DOCSLIB.ORG

Thermodynamics and Thermoeconomics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thermodynamics and Thermoeconomics Int.J. Applied Thermodynamics, ISSN 1301-9724 Vol.2 (No.1), pp.5-18, March-1999 Thermodynamics and Thermoeconomics Yehia M. El-Sayed Advanced Energy System Analysis 41658 Higgins Way, Fremont, CA 94539 - USA Tel/Fax: 510 656 2783 E-Mail: [email protected] Abstract Raising the efficiency of an energy system is within the domain of thermodynamics. Raising the efficiency cost-effectively (Thermoeconomics) is a multi-disciplinary problem in which thermodynamics interfaces other disciplines of knowledge which in this particular case are design, manufacture and economics. This paper deals with a communication/optimization strategy, via the concept of costing equations, whereby the system can be analyzed and optimized for minimum cost within the domain of thermodynamics. The communication/optimization strategy is explained. The generation of costing equations is demonstrated. A gas turbine power system and seawater distillation process system are used as examples for improved design point and improved configuration. The results of their optimized design points for configurations in order of increasing complexity are displayed on cost-efficiency coordinates. Key words: second law analysis, costing, thermoeconomics, optimization. thermoeconomics has been impressive in few 1. Introduction directions. Valero et al (1994, 1996), El-Sayed One of the cornerstones of sustainable (1996) and Lazzaretto and Tsatsaronis (1997) may development is the cost-effective fuel saving of represent the different directions of development. systems that use or produce useful energy. This, in The directions are not yet free from inconsistencies turn, calls for more intensive and extensive system (Cerqueira and Nebra 1998). analysis while the system is still in its design phase. This paper follows the second direction by the Such analysis has to be multi-disciplinary. author. Costing equations are introduced as Accessing the analysis from the discipline of rational carriers of the essential information needed thermodynamics is the advantage of Thermo- for optimal system design given a cost objective economics. function. The results of two previous applications Thermoeconomics was first developed during (El-Sayed 1996, 1997b) of the concept and its the sixties. The name was coined by professor M. optimization algorithm are presented. Recently in Tribus (1962). Seawater desalination processes other publications, the concept has been extended were of prime concern to gain insight in the with almost no added information (El-Sayed interaction between the surface of separation and 1997a, 1998) to the prediction of the system’s part- the energy requirement. Even though at that time load performance equation and to the optimal oil prices were 0.1 to 0.2 today’s prices, the impact operation of a group of systems of known part-load on the price of water was significant compared to performance equations conventional water prices. The publication by El- In this paper, the need for a communication/ Sayed and Evans (1970) was perhaps one of optimization strategy to handle the complexity of earliest on the subject matter. Later the interest in multi-disciplinary system optimization is first further development of Thermoeconomics to considered. The extraction of relevant information handle energy-intensive systems in general was for optimal system design from design models initiated by professor R. Gaggioli (1980, 1983). representing current or innovative design practices Many researchers responded positively to the of the system devices is then explained using a initiation. In the last 25 years, the development of Int.J. Applied Thermodynamics, Vol.2 (No.1) 5 design model for a heat exchanger as an example. system decision variables to be thermodynamic The extracted information is presented as a costing variables follows naturally. These decisions will be equation for each considered device. This mostly efficiency coefficients of the system devices procedure is the added burden to purely (adiabatic efficiency, effectiveness, pressure loss thermodynamic analysis. An application to a ratios, heat loss ratios, temperature differences, power system (gas turbine) and another to process extent of reaction....) beside few decisions that system (seawater distillation) are then considered belong to the system as a whole such as pressure for improved design point and improved and temperature levels. configuration. 2.1. Decomposition at the Discipline Level 2. The Communication/Optimization Strategy Expressing {c} and {A} in terms of Any attempt claiming system improvement thermodynamic variables allows treating the should be explicitly characterized by an objective optimization process within the thermodynamic function, decision variables that are the degrees of domain and hence the system is decomposed at the improvement freedom, and an approach to system discipline level. In many situations {c} can be decomposition. These three features are not treated as constants depending on time and independent from each other. They have to be location. The costing equations described in the considered simultaneously to establish a next section give {A} in terms of thermodynamic communication/optimization strategy. variables. In this paper {c} are treated as constants. A cost objective function suitable for the Figures 1, 2 illustrate the concept of costing design phase of an energy-intensive system is the equations. Figure 1 shows a theoretical scenario in production cost for a given capacity: which the disciplines of thermodynamics, design and manufacture communicate directly while being J = ∑cF*F+ ∑cz*Z +C R (1) embedded in a given economic environment. Each or the net cost function discipline assumes a suitable computation model of inputs (decisions variables {Y}), constraining J = ∑cF*F+ ∑cz*Z-∑cP*P+C R (1a) relations, and outputs (dependent variables {X}). where J is a cost, c F and c P are unit prices of feeds The decision variables {Y} depend on the flow of F and products P as occurring in the market place information from the discipline of thermody- and c z is a capital discount rate. C R is a constant namics. The objective of thermodynamics is to remainder cost as far as the design phase is minimize fuel and/or maximize products by concerned. Equation (1a) suits more multi-product targeting the highest possible system efficiency. systems, such as cogeneration, since it responds to The objective of design is to minimize materials the relative values of the products as perceived in given the efficiency levels of the respective the market place. The negative of its J is a devices. The objective of manufacture is to profitability that is maximized. It also reduces to minimize the labor and the energy of shaping these the production cost of Equation (1) for single materials. Each discipline has its own optimizer. A product systems of given product rate since ∑cP*P master optimizer iterates all minimization reduces to a constant. Equation (1) can be applied processes and records all rounds of optimization to a multi-product case, but assumptions equal to until the cost objective function is minimized. The the number of products less one are needed to minimized cost c amin *A min of each device is then allocate the production cost to each product. listed against its corresponding input thermody- namic variables to its design model {V }. The Z is a capital cost of a device that is further T,D resulting correlation establishes the concept of expressed as c *A or ∑ c *A where c is a unit cost a a a costing equations. The quality of the correlation of a characterizing surface or volume of the device. determines the quality of the costing equation. The cost minimization of an energy system of Figure 2 assumes thermodynamics as the active interconnected devices interfaces at least four discipline and shows an indirect communication disciplines of knowledge: Thermodynamics {F,P}, with the disciplines of design, manufacture and Design {A}, Manufacture {c a} and Economics {c F, economics through costing equations and a set of cP, c z}. economic prices {c f,c p,c z}. Of course if the costs of To enhance optimization, decomposition is devices are available as function of loading and needed at the discipline level as well as the device efficiency, there would be no need for costing level. Since the creation of a system occurs in the equations. At the moment this is not the case and discipline of thermodynamics, the selection of the probably will not be the case. Prices of devices in 6 Int.J. Applied Thermodynamics, Vol.2 (No.1) Economic Manufacture Models Design Models Thermodynamic Model Envirnmt Initial Capital New Costs {Y M}1 {Y D}1 {Y T} Z {V } V } {V } 1 min M 1 {X =F (X ,Y ,V )} D, M 1 {X =F (X ,Y ,V )} T, D 1 Mi M M M D, M Di D D D T,D ------------ ------------ c A A {V } a1 min ------------ 1 1 min ------------ TC1 --------------- {X Ti =F T (X T,Y T)} optimizer optimizer {V T } ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- Zn min {V M}n {Y M}n {Y D}n ---------------- c an min n A n min n optimizer optimizer Fuels {c a min } {A min } {V T, D }1,2,...n Products Master Recorder of all optimizers’ results optimizer Unit Costs {c f,c z,c p} J(YT) {c a min } Costing Equations’ Generator n1 n2 {A min } {Z=c a*A{V T}} 1,2,..n = {c a* k * V T1 * V T2 *.....} 1,2,......n {V T, D }1,2,...n Yes No J Min ? V Variable, decision or dependent Subcripts Y Decision Variable T Thermodynamic X Dependent Variable D Design, T,D Thermodynamic input to design F Function, Fuel M Manufacture, D,M Design input to manufacture Z Minimized Capital Cost of a Device B Boundary A Minimized Characterizing Surface a Surface area C Unit Costs f Fuel J Cost Objective Function p Product = ∑ c f * F + ∑ c z * Z -∑cp * P z Capital Figure 1. Direct interdisciplinary exchange of information.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Structural Theory of Thermoeconomics - Luis Serra and César Torres Cuadra
    EXERGY, ENERGY SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION – Vol. II - Structural Theory of Thermoeconomics - Luis Serra and César Torres Cuadra STRUCTURAL THEORY OF THERMOECONOMICS Luis Serra and César Torres Cuadra University of Zaragoza, Spain Keywords: thermoeconomics, analysis of energy systems, exergy, average cost, marginal cost, productive structure, structural theory Contents 1. Introduction 2. Marginal Costs 2.1. Characteristic Equations 2.2. General Equation of Marginal Cost 2.3. Generalized Fuel Impact 2.4. Lagrange Multipliers and Marginal Costs 3. Structural Theory of Thermoeconomics 3.1. Linear Model of Characteristic Equations 3.2. Average and Marginal Costs 4. Structural Theory as Standard for Thermoeconomics 4.1. Structural Theory and Exergy Cost Theory 4.1.1. Structural Theory and the Fuel–Product Model 4.2. Structural Theory and Thermoeconomic Functional Analysis 5. Applications 5.1. Local Optimization 6. Closure Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Characteristic equations and average and marginal costs are analyzed in this article. As a consequence the structural theory is a general mathematical formalism either for thermoeconomicUNESCO cost accounting and/or optimization– EOLSS methods, providing a common basis of comparison among the different thermoeconomic methodologies, which could be considered the standard formalism for thermoeconomics. The cost calculationSAMPLE method of the struct CHAPTERSural theory is based on the rules of mathematical derivation applied to a set of characteristic equations that determine the thermoeconomic model. In this way, as more physical and realistic information is contained in the characteristic equations, more physical significance will be contained in the costs obtained. 1. Introduction During the three decades from 1972 to 2002 various thermoeconomic methodologies have been developed.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Special Issue
    Advances in Astronomy The Solar Cycle Guest Editors: J. Javaraiah, J. P. Rozelot, and Luca Bertello The Solar Cycle Advances in Astronomy The Solar Cycle Guest Editors: J. Javaraiah, J. P. Rozelot, and Luca Bertello Copyright © 2012 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in “Advances in Astronomy.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Com- mons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Editorial Board Cesare Barbieri, Italy Martin Hardcastle, UK Valery Nakariakov, UK Joshua S. Bloom, USA Dean Hines, USA Jerome Orosz, USA Michael Brotherton, USA Dieter Horns, Germany George Pavlov, USA Giovanni Carraro, Italy Ivan Hubeny, USA Juri Poutanen, Finland Alberto J. Castro-Tirado, Spain John Hughes, USA Somak Raychaudhury, UK Michael Disney, UK Wing Huen Ip, Taiwan William Reach, USA Elmetwally Elabbasy, Egypt Valentina Klochkova, Russia Peter Roming, USA Nye Evans, UK Gregory Laughlin, USA Ata Sarajedini, USA Maurizio Falanga, Switzerland Myung G. Lee, Republic of Korea Regina Schulte-Ladbeck, USA Duncan Forbes, Australia Karen Leighly, USA Ravi Sheth, USA Andrew Fruchter, USA Jeffrey Linsky, USA Roberto Turolla, Italy B. T. Gansicke,¨ UK Mario Mateo, USA Gary Wegner, USA Paul Goldsmith, USA Ronald Mennickent, Chile Glenn J. White, UK Jonathan Grindlay, USA Zdzislaw E. Musielak, USA Paul J. Wiita, USA Contents The Solar Cycle,J.Javaraiah,J.P.Rozelot,andLucaBertello Volume 2012, Article ID 470631, 2 pages The Faint Young Sun Paradox: A Simplified Thermodynamic Approach, F. Angulo-Brown, MarcoA.Rosales,andM.A.Barranco-Jimenez´ Volume 2012, Article ID 478957, 10 pages Tendency of Discreteness of the Solar Amplitude and Intercycle Relatedness, Akio Yoshida and Ryan Sayre Volume 2012, Article ID 519852, 7 pages Rapid Disappearance of Penumbra-Like Features near a Flaring Polarity Inversion Line: The Hinode Observations, B.
    [Show full text]
  • An Alternative Methodological Approach to Value Analysis of Regions, Municipal Corporations and Clusters
    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS Volume LIX 35 Number 4, 2011 AN ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO VALUE ANALYSIS OF REGIONS, MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS AND CLUSTERS M. Sabolovič Received: March 8, 2011 Abstract SABOLOVIČ, M.: An alternative methodological approach to value analysis of regions, municipal corporations and clusters. Acta univ. agric. et silvic. Mendel. Brun., 2011, LIX, No. 4, pp. 295–300 The paper deals with theoretical conception of value analysis of regions, municipal corporations and clusters. The subject of this paper is heterodox approach to sensitivity analysis of fi nite set of variables based on non-additive measure. For dynamic analysis of trajectory of general value are suffi cient robust models based on maximum entropy principle. Findings concern explanation of proper fuzzy integral – Choquet integral. The fuzzy measure is represented by theory of capacities (Choquet, 1953) on powerset. In fi ne, the conception of the New integral for capacities (Lehler, 2005) is discussed. Value analysis and transmission constitutes remarkable aspect of performance evaluation of regions, municipal corporations and clusters. In the light of high ratio of so variables, social behavior, intangible assets and human capital within those types of subjects the fuzzy integral introduce useful tool for modeling. The New integral a erwards concerns considerable characteristic of people behavior – risk averse articulated concave function and non-additive operator. Results comprehended tools enabling observation of synergy, redundancy and inhibition of value variables as consequence of non-additive measure. In fi ne, results induced issues for future research. powerset, fuzzy integral, Choquet integral, New intergral for capacities, non-additive measure A general theoretical approach to value analysis of value is assigned to thermoeconomics in of particular crisp set of discrete value variables of general.
    [Show full text]
  • TEACHING MODULE for ENGLISH for SPECIFIC PURPOSES
    TEACHING MODULE for ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES Compiled By Bertaria Sohnata Hutauruk Only for our classroom instructions (Very restricted use) FKIP UHN PEMATANGSIANTAR 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This binding is a result of compilation from the authentic material from the webs. It is a result of short browsing. The aim is to provide a suitable module for our ESP classroom sessions in the first semester of the 2011/2012 academic year in our study program. This module consists of some lessons for the concept of ESP, some lessons for ESP lesson plans used abroad and in Indonesia, ESP for some school levels, and ESP for Academic Purposes and for Occupational Purposes. The main teaching objective in our classroom is to provide the students with the competence on designing a good lesson plan to teach ESP for academic purposes and occupational purposes at any level according to its context. We fully intend that this binding is only to facilitate some compiled authentic materials from the webs for our ESP Classroom instructions. By this opportunity, we would like to extend our sincere thanks all the authors of the materials and the websites which publish them. May God the Almighty bless them all! Medan-Pematangsiantar, September 2015 The Authors, Bertaria Sohnata Hutauruk TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………… TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………….. Lesson 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….. Lesson 2 ESP AND ESL………………………………………………………………………. Leson 3 ESP Course at Technical Secondary Vocational School for Construction and Building Trade students………………………………………. Lesson 4 ESP Vocabulary Teaching at the Vocational Secondary School of Furniture Industry………………………….. Lesson 5 ESP International Sample lesson plan........................................................................... Lesson 6 ESP Lesson Plan in Indonesia………………………………………………………..
    [Show full text]
  • Historical and Critical Review on Biophysical Economics 1
    July 21, 2016 9:55 WSPC/S1793-0480 204-BRL 1630001 Biophysical Reviews and Letters Vol. 11, No. 2 (2016) 63–86 c World Scientific Publishing Company DOI: 10.1142/S1793048016300012 Historical and Critical Review on Biophysical Economics Yekbun Adig¨uzel Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine Istanbul Kemerburgaz University Kartaltepe Mah. Incirli Cad. No:11 Bakirkoy, Istanbul, Turkey [email protected] Received 18 March 2016 Revised 25 April 2016 Accepted 3 May 2016 Published 21 July 2016 Biophysical economics is initiated with the long history of the relation of economics with ecological basis and biophysical perspectives of the physiocrats. It inherently has social, economic, biological, environmental, natural, physical, and scientific grounds. Biological entities in economy like the resources, consumers, populations, and parts of production systems, etc. could all be dealt by biophysical economics. Considering this wide scope, current work is a “biophysical economics at a glance” rather than a comprehensive review of the full range of topics that may just be adequately covered in a book-length work. However, the sense of its wide range of applications is aimed to be provided to the reader in this work. Here, modern approaches and biophysical growth theory are pre- sented after the long history and an overview of the concepts in biophysical economics. Examples of the recent studies are provided at the end with discussions. This review is also related to the work by Cleveland, “Biophysical Economics: From Physiocracy to Ecological Economics and Industrial Ecology” [C. J. Cleveland, in Advances in Bioeconomics and Sustainability: Essay in Honor of Nicholas Gerogescu-Roegen,eds.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermoeconomics
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics THERMOECONOMICS A Thermodynamic Approach to Economics John Bryant Third Edition Electronic Version Chapter 9 © VOCAT International Ltd 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by VOCAT International Ltd 10 Falconers Field Harpenden Herts AL5 3ES UK Third Edition ISBN 978-0-9562975-3-2 The electronic versions of the book chapters are made available free on the website www.vocat.co.uk for personal and educational use only by interested readers. While the author has made every effort to be diligent and accurate in his researches, he cannot be held responsible for the use that readers may make of his work, and they should satisfy themselves as to logic and veracity of the conclusions drawn. Citation for the book: John Bryant. ‘Thermoeconomics – A thermodynamic approach to economics’, VOCAT International Ltd, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9562975-3-2 Contents Preface 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Research 2 1.2 Economics and the Ideal Gas 6 2 Stock and Flow Processes 17 2.1 General Stock Model 19 2.2 Monetary Stock Model 31 2.3 Labour Sector 34 2.4 Stocks of Economic Output 40 2.5 Resource Stocks 46 2.6 Environment Waste Stocks 48 3 Thermodynamic Principles 50 3.1 First Law of Thermodynamics 50 3.2 Second Law of
    [Show full text]
  • The Compendium
    The Compendium The Global Economy | Environment, Development and Globalisation CEMUS Education/Uppsala Centre for Sustainable Development • Fall Semester 2012 Documentary Online Video & lecture Podcast WikiArticle Article Book ★ Alternative/Heterodox Economics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterodox_economics Buddhist Economics: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_economics Evolutionary Economics: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_economics Thermoeconomics: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioeconomics_(biophysical) Econophysics: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econophysics Institutional Economics: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_economics Progressive Utilization Theory: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory ★ E.F. Schumacher (1973). Small is Beautiful [Available at UU] ★ Steve Keen (2004). Debunking Economics – The Naked Emperor of the Social Sciences [Interview 2011, 24min at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7F2FKxxN_IE&feature=plcp] [Available at CEMUS] Behavioral Economics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_economics Andrew Oswald LSE: Herd behaviour and keeping up with the joneses (2011, 75min) http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/videoAndAudio/channels/publicLecturesAndEvents/player.aspx?id=1270 Paul Dolan LSE: behavioural economics and human happiness (2011, 71min) http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/videoAndAudio/channels/publicLecturesAndEvents/player.aspx?id=878 Freakonomics (Docu 2010, 90min) Full movie at: http://www.movie2k.to/Freakonomics-watch-movie-399638.html Steven Levitt:
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Thermodynamic Ideas on Ecological Economics: an Interdisciplinary Critique
    Sustainability 2009, 1, 1195-1225; doi:10.3390/su1041195 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Article The Influence of Thermodynamic Ideas on Ecological Economics: An Interdisciplinary Critique Geoffrey P. Hammond 1,2,* and Adrian B. Winnett 1,3 1 Institute for Sustainable Energy & the Environment (I•SEE), University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK 3 Department of Economics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-12-2538-6168; Fax: +44-12-2538-6928. Received: 10 October 2009 / Accepted: 24 November 2009 / Published: 1 December 2009 Abstract: The influence of thermodynamics on the emerging transdisciplinary field of ‗ecological economics‘ is critically reviewed from an interdisciplinary perspective. It is viewed through the lens provided by the ‗bioeconomist‘ Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (1906–1994) and his advocacy of ‗the Entropy Law‘ as a determinant of economic scarcity. It is argued that exergy is a more easily understood thermodynamic property than is entropy to represent irreversibilities in complex systems, and that the behaviour of energy and matter are not equally mirrored by thermodynamic laws. Thermodynamic insights as typically employed in ecological economics are simply analogues or metaphors of reality. They should therefore be empirically tested against the real world. Keywords: thermodynamic analysis; energy; entropy; exergy; ecological economics; environmental economics; exergoeconomics; complexity; natural capital; sustainability Sustainability 2009, 1 1196 ―A theory is the more impressive, the greater the simplicity of its premises is, the more different kinds of things it relates, and the more extended is its area of applicability.
    [Show full text]
  • Essays on the History and Philosophy of Ecological Economic Thought
    Marco Paulo Vianna Franco Essays on the History and Philosophy of Ecological Economic Thought Belo Horizonte, MG UFMG/Cedeplar 2019 ii Marco Paulo Vianna Franco Essays on the History and Philosophy of Ecological Economic Thought Tese apresentada ao curso de Doutorado em Economia do Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional da Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial à obtenção do Título de Doutor em Economia. Orientador: Prof. Hugo E. A. da Gama Cerqueira Co-orientador: Prof. João Antônio de Paula Belo Horizonte, MG Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas - UFMG 2019 iii Ficha catalográfica Franco, Marco Paulo Vianna. F825e Essays on the History and Philosophy of Ecological Economic 2019 Thought [manuscrito] / Marco Paulo Vianna Franco. – 2019. 162 f. Orientador: Hugo E. A. da Gama Cerqueira. Coorientador: João Antônio de Paula. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional. Inclui bibliografia (f. 147-162). 1. Economia – História – Teses. 2. Economia – Teses. 3. Desenvolvimento sustentável – Teses. I. Cerqueira, Hugo E.A. da Gama. II. Paula , João Antônio de. III. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional. IV. Título. CDD: 330.09 Elaborada pela Biblioteca da FACE/UFMG. –RSS54/2019 iv Folha de Aprovação v Folha de Aprovação vi To Helena, Rachel, and Evando. Future, present, and past that inspire visions of joy and freedom for all beings. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present work is one of the outcomes of a deeper transformation at the personal and professional levels, which was only possible with the aid of several individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Relative Free Energy Function and Structural Theory of Thermoeconomics
    Article Relative Free Energy Function and Structural Theory of Thermoeconomics Antonio Valero * and César Torres * CIRCE Institute, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.V.); [email protected] (C.T.) Received: 2 February 2020; Accepted: 15 April 2020; Published: 18 April 2020 Abstract: This paper explores the advantages of using relative free energy instead of exergy to build a mathematical theory of thermodynamic costs to diagnose malfunctions in thermal systems. This theory is based on the definition of a linearized characteristic equation that represents the physical behavior of each component. The physical structure of the system described by its energy interrelationships is called “primal”, and its derivatives are the costs and consumptions. The obtained costing structure is the mathematical “dual” of its primal. The theory explains why the F and P cost assessment rules and any other suggestion may (or may not be) rational under a given disaggregation scheme. A result of the theory is a new thermodynamic function, called the relative free energy, and a new parameter called deterioration temperature due to a component’s deterioration cause, characterized by a h-s thermodynamic trajectory describing the effects on the exiting stream. The relative free energy function allows for an exact relationship between the amount of used resources and the increase in entropy generation caused by the deterioration path of the component. This function allows the obtaining of, for the first time, an appropriate characteristic equation for a turbine and a new definition of efficiency that does not depend on the environment temperature but on its deterioration temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Concepts of Thermoeconomics
    Presented at “Short Course on Geothermal Drilling, Resource Development and Power Plants”, organized by UNU-GTP and LaGeo, in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, January 16-22, 2011. GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME LaGeo S.A. de C.V. BASIC CONCEPTS OF THERMOECONOMICS Dr. Páll Valdimarsson University of Iceland Reykjavik ICELAND [email protected] ABSTRACT The following text is covering the basic principles of thermodynamics to be treated in lectures “Thermoeconomics - striving for optimum component size and efficiency” and “Financial aspects of the geothermal operations”. 1. THERMOECONOMICS Thermoeconomics analyze the power generation economics from the exergetic viewpoint. A thorough treatment of thermoeconomics is found in Bejan et al (1996) and El-Sayed (2003). Thermoeconomics deal with the value of the energy within a plant, where heat and work conversion finds place. The analysis is based on exergy flows, and breaks the plant up into individual components, where each component can be analyzed separately. Each component will have one or more exergy input (feed) streams, and one or more output (product) exergy streams. A feed stream is either input to the plant, or is a product of a previous component. An output stream is either a product from the plant or a feed to the next component in the chain. Exergy loss due to irreversibilities will occur in all components of the power plant. This is the so-called exergy destruction, and the stream is termed exergy destruction stream for the subject component. In some components there will be a rejected exergy stream, which is of no further use in the process. This is the exergy loss, and exergy loss stream for the subject component.
    [Show full text]
  • Heterodox Economics
    Heterodox economics Heterodox economics family tree. Heterodoxy is a term that may be used in contrast with orthodoxy in schools of economic thought or methodologies, that may be beyond neoclassical economics.[1][2] Heterodoxy is an umbrella term that can cover various schools of thought or theories. These might for example include institutional, evolutionary, Georgist, Austrian, feminist,[3] social, post-Keynesian (not to be confused with New Keynesian),[2] ecological, Marxian, socialist and anarchist economics, among others.[4] Economics may be called orthodox or conventional economics by its critics.[5] Alternatively, mainstream economics deals with the "rationality–individualism– equilibrium nexus" and heterodox economics is more "radical" in dealing with the "institutions–history–social structure nexus".[6] Many economists dismiss heterodox economics as "fringe" and "irrelevant",[7] with little or no influence on the vast majority of academic mainstream economists in the English-speaking world. A recent review documented several prominent groups of heterodox economists since at least the 1990s as working together with a resulting increase in coherence across different constituents.[2] Along these lines, the International Confederation of Associations for Pluralism in Economics (ICAPE) does not define "heterodox economics" and has avoided defining its scope. ICAPE defines its mission as "promoting pluralism in economics." In defining a common ground in the "critical commentary," one writer described fellow heterodox economists as trying
    [Show full text]