1 Université Du Québec En Outaouais Le Tourisme Et Les Messages

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1 Université Du Québec En Outaouais Le Tourisme Et Les Messages 1 Université du Québec en Outaouais Le tourisme et les messages d’une identité « commodifiée »: Le cas des Hakkas (客家人) de Hong Kong Mémoire présenté au jury constitué de : Dimitri della Faille (UQO) : Directeur Thibault Martin (UQO) : Évaluateur interne Scott Simon (Université d’Ottawa) : Évaluateur externe Comme exigence partielle du programme de Maîtrise en sciences sociales du développement territorial Par Alexandre Lefebvre Avril 2015 2 Table des matières Résumé ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Remerciements ................................................................................................................................ 5 Liste des figures et des tableaux ..................................................................................................... 6 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Chapitre 1 – Problématique et contexte de la recherche ............................................................... 10 Tourisme et développement international ................................................................................. 10 L’acculturation progressive des Hakkas de Hong Kong ........................................................... 15 Chapitre 2 – Cadre conceptuel ...................................................................................................... 21 La commodification comme facteur d'inauthenticité ................................................................ 27 Chapitre 3 – Méthodologie ........................................................................................................... 34 L’autoethnographie en tant que démarche scientifique ............................................................ 34 Cadre méthodologique dans le contexte de cette recherche ..................................................... 36 L’étude de pamphlets touristiques ............................................................................................ 39 Mon rôle dans l’expérience autoethnographique ...................................................................... 40 Les forces et faiblesses de l’autoethnographie dans le cadre de cette recherche ...................... 43 Chapitre 4 – Portrait du terrain de recherche ................................................................................ 45 Analyse documentaire (brochures d’information) .................................................................... 53 Photographie et entretiens informels ........................................................................................ 55 Chapitre 5 – Résultats de la recherche .......................................................................................... 57 Centre d’information aux visiteurs de Kowloon ....................................................................... 57 Musée d’histoire de Hong Kong ............................................................................................... 61 Musée du patrimoine de Hong Kong ........................................................................................ 69 Musée Sam Tung Uk ................................................................................................................ 73 Village Tsang Tai Uk ................................................................................................................ 79 Musée folklorique Law Uk ....................................................................................................... 84 Musée Folklorique Sheung Yiu ................................................................................................ 88 Le Centre de découverte du patrimoine de Hong Kong ........................................................... 92 Village de Kat Hing Wai........................................................................................................... 96 Village de Lai Chi Wo ............................................................................................................ 101 Sentier patrimonial Lung Yeuk Tau ....................................................................................... 107 Victoria Peak et le Centre d’information aux visiteurs de l’île de Hong Kong ...................... 109 3 Les discussions avec les locaux .............................................................................................. 111 Les pamphlets ......................................................................................................................... 113 Chapitre 6 – Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 116 Bibliographie............................................................................................................................... 128 Annexe 1 – Programme de recherche ..................................................................................... 134 4 Résumé Inspiré par la recherche autoethnographique, l’auteur tente de comprendre, par l’analyse de son expérience de touriste, l’importance de la participation des sources dites exogènes au développement des groupes ethniques, notamment dans la préservation de la culture. Dans le cas ici présenté, le groupe ethnique des Hakkas et ses nombreux villages traditionnels font face à une acculturation progressive en raison de l’expansion urbaine de Hong Kong. Dans une volonté de sauvegarde des valeurs coutumières, le gouvernement hongkongais a recours à l’industrie florissante du tourisme comme moyen d’assurer leur pérennité culturelle. Conséquemment, le gouvernement agit, par l’entremise du tourisme, comme source exogène interférant avec la liberté individuelle des membres de ce groupe ethnique de conserver ou non des valeurs traditionnelles. Plus important encore, il organise une mise en marché de l’identité hakka, basée sur une représentation « commodifiée », c’est-à-dire orientée vers une commercialisation, et imaginée de cette communauté. Ce travail proposera d’analyser l’expérience du chercheur, en tant que touriste incité par le gouvernement hongkongais et son office de tourisme à parcourir les différents musées et circuits qui permettent la visite des villages hakkas, afin de comprendre la façon dont est présentée la culture et les différents messages qui lui sont envoyés lors de son séjour. Cette démarche permettra de donner un nouvel angle à la recherche en développement et en tourisme, en plus de permettre d’entreprendre une réflexion critique sur les mécanismes d’intervention exogènes et les rapports entre voyageurs et groupes ethniques. Mots clés : Hakka, autoethnographie, culture, commodification, authenticité. 5 Remerciements En préambule à ce me mémoire, j’aimerais remercier tous ceux et celles qui m’ont apporté leur aide et qui ont ainsi contribué à l’élaboration du projet. D’abord, je tiens à exprimer toute ma reconnaissance à mon directeur de mémoire Dimitri della Faille qui m’a fait découvrir le groupe ethnique au cœur de cette recherche et qui m’a encouragé à effectuer un terrain qui restera à tout jamais gravé dans ma mémoire. Grâce à ton ouverture d’esprit, ta disponibilité, ta confiance et surtout ta patience, je me suis toujours senti bien encadré tout au long du processus et j’ai eu accès à toutes les conditions nécessaires à ma réussite. Puis, mes remerciements s’adressent également à tout le corps professoral de la maîtrise en sciences sociales du développement territorial. Plus particulièrement, je tiens à remercier Thibault Martin qui a été une influence majeure dans le choix d’une méthodologie de recherche et qui a contribué, par le partage de ses connaissances, à nourrir mon intérêt pour la culture des minorités et des peuples autochtones. Ta passion pour la recherche est contagieuse et je m’estime privilégié d’avoir pu bénéficier de tes conseils et de ton orientation au cours de mon cheminement académique. Finalement, je tiens spécialement à souligner le soutien que m’a offert ma famille, mes ami(e)s et mes collègues à la maîtrise au cours des trois dernières années. Ce projet, combiné à d’autres activités professionnelles, a fait en sorte que j’ai souvent été absent des moments importants de la vie de plusieurs d’entre vous. Heureusement, vous avez toujours su faire preuve d’indulgence et m’avez encouragé à aller au bout de mes ambitions. C’est donc avec fierté que je vous partage ce document qui signale la fin d’une étape importante de ma vie et le début d’une multitude de nouveaux défis stimulants. 6 Liste des figures et des tableaux Figure 1- Représentation des femmes hakkas au Musée d'histoire de Hong Kong ...................... 61 Figure 2 – Écriteaux sur les murs des maisons hakkas ................................................................. 65 Figure 3 - Costume traditionnel hakka au Musée du patrimoine de Hong Kong ......................... 69 Figure 4 - Façade du Musée Sam Tung Uk .................................................................................. 73 Figure 5 - Façade extérieure du village Tsang Tai Uk.................................................................. 79 Figure 6 - Façade extérieure du Musée folklorique Law Uk ........................................................ 84 Figure 7 - Représentation de l’aménagement des maisons hakkas au sein des musées ............... 86 Figure 8 - Façade extérieure du Musée folklorique Sheung Yiu .................................................
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