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Heteroptera: Plataspidae): a Recent Invader to the United States

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Heteroptera: Plataspidae): a Recent Invader to the United States Biology and Management of Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Plataspidae): A Recent Invader to The United States by Julian R. Golec A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science Auburn, Alabama December 13, 2014 Key words: kudzu bug, overwintering biology, host plant, natural enemies Copyright 2014 by Julian R. Golec Approved By Xing Ping Hu Professor of Entomology Joseph E. Eger, Jr. Research Scientist, Dow AgroSciences Arthur G. Appel Professor of Entomology and Interim Dean of Research David W. Held Associate Professor of Entomology 1 2 3 Abstract 4 5 Identified as both an agricultural pest of soybean and a residential nuisance pest, 6 Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Heteroptera: Plataspidae), is a recently invasive pest species to 7 the southeastern United States. Isolated to a few northeastern Georgia counties upon 8 initial detection in the fall of 2009, it has subsequently spread to 13 states where it can 9 now be found as far north as Washington D.C. and as far west as Arkansas. Most of the 10 research regarding this pest insect is focused on its impacts on agriculture and urban 11 environments, however its biology and physiology seem currently overlooked. 12 Information on these aspects could provide an important understanding of this insect in 13 its new habitat. Therefore investigations were completed on some biological and 14 physiological traits of M. cribraria that may provide an understanding of the rapid spread 15 and success of this insect in its newly exploited geographical range. Through laboratory 16 and field experiments, it was demonstrated that approximately 15% of females in three 17 overwintering populations in Lee Co. (Auburn, AL) had mated before entering winter 18 dormancy and sperm was stored in their spermatheca for up to seven months, oocytes in 19 mated overwintering females proceeded to post-blastoderm stage before the onset of 20 spring feeding/mating, all of the overwintering males had sperm in their testes, and the 21 ratio of females gradually increased in populations during overwintering. This study 22 indicates that both males and females are capable of reproductive quiescence. It also 23 ii suggests that pre-overwinter mate females, containing both eggs and sperm, may be able 24 to invade new territories and produce a subsequent generation in the absence of males; 25 and the spread of this insect may be attributed to founders effect. The ability of M. 26 cribraria to bypassing feeding on the presumed obligatory host, kudzu (Pueraria 27 montana (Lour.) Merr. variety lobata (Willd.) Maesen and S. Almeida), was also 28 addressed. Through no-choice greenhouse assays, overwintered generation M. cribraria 29 could bypass feeding on kudzu to oviposition on mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. 30 Wilczek), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), butter bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.), and 31 black-eyed pea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp). No significant differences were observed 32 in the number of egg masses, individual eggs, or in hatch rate among the five legume 33 species. First-generation M. cribraria developed on all legume species except black-eyed 34 pea, in approximately 55.6 d. Mortality from egg to adult was highest on black-eyed pea 35 and butter bean followed by kudzu, mung bean and soybean. Results of this study suggest 36 that kudzu is not an obligatory host for M. cribraria. Lastly, preliminary field surveys in 37 the summer 2013 and 2014 discovered a native Dipteran (Tachinidae) species 38 Strongygaster triangulifera utilizing adult M. cribraria for the development of its 39 offspring, while the non-native, but natural occurring, Paratelenomus saccharalis 40 (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), was found in AL, GA, and MS. 41 42 43 44 45 46 iii Acknowledgments 47 48 I am very grateful to my major professor, Dr. Xing Ping Hu, for her support, 49 guidance, patience, and endless encouragement that she has offered over the course of my 50 studies. I owe thanks to Dr. Joe Eger, an outside committee member, who has likewise 51 given me great support and input on both academic and personal affairs. I would also like 52 to thank my committee members, Drs. Arthur Appel and David Held, for their 53 willingness to assist me whenever possible, ongoing encouragement, and guidance. 54 I also owe a thank you to all the members of our lab group, but I especially want 55 to thank Liu Yang for her help with statistics, being good lab company, and for the day- 56 to-day operations, including greenhouse and lab maintenance, and field collections. 57 Additionally I would like to thank Matt, Dr. Nate Hardy, Yetz, Kunle, Femi, and 58 all the other member of Dr. Liu’s lab, whom I ‘bother’ on a daily basis. 59 Of course, I must thank my family for their support throughout this entire journey. 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 iv Table of Contents 68 69 Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii 70 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. iv 71 List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii 72 List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix 73 Chapter 1: General Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 74 Biology of Megacopta cribraria ................................................................................... 1 75 Taxonomy ............................................................................................................... 1 76 External Morphology .............................................................................................. 2 77 Reproductive Morphology ...................................................................................... 4 78 Geographical Distribution ....................................................................................... 6 79 Life cycle ................................................................................................................ 7 80 Seasonal Activity and Voltinism ................................................................................ 10 81 Plant Damage and Pest Status ..................................................................................... 10 82 Economic Importance ................................................................................................. 13 83 Natural Enemies and Predators ................................................................................... 15 84 Natural Enemies and Predators Abroad ................................................................ 15 85 Rates of Parasitism Abroad ................................................................................... 16 86 Natural Enemies and Predators in the U.S. ........................................................... 17 87 Control Strategies: Urban & Agricultural ................................................................... 18 88 v Urban Control Strategies ....................................................................................... 18 89 Agricultural Control Strategies ............................................................................. 22 90 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 23 91 Chapter 2: Pre-wintering copulation and female ratio bias: life history characteristics 92 contributing to the invasiveness and rapid spread of Megacopta cribraria (Heteroptera: 93 Plataspidae) .................................................................................................................... 25 94 Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 25 95 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 25 96 Materials and Methods ................................................................................................ 29 97 Collection of insects .............................................................................................. 29 98 Microscopic examination of male and female reproductive anatomy .................. 29 99 Data analysis ......................................................................................................... 30 100 Results ......................................................................................................................... 32 101 Dissections of spermathecae and testes ................................................................ 32 102 Egg development in females ................................................................................. 34 103 Sex ratios ............................................................................................................... 35 104 Discussion ................................................................................................................... 36 105 Pre-wintering copulation ....................................................................................... 36 106 Sperm storage and egg development .................................................................... 37 107 Sex Ratios ............................................................................................................
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