Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Archäologie SONDERDRUCK RGZM – TAGUNGEN Band 27 Holger Baitinger (Hrsg.) MATERIELLE KULTUR UND IDENTITÄT IM SPANNUNGSFELD ZWISCHEN MEDITERRANER WELT UND MITTELEUROPA MATERIAL CULTURE AND IDENTITY BETWEEN THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD AND CENTRAL EUROPE Akten der Internationalen Tagung am Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum Mainz, 22.-24. Oktober 2014 Abschlusstagung des DFG-Projekts »Metallfunde als Zeugnis für die Interaktion zwischen Griechen und Indigenen auf Sizilien zwischen dem 8. und 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr.« Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz 2016 Gedruckt mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft Redaktion: Holger Baitinger, Claudia Nickel (RGZM) Satz: Claudia Nickel (RGZM) Umschlaggestaltung: Reinhard Köster (RGZM) Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie: Detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. ISBN 978-3-88467-262-4 ISSN 1862-4812 © 2016 Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die dadurch begründeten Rechte, insbesondere die der Übersetzung, des Nachdrucks, der Entnahme von Abbildungen, der Funk- und Fernsehsendung, der Wiedergabe auf fotomechanischem (Fotokopie, Microkopie) oder ähnlichem Wege und der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen, Ton- und Bildträgern bleiben, auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung, vorbehalten. Die Vergütungsansprüche des §54, Abs.2, UrhG. werden durch die Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort wahrgenommen. Herstellung: betz-druck GmbH, Darmstadt Printed in Germany. INHALT Holger Baitinger Vorwort ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ VII Hans-Joachim Gehrke Von der Materialität zur Identität. Methodologische Überlegungen zu einem zentralen Problemfeld der archäologisch-historischen Wissenschaften �������������������������������������� 1 Holger Baitinger · Tamar Hodos Greeks and Indigenous People in Archaic Sicily – Methodological Considerations of Material Culture and Identity ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 15 Holger Baitinger Metallfunde in sizilischen Kontexten des 8. bis 5. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.: Anzeiger von Identität oder »Internationalität«? . 33 Chiara Tarditi The Metal Objects from the Sanctuary of Bitalemi and their Context . 49 Stefano Vassallo Il contributo delle importazioni allo sviluppo e all’identità culturale di Himera ���������������������������������������� 69 Erich Kistler · Martin Mohr The Archaic Monte Iato: Between Coloniality and Locality . 81 Francesca Spatafora Insediamenti indigeni d’altura: relazioni interculturali nella Sicilia occidentale ���������������������������������������� 99 Birgit Öhlinger Ritual and Religion in Archaic Sicily – Indigenous Material Cultures between Tradition and Innovation 107 Nadin Burkhardt Tradition in the Face of Death. Cultural Contacts and Burial in Sicily (7th-5th c. B.C.) . 121 Kerstin P. Hofmann Funerärpraktiken = Identitätsdiskurse? Die Felskammergrab-Nekropolen von Morgantina und Monte Casasia im Vergleich �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 133 Raimon Graells i Fabregat Destruction of Votive Offerings in Greek Sanctuaries – The Case of the Cuirasses of Olympia �������������� 149 Hélène Aurigny Sicilian and Italic Votive Objects in the Panhellenic Sanctuary of Delphi ������������������������������������������������ 161 III Helga Donder Die Metallfunde vom Kalabaktepe in Milet – Siedlungsniederschlag oder thesauriertes Altmetall? . 175 Svend Hansen A short History of Fragments in Hoards of the Bronze Age ������������������������������������������������������������������ 185 Viktoria Fischer The Metal Abundance in Swiss Lakeshore Settlements – an Attempt to explain the Phenomenon . 209 Christoph Huth Metallfunde in urnenfelderzeitlichen Höhensiedlungen Mitteleuropas . 221 Claudio Giardino Evidence for foreign Contacts in Sicilian and Southern Italian Hoards of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 239 Markus Egg Eisenzeitliche Depotfunde im mittleren Alpenraum . 263 Andreas M. Murgan · Fleur Kemmers Temples, Hoards and Pre(?)monetary Practices – Case Studies from Mainland Italy and Sicily in the 1st Millennium B.C. 277 Verzeichnis der Autorinnen und Autoren . 291 IV BIRGIT ÖHLINGER RITUAL AND RELIGION IN ARCHAIC SICILy – INDIGENOUS MATERIAL CULTURES BETWEEN TRADITION AND INNOVATION In the 6th century B.C. Western and Central Sicily underwent a period of transition from the old traditional world to a new one, in a gradual process that was triggered by the intensification of cultural contact with the Greek and Phoenician coastal cities 1. This transformation naturally also affected the social field of reli- gion, which provided a system of guidance and values in the local communities 2. These transformations and their materialisation at cult sites in the indigenous inland form the main focus of this article. The first section outlines in archaeological terms how the »old world« found expression in Western and Central Sicily and shows what kind of material manifestations of ritual and religion can be determined. The second part shifts the focus to the transformation processes that lead to a »new world« and different form of cult sites. The third and final section shows on the basis of two case studies how these worlds are interwoven. It makes clear that the social field of religion played a central role in installing new power structures in the local communities of Western and Central Sicily and shows how the old world of ancestors and forebears was used as foundations for creating new social identities. FORMAtion – THE »OLD TRADITIONAL WORLD« Since the Bronze Age, the traditional settlement structures consisted of a cluster of buildings with oval, round or rectangular outline, usually grouped around a courtyard or an open area. They resemble hamlet- like farmsteads, so-called compounds, as is illustrated by ethnological comparative studies 3. A direct parallel to these settlement structures can be found, for example, in the Iron Age settlements in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. Similar to Sicily, the small, fortified settlements in the north-west of Iberian Galicia comprise groups of round-houses with rectangular annexes surrounded by a boundary wall, the typical architectural units for compounds. Within these compounds one or several buildings usually with circular plans serve for social gatherings and intra-familial or clan-internal rituals 4. Particularly the Sanfins hill-fort settlement in northern Portugal (14 ha) 5 is reminiscent of Sicilian Bronze and Iron Age settlement structures, e. g. the settlements of Thapsos 6, Cannatello 7, Mokarta 8 or I Faraglioni on the island of Ustica 9 (figs 1-2). Like the Galician settlement, the latter consist of several compounds sepa- Fig. 1 Sanfins hill-fort in northern Portugal: a settlement plan; b reconstruction of a south Galician compound. – (After González-Ruibal 2006, 155 fig. 9; 154 fig. 8). a b Materielle Kultur und Identität im Spannungsfeld zwischen mediterraner Welt und Mitteleuropa 107 b Fig. 2 Mokarta: a settlement plan; b round-hut 6; c reconstruction. – (After a c Tusa 2009, 42 fig. 4; 44 figs 6-7). rated from one another by enclosing walls and arranged along the line of the streets. The inhabitants of such compounds usually lived within extended families or clan-like groups 10. The existence of this kind of social system in Western and Central Sicily is corroborated not only by the settlement structures, but also by the funerary record in the necropoleis 11. The predominant burial ritual was shaped by multiple burials in rock-cut chamber tombs. This is particularly in evidence in the East Necropolis of Polizzello 12. In Tombs 5 and 25 multiple burials were found across several layers, indicating the succession of generations from the 8th well into the 6th century B.C. 13. Starting from this socio-archaeological framework of living in compounds, the material expressions of this way of life shall be considered in greater detail and will shed light on the field of religion, as well as ritual and sacrificial practices in the indigenous settlements. The architectural clay model of Monte Iato serves as a useful starting-point, arising from the socio-reli- gious structure of the »old world« (fig. 3). Not only does it depict a prestigious round-house, but it also portrays a powerful bull, situated on the roof. On a symbolic level, the two key elements of traditional cultic and sacrificial practices have been united here to create a meaningful memorial to the past: on the one hand, the model comprises the central hut of the compound which traditionally served as the cul- tic and feasting hut for the extended family; on the other hand, it shows the bull which stands for the animal sacrifices that symbolised the virility of the host and local leadership. This interpretation of the latter is supported, above all, by a series of small bull Fig. 3 Architectural clay model with a cow on the top from Monte statuettes that were identified in cultic contexts, but Iato. – (After Isler 2009, 163 fig. 31a-d). also during excavations