What Is Phylloxera, Which Has Destroyed Countless Vineyards Throughout the World?
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Xylella Fastidiosa – What Do We Know and Are We Ready
Xylella fastidiosa: What do we know and are we ready? Suzanne McLoughlin, Vinehealth Australia. Xylella is a major threat due to its multiple hosts Suzanne McLoughlin, Vinehealth Australia’s (more than 350 plant species, many of which Technical Manager, analyses the grape and wine do not show symptoms), its multiple vectors community’s preparedness and knowledge about and its continued global spread. The pathogen Xylella fastidiosa, which is known to the industry causes clogging of plant xylem vessels, resulting as Pierce’s disease. This article first appeared in Australian and New Zealand Grapegrower and in water stress-like symptoms to distal parts of Winemaker Magazine, June 2017. the grapevine, with vine death in 1-2 years post infection (Figure 44). The bacterium is primarily Introduction transmitted in the gut of sapsucking insects and Xylella fastidiosa is a gram-negative, rod-shaped the disease cannot occur without a vector. bacterium known to cause Pierce’s disease in viticulture. Xylella fastidiosa was the subject of an While Xylella fastidiosa is known as Pierce’s international symposium held in Brisbane in May disease in grapevines, it is known as many other 2017, organised by the Department of Agriculture names in other host plants. It is inherently difficult and Water Resources (DAWR). A broad range of to control and there are no known treatments to international experts shared their knowledge and cure diseased plants. experience on Xylella with Australian federal and Xylella fastidiosa has been reported on various state government biosecurity personnel, as well host crops, either symptomatic or asymptomatic, as a small number of invited industry participants. -
Application to Grape Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe Necator) in Vineyards
agronomy Article Disease Risk Forecasting with Bayesian Learning Networks: Application to Grape Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe necator) in Vineyards Weixun Lu 1 , Nathaniel K. Newlands 2,∗ , Odile Carisse 3, David E. Atkinson 1 and Alex J. Cannon 4 1 Department of Geography, University of Victoria, David Turpin Building, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V9P 5C2, Canada; [email protected] (W.L.); [email protected] (D.E.A.) 2 Science and Technology, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, 4200 Highway 97 S, P.O. Box 5000, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada 3 Science and Technology, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu Research and Development Centre, 430 Gouin Boulevard, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada; [email protected] 4 Climate Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14 March 2020; Accepted: 17 April 2020; Published: 28 April 2020 Abstract: Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) is a fungal disease causing significant loss of grape yield in commercial vineyards. The rate of development of this disease varies annually and is driven by complex interactions between the pathogen, its host, and environmental conditions. The long term impacts of weather and climate variability on disease development is not well understood, making the development of efficient and durable strategies for disease management challenging, especially under northern conditions. We present a probabilistic, Bayesian learning network model to explore the complex causal interactions between environment, pathogen, and host for three different susceptible northern grape cultivars in Quebec, Canada. -
Ontogenic Resistance in Grape Leaves to Powdery Mildew and Models Of
Ontogenic resistance in grape leaves to powdery mildew and models of shoot development (original title: Response of grapevine canopies to chemical elicitors that induce disease resistance) FINAL REPORT to GRAPE AND WINE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION Project Number: UT 04/01 Principal Investigator: Katherine J. Evans Research Organisation: University of Tasmania Date: 31 December, 2008. Australian Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation Project Number: UT 04/01 Project Title: Ontogenic resistance in grape leaves to powdery mildew and models of shoot development Original title: Response of grapevine canopies to chemical elicitors that induce disease resistance. Report Date: December 31, 2008. Authors: Katherine J. Evans 1 (Senior Research Fellow), Angela M. Smith 1 (PhD student) and Stephen J. Wilson 2 (Lecturer, School of Agricultural Science) Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research University of Tasmania 113 St Johns Avenue, New Town TAS 7008 2Private Bag 54, Hobart TAS 7001 Australia email: [email protected] Phone: 61-3-6233 6878 Fax: 61-3-6233 6145 Acknowledgements This report presents preliminary outcomes of the PhD project of Ms Angela Smith, prior to thesis submission for examination. Ms Smith received an Australian Postgraduate Award from the University of Tasmania, with further support from the GWRDC. K.J. Evans was the first-named PhD supervisor, with co-supervision provided by Dr Stephen Wilson of the School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania (UTAS). Special thanks to Dr Phil Brown, UTAS, for advice on radiolabelling and Dr Ross Corkrey, UTAS, for developing the Bayesian models and general statistical advice. Sincere thanks also to Mr Paul Schupp and others for technical assistance. -
Determining the Classification of Vine Varieties Has Become Difficult to Understand Because of the Large Whereas Article 31
31 . 12 . 81 Official Journal of the European Communities No L 381 / 1 I (Acts whose publication is obligatory) COMMISSION REGULATION ( EEC) No 3800/81 of 16 December 1981 determining the classification of vine varieties THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Whereas Commission Regulation ( EEC) No 2005/ 70 ( 4), as last amended by Regulation ( EEC) No 591 /80 ( 5), sets out the classification of vine varieties ; Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, Whereas the classification of vine varieties should be substantially altered for a large number of administrative units, on the basis of experience and of studies concerning suitability for cultivation; . Having regard to Council Regulation ( EEC) No 337/79 of 5 February 1979 on the common organization of the Whereas the provisions of Regulation ( EEC) market in wine C1), as last amended by Regulation No 2005/70 have been amended several times since its ( EEC) No 3577/81 ( 2), and in particular Article 31 ( 4) thereof, adoption ; whereas the wording of the said Regulation has become difficult to understand because of the large number of amendments ; whereas account must be taken of the consolidation of Regulations ( EEC) No Whereas Article 31 of Regulation ( EEC) No 337/79 816/70 ( 6) and ( EEC) No 1388/70 ( 7) in Regulations provides for the classification of vine varieties approved ( EEC) No 337/79 and ( EEC) No 347/79 ; whereas, in for cultivation in the Community ; whereas those vine view of this situation, Regulation ( EEC) No 2005/70 varieties -
Growing Grapes in Missouri
MS-29 June 2003 GrowingGrowing GrapesGrapes inin MissouriMissouri State Fruit Experiment Station Missouri State University-Mountain Grove Growing Grapes in Missouri Editors: Patrick Byers, et al. State Fruit Experiment Station Missouri State University Department of Fruit Science 9740 Red Spring Road Mountain Grove, Missouri 65711-2999 http://mtngrv.missouristate.edu/ The Authors John D. Avery Patrick L. Byers Susanne F. Howard Martin L. Kaps Laszlo G. Kovacs James F. Moore, Jr. Marilyn B. Odneal Wenping Qiu José L. Saenz Suzanne R. Teghtmeyer Howard G. Townsend Daniel E. Waldstein Manuscript Preparation and Layout Pamela A. Mayer The authors thank Sonny McMurtrey and Katie Gill, Missouri grape growers, for their critical reading of the manuscript. Cover photograph cv. Norton by Patrick Byers. The viticulture advisory program at the Missouri State University, Mid-America Viticulture and Enology Center offers a wide range of services to Missouri grape growers. For further informa- tion or to arrange a consultation, contact the Viticulture Advisor at the Mid-America Viticulture and Enology Center, 9740 Red Spring Road, Mountain Grove, Missouri 65711- 2999; telephone 417.547.7508; or email the Mid-America Viticulture and Enology Center at [email protected]. Information is also available at the website http://www.mvec-usa.org Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction.................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2 Considerations in Planning a Vineyard ........................................................ -
Propagating Grapevines
EHT-116 4/19 Propagating Grapevines Justin Scheiner and Andrew King Department of Horticultural Sciences, The Texas A&M University System Plant propagation is the process of creating new Dormant Hardwood Cuttings plants. Asexual propagation is the development Dormant canes are one-year-old wood that con- of a new plant from a piece of another plant. The tain buds. These canes are the tissue of choice for result is a plant that is genetically identical to propagating grapes. Most of the wood removed the mother or stock plant. Sexual propagation is during dormant winter pruning can be used to the development of a new plant from a seed with generate new vines (Fig. 1). Dormant canes con- genetic material from two plants. This process tain fully developed buds with rudimentary shoots results in offspring that are genetically different comprised of leaf and cluster primordia and stored from the mother plant and from one another. energy. The carbohydrates contained in the wood This difference is due to genetic recombination will fuel the growth of roots and shoots until the during meiosis. Although grapes can be readily new grapevine has enough functioning leaves to grown from seed, all commercial grape cultivars support itself. are propagated asexually. This is the only way to maintain the exact characteristics of a specific grape cultivar. The mother plant’s characteristics must be maintained to use the cultivar name for marketing purposes, such as on a wine label. Some of the grape cultivars grown today were developed hundreds of years ago and have been preserved through asexual propagation. -
In Vitro Inhibition of Several Phytopathogenic Fungi from Avocado by Soluble Potassium Silicate T F Bekker1, C Kaiser1 and N Labuschagne2
In vitro inhibition of several phytopathogenic fungi from avocado by soluble potassium silicate T F Bekker1, C Kaiser1 and N Labuschagne2 1Department of Plant Production and Soil Science 2Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa ABSTRACT Silicon is a bioactive element only recently implicated as having fungicidal properties. The present study examined water soluble liquid potassium silicate for activity against several types of avocado phytopathogenic fungi. In vitro dose-responses towards solu- ble potassium silicate (20.7% silicon dioxide) were determined for Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phomopsis perniciosa, Pestalotiopsis maculans, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Glomerella cingulata, Natrassia sp., and Collectotrichum gloeosporioides. Inhibition of mycelial growth was dose-dependant with 100% inhibition observed at 80 ml (pH 11.7) and 40 ml (pH 11.5) soluble potassium silicate (20.7% silicon dioxide) per litre of agar, for all fungi tested in two of the replicate experiments with the exception of Natrassia sp., G. cingulata and C. gloeosporioides at 40 ml in one replication. For both replicate experiments, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phomopsis perniciosa, Pestalotiopsis maculans, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Glomerella cingulata, Natrassia sp., and Collectotrichum gloeosporioides were only partially inhibited at 5, 10 and 20 ml soluble potassium silicate per litre of agar. Percentage inhibition was, however, positively correlated with soluble potassium silicate concentrations. Soluble potassium silicate raised the pH of the agar from 5.6 to between 10.3 and 11.7 at concentrations of 5 and 80 ml soluble potassium silicate per litre of agar respectively. The effect of pH on fungal growth does not follow a clear trend for all fungi tested. -
Matching Grape Varieties to Sites Are Hybrid Varieties Right for Oklahoma?
Matching Grape Varieties to Sites Are hybrid varieties right for Oklahoma? Bruce Bordelon Purdue University Wine Grape Team 2014 Oklahoma Grape Growers Workshop 2006 survey of grape varieties in Oklahoma: Vinifera 80%. Hybrids 15% American 7% Muscadines 1% Profiles and Challenges…continued… • V. vinifera cultivars are the most widely grown in Oklahoma…; however, observation and research has shown most European cultivars to be highly susceptible to cold damage. • More research needs to be conducted to elicit where European cultivars will do best in Oklahoma. • French-American hybrids are good alternatives due to their better cold tolerance, but have not been embraced by Oklahoma grape growers... Reasons for this bias likely include hybrid cultivars being perceived as lower quality than European cultivars, lack of knowledge of available hybrid cultivars, personal preference, and misinformation. Profiles and Challenges…continued… • The unpredictable continental climate of Oklahoma is one of the foremost obstacles for potential grape growers. • It is essential that appropriate site selection be done prior to planting. • Many locations in Oklahoma are unsuitable for most grapes, including hybrids and American grapes. • Growing grapes in Oklahoma is a risky endeavor and minimization of potential loss by consideration of cultivar and environmental interactions is paramount to ensure long-term success. • There are areas where some European cultivars may succeed. • Many hybrid and American grapes are better suited for most areas of Oklahoma than -
Phylogenetic Analysis of Vitaceae Based on Plastid Sequence Data
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF VITACEAE BASED ON PLASTID SEQUENCE DATA by PAUL NAUDE Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree MAGISTER SCIENTAE in BOTANY in the FACULTY OF SCIENCE at the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG SUPERVISOR: DR. M. VAN DER BANK December 2005 I declare that this dissertation has been composed by myself and the work contained within, unless otherwise stated, is my own Paul Naude (December 2005) TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents Abstract iii Index of Figures iv Index of Tables vii Author Abbreviations viii Acknowledgements ix CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Vitaceae 1 1.2 Genera of Vitaceae 6 1.2.1 Vitis 6 1.2.2 Cayratia 7 1.2.3 Cissus 8 1.2.4 Cyphostemma 9 1.2.5 Clematocissus 9 1.2.6 Ampelopsis 10 1.2.7 Ampelocissus 11 1.2.8 Parthenocissus 11 1.2.9 Rhoicissus 12 1.2.10 Tetrastigma 13 1.3 The genus Leea 13 1.4 Previous taxonomic studies on Vitaceae 14 1.5 Main objectives 18 CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS 21 2.1 DNA extraction and purification 21 2.2 Primer trail 21 2.3 PCR amplification 21 2.4 Cycle sequencing 22 2.5 Sequence alignment 22 2.6 Sequencing analysis 23 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 RESULTS 32 3.1 Results from primer trail 32 3.2 Statistical results 32 3.3 Plastid region results 34 3.3.1 rpL 16 34 3.3.2 accD-psa1 34 3.3.3 rbcL 34 3.3.4 trnL-F 34 3.3.5 Combined data 34 CHAPTER 4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 42 4.1 Molecular evolution 42 4.2 Morphological characters 42 4.3 Previous taxonomic studies 45 4.4 Conclusions 46 CHAPTER 5 REFERENCES 48 APPENDIX STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA 59 ii ABSTRACT Five plastid regions as source for phylogenetic information were used to investigate the relationships among ten genera of Vitaceae. -
Wine Grape Terminology- the Lingo of Viticulture
Wine Grape Terminology- The Lingo of Viticulture Dr. Duke Elsner Small Fruit Educator Michigan State University Extension Traverse City, Michigan 2014 Wine Grape Vineyard Establishment Conference Viticulture Terminology Where to start? How far to go? – Until my time runs out! What are grapes? “…thornless, dark-stemmed, green- flowered, mostly shreddy-barked, high-climbing vines that climb by means of tendrils.” Cultivated species of grapes Vitis labrusca – Native to North America – Procumbent shoot growth habit – Concord, Niagara, dozens more Vitis vinifera – Eastern Europe, middle east – Upright shoot growth habit – Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Gewurztraminer, etc. Other important species of grapes Vitis aestivalis Summer grape Vitis riparia Riverbank grape Vitis rupestris Sand grape Vitis rotundifolia Muscadine grape Vitis cinerea Winter grape Variety A varient form of a wild plant that has been recognized as a true taxon ranking below sub- species. Cultivar A variety of a plant species originating and continuing in cultivation and given a name in modern language. Hybrid Cultivar A new cultivar resulting from the intentional crossing of selected cultivars, varieties or species. Hybrid Cultivar A new cultivar resulting from the intentional crossing of selected cultivars, varieties or species. Clone (clonal selection) A strain of grape cultivar that has been derived by asexual reproduction and presumably has a desirable characteristic that sets it apart from the “parent” variety. Pinot Noir = cultivar Pinot Noir Pommard = clone Grafted vine A vine produced by a “surgical” procedure that connects one or more desired fruiting cultivars onto a variety with desired root characteristics. Scion Above-graft part of a grafted vine, including leaf and fruit-bearing parts. -
Grape Varieties for Indiana
Commercial • HO-221-W Grape Varieties for Indiana COMMERCIAL HORTICULTURE • DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE PURDUE UNIVERSITY COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE • WEST LAFAYETTE, IN Bruce Bordelon Selection of the proper variety is a major factor for fungal diseases than that of Concord (Table 1). Catawba successful grape production in Indiana. Properly match- also experiences foliar injury where ozone pollution ing the variety to the climate of the vineyard site is occurs. This grape is used primarily in white or pink necessary for consistent production of high quality dessert wines, but it is also used for juice production and grapes. Grape varieties fall into one of three groups: fresh market sales. This grape was widely grown in the American, French-American hybrids, and European. Cincinnati area during the mid-1800’s. Within each group are types suited for juice and wine or for fresh consumption. American and French-American Niagara is a floral, strongly labrusca flavored white grape hybrid varieties are suitable for production in Indiana. used for juice, wine, and fresh consumption. It ranks The European, or vinifera varieties, generally lack the below Concord in cold hardiness and ripens somewhat necessary cold hardiness to be successfully grown in earlier. On favorable sites, yields can equal or surpass Indiana except on the very best sites. those of Concord. Acidity is lower than for most other American varieties. The first section of this publication discusses American, French-American hybrids, and European varieties of wine Other American Varieties grapes. The second section discusses seeded and seedless table grape varieties. Included are tables on the best adapted varieties for Indiana and their relative Delaware is an early-ripening red variety with small berries, small clusters, and a mild American flavor. -
Epidemiology of Grape Powdery Mildew, Uncinula Necator, in the Willamette Valley
An Abstract of the Thesis of Tyrone W. Hall for the degree of Master of Science in Botany and Plant Pathology presented on February 07,2000. Title: Epidemiology of Grape Powdery Mildew, Uncinula necator, in the Willamette Valley. Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: W Iter F. Mahaffee An important disease of Vitis vinifera production in Oregon and all other commercial growing regions is powdery mildew of grape, caused by the obligate fungal pathogen Unci nula necator (Schwein.) Burril. Grape production can be characterized as a long-term investment in the establishment and maintenance of the vineyard. Establishment times have been reduced with the use of plastic vine shelters, but powdery mildew disease pressure within vine shelters had been an unaddressed issue. Control of the pathogen requires frequent spray applications and costly cultural management of the grape canopy. Industry interest in forecasting programs have shown promise in regulating spray applications to times when they are most effective, or needed. The timing of when to begin spray programs is believed to be a point of weakness in the forecasting programs currently available for grape powdery mildew. The influence of vine shelter use on the development of powdery mildew was investigated in the field during the 1998 and 1999 growing season. Industry standard installations of various brands of vine shelters were tested against modified installations for both incidence and severity of Uncinula necator infection. The industry standard installation of76 ern high tubes hilled with 8 ern of soil at the bottom to prevent airflow, were effective in reducing the incidence of powdery mildew in both field seasons.