...........................................................................................................30 Bijlagen..............................................................................................................32 Referaat E.J. Keulemans, IDM 2008-2009, 04-09-2009 2 Optische illusie? Samenvatting In het essay voor module 2 1 is verslag gedaan van het onderzoek naar bewaarbeleid van optische schijven bij Zeeuwse archiefdiensten. Uit dit onderzoek, waaraan door negen van de tien archiefdiensten is meegewerkt, is gebleken dat alle organisaties optische schijven in hun collectie hebben, maar dat geen van hen bewaarbeleid voor optische schijven heeft ontwikkeld. Geldt dit alleen voor de archiefdiensten in Zeeland? Of besteden andere archiefdiensten en cultuurinstellingen in Nederland ook weinig aandacht aan bewaarbeleid van optische schijven? De conclusies en aanbevelingen uit dit essay vormen de basis van verder onderzoek naar bewaarbeleid van optische schijven en de toegankelijkheid van de data op die optische schijven op lange termijn. Door middel van empirisch onderzoek is het bewaarbeleid van vijf (cultuur)instellingen in Nederland onderzocht. In het onderzoek komt de geschiedenis van de optische schijf en de uitvinding van de laser aan bod, worden de huidige- en toekomstige generaties optische schijven behandeld en wordt ingegaan op de “randvoorwaarden bewaarbeleid optische schijven en toegankelijkheid op lange termijn”, waarin duidelijk wordt dat aan bewaarbeleid van optische schijven vele voorwaarden en eisen zijn verbonden. Het is de combinatie van deze factoren die bepalend zijn voor de uiteindelijke levensduur van de optische schijf en de toegankelijkheid van de data op lange termijn. De onderzoeksvraag luidt: “ Wat zijn de optimale voorwaarden voor bewaarbeleid van optische schijven en welke eisen kunnen worden geformuleerd?”. Bovendien is onderzocht of een optische schijf geschikt is als opslagmedium voor de lange termijn en welke alternatieve opslagmedia voorhanden zijn. Het primaire doel van dit onderzoek is te achterhalen aan welke voorwaarden en eisen bewaarbeleid van optische schijven moet voldoen. Het secundaire doel is het bevorderen van bewustzijn bij overheidsinstanties in Nederland. Het vermoeden bestaat dat bij overheidsinstellingen in Nederland inmiddels tienduizenden optische schijven worden bewaard maar dat deze organisaties tot op heden geen aandacht hebben besteed aan het beheer en het onderhoud ervan. Laat staan dat men zich heeft beziggehouden met de toegankelijkheid van de informatie op deze schijven. Deze schijven kunnen mogelijk nog actuele, politiek vitale, informatie bevatten. Als deze informatie verloren gaat, ontstaat voor de overheid een enorm probleem. De mogelijkheid om het overheidshandelen te kunnen reconstrueren komt ernstig in gevaar. Ook is de overheid niet in staat om haar handelen juridisch te verantwoorden. Men kan hier met recht spreken van een tikkende informatietijdbom die, als men tijdig actie onderneemt, nog onschadelijk kan worden gemaakt. Speciale dank gaat uit naar alle medewerkers van de onderzochte organisaties. In openhartige gesprekken heeft men de vragen beantwoord en additionele informatie verstrekt. Last but not least, een woord van dank aan mijn twee begeleiders: Ad van der Kolk en Otto Hoogerhuis. Dankzij hun inspirerende bijdragen en hun commentaar op de conceptversies, zijn vooral de conclusies en aanbevelingen van dit onderzoek scherper geformuleerd. Kleverskerke, 4 september 2009 Eric-Jan Keulemans. 1 Keulemans, E.J. To burn or not to burn? That’s the question! Een onderzoek naar een doeltreffend en doelgericht bewaarbeleid voor optische gegevensdragers – succes- en faalfactoren bij Zeeuwse archiefdiensten. Provincie Zeeland; Middelburg, 2009. Als bijlage 2 bij dit onderzoek opgenomen. Referaat E.J. Keulemans, IDM 2008-2009, 04-09-2009 3 Optische illusie? 1 Onderzoeksvraag en onderzoeksmethodieken Inleiding In het
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