Incomplete : to be revised

GAZETTEER . , -- . -

UARDISTAN AND KAFIRISTAN

Cognpiled hy CAPTAINE. G. BARROW,B.S.C., Deputy Assistant Quarter Master General, Intellige7dce Branch, Qua?.ier Master Geneval'a Department in India .

PRELIMINARY EDITION

SIMLA GOVERNMENT CENTRAL BRANCH PRESS 1886 RIMLA PBlXTED BY THE BUPERINTEBDENT, GOVERNMENT OENTU BMCE PEE69 K~FLKISTAN ARTICLES. RESIDXSthosc attmhed, the following articles bearing on KB,firistAn will be found in the Chitr&lSeries, viz. :

The articles attachec2 to this are- AHMADDEW~NA. K 4arrGz. MOATAR. APSLT. LUUDEII. SRIDGOL. ARXAW~I. LULUK. SwGr. KAMOZ. MANDALPASS. VIR~N. E,G. B*

GAZETTEER

AND

A 11 MA 1) DEW~NA- The upper part of the Arnnwai or Bashgal valley, narncly, thnt portion al~ove tlie junction of thc Lulnk stream is so called. There a1.e nowadays no inhabitants but formerly this part of t,he valley was cu]tivat- ed and tliere are 3 old lowers still exisling in different parts of the valley wbich each bear the name of Ahmad DewLnx. From the ]lead OF tho valley there is a pass iuto Budalishfin called tlie Mandal (I/.a.) which is probably tlie same ns that marked in old maps as the Ah- mad Dewa'na pass. Besides this there are the Zidig Artzli anJ Usticnll passes leacling into the Lutkli valley between the Dor;~h Kotal and Gab:~r.-(Barrow.) APSAI-LAT. 35" 43', LONG.71' 25' EI.EV.7230'. A Ihshgal village of the KhamtGz section situated in the Arnawai valley, about 6 miles below Shhi, the highest village. The village contains about 1,000 inhabitants. The maill block is on the lelt, and there is a small suburb on the right, the two are connected by a goocl bridge practicablr for laden animals. Walnut and mulberry trees are plentiful in the fields round the village, while the liill sides are cluthetl rn~t~hdeodar. headman in 1885 was Basti.-(Bawotu.) ARNAITAI OR RASIIGAL GOL- A Fertile and populo~~svalley of ICBtiristin, which is cont,iguous on the east with Chitrjl. The arnawai rises in the lllandil Pass, anrl after a course of about 50 miles joins the Chitr61 river just love Ar:tndo. Froni Shhi downnrards it is tliickly populated but above Shhi it is almost unin- habited though there is ample room for crlltivation i~boutAhmad Dewina. Above ShGi birch and willow are tl~eonly cornmoll trees, but below it thp hill sides are covered with deodar, wlrile in the valley from Apsai down- fruit trees abound, especially tlle n-alaut, qiape, apricot, ancl mnl- bemy. Below Apsai cultivatiol~is almost continuous and offers a marked contrast to tlie intermittrnt patclies which characterize the valleys of it. Tile river is a rapid one, fordable in most places in the upper part of its course, but with a very strong current, generally speaking ab(>nt 4 miles an hour. Thcre are good single span pole bridges at Apsai ant1 IJudtlell. Tile inhabitants are all IJushg;~lis, their sections being Iiamta,~ (q. v.) Kamoz, Mamar, (q. c.) and 1)rob:~hly somc others. The total p0pt1lation is prOLal)ly a11out thirt~or i'o~ty tliousnnd. The incip:J B vi]lagcs at-e ShGi, Apsai, Shidgol, Lurldch or Bagparnatal, Bndamdc, I'os~,~~ ApIuk, Madogal, and Kanldesh. The valley above and includinji Lltddrh is nominally tributary to Chitril, but the connection is vcry fragile. Tile roads in the valley arc impracticable for horses. Besides the route up the valley from Arundo thereare the following passes into it : Mondil from Badaksliau, Artzn, Ustich, Zidig, and Shili from thc Lotku valley, (;angalmat and Sllamal from Kalashgilm and ono or two other p:rsses frvm the Dros district. The Shhi route is practicable for 1iorses.-(BUTI.OZP.) AGRAPII Y~SS-L,%T.36" In', Loxa. 71" 311' ; ELEV.16 110'. A pass over the Windrl Kush, between the Arkjri v:~lley of Cllitril al\d Zebik in Rndakhsbnn. Of the three passes leading from thc Arl<:ir~ valley (the Nulihsnn, Agrnm anci Khstinza) Ihe Agram appears to 1)e the easiest,, the slopes being less precip~tons; but owing to this very aclvont,aqr, it is closecl by snow for Y months at leash-that is to say, for about 1 mc? months \onger than the Nnk\lsiin. As far as Owir in the Arliiri valley, the route is the salnc as that to tbe Nukhsin Pass (q. I?.). From O\vir the road gors up the Nawa Sin ravioe. At, 4 miles reach Agram, a lrnntla of 2 or 3 houses, where the Omir peop1~ bring their focks. Fire\vood is plentiful, and this is nsuallp made the fourth stage from Chitril. From this the road goes for 2 miles tl1roug.h low jungle, then for 4 miles up a gradual ascent over snow, to the Kot,ul (16,112') from which there is a descent over snow for several miles, Zebak is about 20 miles from the Kotal. Unladen horses are frequently taken over by this route.-(Sab-Surveyor B@zc Jaild.)

AIAN-LAT. 35O 43', LONG.71' 49'; ELEV.4,560'. A "illage on the right bank of the ChitrLl river, about 10 or 11 milcs below the fort of Ctlitril. It consists of about 500 houses, in three or four distinct hamlets, each hidden in a mass of fruit trees. Tl~elargest of these hamlets lies on the right bank of the Aiin Gol, the others 011 the left. The Aiin Go1 is the united stream of the BGrnboret and RlimbGr valleys, it supplies Aiin with its irrigation. Aiin is part of the .jugi~of Gulnm, ,a younger son of Am6n-ul-~4lilk. This place is noted as the soiithern limit of the Chinese invasion and there are the remains of two large intrenched camps, relics of those times. West of the village on the left bnnl; of the Aihn Gol, there is a large unfinished fort built by the preseut &],tar.- (Barrow.) AMALCHAT-LAT. 36' 34.') LONG.73' 28'; ELEV.8,900'. A village in the Yasia valley, and on the left bank of the river, about 6$ milps south of Darliot. It consists of about a dozen houses in two sm:~lI hamlets. Fruit trees are rather scarce here, nncl the willow is the tree. The valley llere is nbnrlt 440 yards broad, and pent in by bare, rocky, mountains, sever:il t,houssnd feet high. In old maps this village is marked as Michita or Amchat.-(BUTTOW.) ANDAHP-LAT. 31;" 8' 30') LOYG.72" 50'; ELEV.10,000'. A village ill I):~rdistGilgit into Wakhin. Uiddulph, who visited it iu 1874, says of it : "Tllc Ksr~~mLarPass is only open in winter, pract,ically of no importance, 1)ut liable, from physical changes, to become important for a. time, and tl~erefore to Le watihecl." Biddulph approached it from the north, and remarks as follon s : " South-east of BarGghil Ailak is a tracl; leading up the hillside to the AslikGman Pass. * * * * The first few hundred feet seemed steep, and I could not see the top of the pass, which is said to IF a very long one; but I pthered from the Alisakil that there was little more ascerit than what I saw. As the pass is closed for the same period as the 13:1~6~hil,the height must Le about the same. AS a rod, however, it is not quite so good, but a very small amount of labour would malie either of tl~c two good for guns." Although Riddulpl~here spral;s of the AshkGman pass, I am inclined to think he really refers to the Sowar Sh6i route (q. n.) as that route does come out about the point referred to, while the true Ashkhmin roiitc albpears to cross the watcrslied at tllc east end of Gliaz Kul or KarGmh:tr Sar. This, however, is a doubt,ful point which still reinaiils to be clenrcd 11p. The Ashkhmin Pass is sometimes known as the Karfimbar, 1)ut the former is the best known name. Tlie Al-sakil, who accoml>anied 13iddulph, by order of the Mir of Wakllin (Pat,eh Ali Shill), told him that " guns were take11 over the AshbGinan Paes 12 years ago (i.e., 1862) by Mir Jah61idir Shlih of Badalrlishin." Colonel Gordon in 1875 reported that Mir Fateh Ali Shih had, a proyos of nothing, said to liim one day, " 1 intend to tell you before leaving of n good road to India." He afterwards mentioned this road ;LS lying over the Ashklimau Pass to T6rb6la on the Indus, vid Gilgit and Chilis. He spoke very confidently of the excellrnce and advnnlages of this route, as an alternative to that by the BarGghil Pass and tlie Chitril valley. Gilgit to T6rLCla leaves rather a wide margin, Pattell Ali Shrill prol~ably had the Chonchar Pass route (1. v.) on his mind when referring to this section of the rod to India. In thc spring of 1876, Biddulph was deputed to visit tlie Kar6mbar valley i:i& Gilgit, autl to examine the Asllkillnan ])ass from that side. ZIe reached T'mit,, the nearest village to the pass, :~tthr &hilt1 mnrch from Btibar I 1 At 14 miles from I'mit he \lr:ts stopp~rlby nn impils~able wall of ice, formed by a glacier from a sirlo valley, which hat1 pushed itrelf across 111t8 1n:iin valley, ma kin^ a bnl~ier,over SOU feet high ant1 a quarter of a ni~lrwidc, acrohs the rnnin valley. lle writes : " Between the panite rock 011 I)lle rid6 :lull ihe wall of ice un th~oilier, is a space or 15 feet, through wl~icll111~ icc-lurrcnt rusl~es. The o111y road is wading up this stream for $01)ynrtls. Tliis can only Lo doiio when extreme cold has shrunk op tile stre;bmJ wllicll now is 4 feet deep, and quite impa.ssaLle till November. Illfact,, the 13:~s~is ;1 winter one, and is never ust!d in summer ; nor can the nlad any time of the year 1)e made practicable for guns. * * + As 3.r I can learn, it is only within lat,e ye:rrs (tl~atis, within tlie last 30) (,hat, the ice has closed in arid bloclted up the road. The sarne thing has occ\lrred higher ul) again, where another glacier has pushed across the road, Llud ,illtil tlle snow has hardened aud filled up tlie cracks, neit.her Inen nor llorses c;~ucross it. If it were not for these glaciers, the pass woaltl be I)grt,icularly easy one, as tlie gri~dicntsare wry genLle, aud the greatest elev:rtion het\veeu I'mit and S;r,r11:~d;~pprei~tly does not excectl 1 1,500 f~et. MTllcllI spolt~nbol~t the top of tlie pas* lo the natives, they replied it has no top ; it is all 712c~,i,/un. It was the favourite roail I:)y which the Walihis a,~lJSirikGlis made forays illto tlie AshkGman Vallcy ill former d:~,ys, till tl~eice clused in rind blocketl the road. '' 13etween l'mit n.nd the first arc the ruins of G or 7 villzt~es, ai~dI'mit it,selE sl~ews signs oE R large extent of former cultivation. I was told that 30 or 40 years ago the ice (lid not 01)strnct the pass, and t,lint, constant fora.ys Ly the Wilthis and SirilYasin valley, also distant two days. 111 summer, that is for about 5 months, the routes in theAsh1;~irnanvallpy are very difficult, owing to the swollen rivers and the want of bridges. For horses the routes are then quite impracticable. Tlle valley is very destitute of trees, and there are no fruit tr~es. The

villages in the A sl~kGmanvalley are I'mit, Shenilti, Aslik6man, Di~~inand 1 Cliatorliand. There are also the summer hamlets of Dalti :u1d 13ilhallji belonging respectively to Ashkliman and I'mit, The tot;rl population is prol~ublyabout 700 souls. Asllklirnan is the only fort in the valley, here resides the Chirw6lo of the district, who is ~ubordinat~eto the governor of Yasiu. At one time there is no doubt tlie valley was mach more pop~ilo~is,as is shown by tr:~cesof former cultivation, but oppression and cver recurring floods have canseil a ste;~clydecrease. The floods are due to the action of g1acic.r~at the head of the valley.-(Snb-Surv(1yor Nawul Kha',~,BirlJuh~W.) ASHlEATH-LK~. , LONG. ; ELEV. A village in the Pesh Dam, that is the narrow t~oodcdvalley ~vhicli lends from the Lotvnmi Kotal to Mirkani on the Cl~itriilrivcr. It is situated about 3 miles above the latter on the right bank of the Pesh Gol. There is room to encamp a force here, and there is some cultivation. Wood and forage arc plentiful, so also sheep. Ashrith is nominally in the territories of the RIehtar of ChitrBl, but the inhabitants are practically indepenclent. It formerly beionged to Dir, and used to be plunclered by the Krifirs, but tllp present occupants, Dangnriks, according to l3icldulpl1, are on good terlns with the Krifirs. In fact, accordu~gto McNair thpy are Kifirs con- verted to Isliim. He says : "The people of this village pay tribute to Dir, as well as Chitrd, and this tribute is rendered in the form of escort to travellers ascending the pass. Biit the people themselves are Sllinhs 2nd recently converted Kifirs, and are known to be in league with the KBfir banditti, ~ivingnotice to the latter of thapproach of the travellers rather than rendering effective aid against them.-(1UuAblib SA,rA, ~lfch'uir, Bi(/ddpA, Barrow.) ASTARI-LAT. 36' 19' 30", LONG.72' 12' ; ELEV.7,100'. A village in Tfirikho of Chitril. It is on the left L:~nl; of tllc river about 6 miles above Drisan, ancl is the lowest village on the lcit bauk, in fact there is no cultivation below Astkri on that bank, and no road. There is, however, a path up to the Kergah Lasht, and across those down to the Mastlij river. The place contains about 30 or 40 houscu. Fruit trees abundant. Ast5ri is the last place in the Thikllo clislrict.-(Bat.~ow.) ASTOR, on HASORA-LAT. 35" 92', LONG.74O 54'; Er.sv. 7,SJO'. The chief lhce in the Astor Valley, one of the ollClying provinces of K:~shmir. It is situate$ on the western side of the valley at its jnnc'tiou ~tllol~ of those trihntary valleys which come down from thc Naugn Pclr- Lnt r~clge. Astor used to be the seat of a Dird Rajnli, but is no\v a D0gr.z canton~nent. The number of troops is, or was, :~l,o~lt1,200, tlle ol~jcctof keeplug so large a force here instead of nearer thc lrv~ltierbeing to save of the Astor Valley heing unable to feed Ilia tmnl,q. The force is on the right side of the Snowy Pass, and is always ready to i~clvancu to Gilgit. In 1885 the garrison consisted of- 1 Battalion 111fantry. 400 Irregulars. 300 Jhgirdars. 20 gunners. TIlo fort and town are situated on a shelving promontory of alli~vial so11 Letfween two deep ravines, mliich run into the Astor river lying same 500' below tlie fort. The fort stands on thc left brow of the uppcr ravine, :tlid is quite unassaila1)le on that side. The Bilnji face is alti~oslwithoi~t {lanli defence, hut the wall is high. 011tlic west f:~cctl~ere is a round l~astion wit11 4 embrasures, but this is the weakest point in t,lie fort, as it is com- manded within a hundred yards by a ridge on wliicli the huts of the garri- soil are built. The parapet walls are provided with loopholes, but the wall is only about 2' thick at top, and being built of boulders and mud is not a very formidable defence except against local enemies. The place wonld be quite untenable agaiust rifles. The armament of tlie fort consists of 2 brass 6-pounders, Z 6-inch mortar, ancl 2 Sllcr-Laeias. The troops, cxccpt the gunners, live in the town. A year's provisions are always kept up in the fort. 'J'lie town consists of a number of dirty mud hovels 011 the north and west sides of the fort. The only trees are poplars. There is a telegraph office communicating with Runji and Gilgit. A mile ~out~liof the town is Idgill where there is a polo grounci and a charming orchard.-(Drew, lanner, Barrow.) ASTOR- A valley lying to the north-west of Kashmir, between it and Gilgit, and east of the mighty Nanga Parbat. Its southern boundary is tlie watershed of the Kislianganga, over which run the Dorilclin and Kamri ~:LSSPS, tlie two principal routes to Astor. This watershetl, exctept at tlie passes, is about 14,OOU or 15,000 feet high, while even at the passes it is 13,000 feet. The whole valley of the Astor river, from its sources to the Inclns, is about 60 or 70 miles long. 'llhe clcscent to it from the passe< is stecp for a tl~onsand feet or so, and then the slope 1)ecomes gmdual. The vegetation is some- wliat different from Illatof Kasbmir and the Guraiq Vallcy ; the grass less com~letelyclothes tlie hill-sides, the brake fern is lcss al)rlndant, and the pine Forest less extensive, while spruce fir hecomes rare. Birch is found up to nearly 12,000 feet, and Yiut~sexcelsn to 1 1,300 feet. Sotnc of the hill-sides have great stretches of birchwood. Cultivation Itcgins art 10,000 feet. First are detaclied hamlets, bare and devoid oE trees, while below 8,500 feet the villages are most,ly well shaded Ly frnit trees. In tlte upper p~rtof the valley there are traces of mucli former cultivation, but the fields are waste, and the hamlets deserted. This state ol' things \vas brought :~bontby the raids of the ChilBsis, mlio, previous to 1850, used to come over the Rlazeno pass f9.v.) or by IIntli l'ir (/l.v.) for the purpose of carry- ing off the cattle arid making slaves of the women and children. I was on :tccount of thts that Cfulib Singh sent a punitive expedition into Clrillis (2.n.) about 1851-52, since when there lias been no raiding. The present state of security is a great benefit to the inhabitants, but tlie conn- try has not yet recovered from thc ruin and depopulation of former times, though a few new settlements have been made on old village sites. The principal place in the valley is Astor fp.nJ, or Hason, as it ia ral]d by the Dogms. At Astor, and for rn~llymiles beyond, the character of t,hH va.llry is t.lie same ; at, the bottom very narrow, with the river confined l~et~weent,he ends of great spurs from the lofty mountain ranges on both sides.; the ~ult~ivat~ioriis on small spaces ,usually several hundred feet above the river. The hill-sides are partly broken into cliffs and part,ly of a smooth surface, grown over with tufts of grass and Lushes of pe~lcilcedar, while in parts there are t'hin forests of pencil cedar. Above these rise loftjyrocks and snowy peaks. Beiom Astor deserted fields again tell of tho raids of the Chiljsis ; the old wn.t~ercourses are still recognisable, but it \vould t,alie much lambourto bring the water once more to the fields. A mile or two below Dashkin tlie valley opens out into a sort of amphi- t,lieatre, Llit with its base also sloping. Over both the sides and basc are extensive pine forests, t,l~roughwlrich runs toher0a.d. Stretching back, at a gentle slope, the ground rises above the forcst to a ridge easy of acces9, ab011t 15,000 feet high, over whicli is a, path by which the Chiliisis used sometimes to rid. Pro~nthis ridge a spur juts out to the Astor river, and on rounding this one reaches Hat6 Pir, the spur projecting between the Indus and Astor rivers. Here tl~eAstor valley ends. At tlie foot of llat~J'ir, on the further side, the As1,or river is spanned by a rope-bridge made of birch twigs, and also by a wooden bridge, which ponies can cross (aide article Rfim Ghit). Tlle inhabitants of the Astor valley are Dfirds of the Yashliiin stock, and formerly the va.lley was a. DBrd principality, with a rajah oE its own. When the Sikhs held Kashmir this rajah was tribu- tary to them. Daring that periotl Wazir Lakpat, without orders from Gnlhh Singh, invaded the valley from SkirdG, and took Astor and its r;~.jahafter a four months' siege ; but this act was discountenancetl by t,he Sikh d~brbar,and the rajah reinstated. When, however, later on, tlic Siklis reqnired a passage through Astor to Gilgit, they found it necessa.ry to establish a milita,ry post at Astor in order to secure their communi- cat,ions. From t,hat time the independence of Astor ceased, and a titular mj:lli is now a11 that remains of t'lie old Dird principality. 'l'hc prrsent (1 S85) )l$ja, Baliitl61. Klihn, enjoys as a j&$r the villages of Ilarcho a.nd 'Rattij. 1Ic is an old man and has no power. The t,itular u:nzir of Aslor, Itozi Kh:in, on tlle other hand, hxs a good clenl of local influence, and is a, useful man much rmployed by the llogm government. The I-,eoplc of Astor are :111 riders ad keep many ponies. Snpl)lics in thr vallcy, except mood and fora.ge, are scarce. The priucipal villages appear t,o \)e Dashkin, C;iirikot and Astor, hut t,llcre are many others mhicli are clearly showii in t.he map of Astor and Gilgit,, publishecl in 138%. Tlie roxd down the valley is n ~niirleone, pmctica.ble for 1:~den bnt is very bad in y1ac.e~. Thc Asl.or river is not fordal)lo, but is bridge? in sever:ll places. It is a rapid st,t.e;i.m \vit,l~a rocky bed, for Chc nwst part Let.wee11st,eep rocky arid ~nonnt.ai~~slopes. Bcsides tl~egarrison of Astor tlirre is a small cletacl~mcnt at Duilinr (?.I*.). 'I'hrre are a few Lwtjs, but no rcal fvrts iu the vallcy except Ast.or.-(hrea, Uarrozo.) ASO3IB;lR- A branc:h ravine of t,he Asl~lilima~lvalley, which it j9in.s about 4 01. 5 rniies aLove Clla.torliand, up it t,h~reis a road to Yasin pr:~ctic:r,lle{'or Iror.ws without loads. Tlie first ~nitrchwoul(l LP '11c~k6m Kt1c11, :t grazi~rg-gro1111d which is about 15 miles from LJain, the hamlet opposite Cliiitorkand. 'J1Iie road is dificnlt ant1 stony, and the As6tnl)ar strcnm has to Ile crossed 3 times. llhis strean, is only n few yards broad, but is not fort1;il)l~in snmrner, it is, however, bl.idgecl. The next march would be Marulliri in the Yasili valley, wllich must L~atleast 13 or 20 miles. Thr! aqcc~ntto t,he kolal from llokim Kuch ii very steep. Biddulph mentions thc village of As6rnl)al) hut 11e mufit rncan Diin as there is no village in the Aslimbar ravine. MciVair sprbalcn of the Astimbar ravine as being In Yasin. Possil~lytlie vallcy donn to Mandhri may be so called, but I don't think so.-(Sepoy Surcryor A'awah Khdn, Barrow.) ~f,AVI-LAT. 36' 16') LONG.72" 22'; EI,EV.7,000'. A village on the left hank of the Cliitril river, abont 2 or 3 rnil~sabove Buni. It, with its outlying hamlet of I(uchnili, contains over 100 houses. I'ruit trees are abnndalrt. In winter tlrere is gen~mllya bridge thl.own across the river here, wliich Ieids to the Keygall Laslit, and Lhence to DrB5an.-( Barrow.) Awl-LAT. 36" 0') LONG.71° 449'; ELEV.6,200'. A small village of 20 houses, opposite Shogoth, with which it is connected by a ricketty pole tridge. The village is enbosomed in fruit trees and is sittlated in the angle between the Awi and L~idkhorivers. Up the Awi vall~ythere is a difficult footpath leading to ChitrL1.-(Barrow.) AWf R, OR 0WfR-LAT. 36 '8') LONG.72'4'; ELEV.6,300'. A small village on the right bank of the Awir Gol in ChitrB1, and not n mile from the junction of the latter with the Chitril river. 'Vl~e Go1 is a narrow rocky ravine mhicli comes down from Tirich *Mir. Between Awil- and Parpisli the ravine is very deep wit11 perpendicu1;ir cliffs. Awir coil- tains about 30 houses.

BADUGAL-LAT. 95' 2'3') LONG. 7 1°4Cl' ; ELEV. 8 A hamlet on the right bank of tlie Cl~ilrril river opposite K;tI:t NagIlnr. It is situated on an eminence commnndilig the ro:~d. It is inhabited by Saiads, and according to the Mullah there are 40 1iouses.-(l'he diuZla/l, Uurrow .) BAGZlSI3.T GOL- A fine valley in the Injgim district of Cliitril. It drains from the KLfirist6n watershed to the Lutku river at Izh. Up it is a route to the Shlii pass (I.v.), by which Shlii in KafiristBn is 3 marches. The inhabitants of this valley are all Mahamadans and not Kifirs, as stated by McNair. The villaaes in the vally are Izh, Kandujal, Orikho, Munlir, Baglisht Cllirwali, LC. brl'he population is probably under 1,000, though McNair says it contains 4,000 jghting .me?z.- (Burrow.) UAHIJTAR, OR BAI-IUSHTAR GOL- A rapid torrent, which, rising in the watershed between the Ghizar and Ysein valleys, joins the former river just below Chashi. Up this valley there is a route to the Nasbur Go1 in Yasin.-[BUTI-010.) BALAN-LAT. 35' 20') Loxa. 74" 53 ; ELEV.7,70U1. A scattered village on the lcFt bank of the Astor riv~r. It is situated on a iinc fertile plateaa, and its fields itlid houses cxte~lclfor ovcr n nil^. It cvrlsists of about 30 Louses.-(fiur~.o/o.) 13~~~f~-T,:\~r.bid:,', TJONC.. 72" 29' ; J

13XLrl'TJOIL llATTIGAN NALL4- A consitlersble stre:tm whicll joins the Ghizar river about e mi!e above a In wiuter it is fordable, but in suminer one must use tl~e rickett,y bridge nea.r it,s mouth. Up the valley of the Bi~tti~allthere is a road to 'I'ai~gir, wbicll is said to be fairly good and nearly always open for Inen on foot. 'I1liere is also said to be a large Gajar vill;lgs in t,he 13;ltt.igah vallpy. The Balti appears to be the more cominoti name.- iUa~.vou).) RANG-LAT. 36" 32') Loye. 72" 48'; ELEV.8,500'. A scatt,ered village on the right bank of the Yirkh6n river. It is watered the 13ang Gol, up which there is a route to TLirikho. At Bang fruit trees are plentif~11.-(.~~1'10~.) RANG GOL PASS-LAT. 36O 38', LONG.72' 39' ; ELEV.13,370'. A pass over the watershed between Tlirikho and YiirkGn i P5. Itni s open for about six months, when unladen horses may be taken by it. Rich in 'r&-il

IIARINAS, ORBARNAS-LAT.Y(jO 6', Lox~.72" 4'; ELEV.6,100'. A village on the left ba,tik of the Mastii river, about 25 miles above Chitkl. It is situated on a plateau 200' above the river, which hen flows in a deep gorge. The village is divided int'o two parts by a deep ravine. It ct,utai~lsaI~out 150 houses, and is well stockecl with fruit trees. Cheqznr~ here l)egin to be pl~nt~ifnl,aud rice is a good deal cultivated. Barinas is the most northerly village in the Cliitril district. Ricldulph says, in his Z'libes of tie Ifindoo Koosh, " opposite the vi1la.ge of Uareuis is a figure with an inscriplion in ancient Sauscrit rudely cut 11113n a rock. Geneml Cunninpham has kindly favoured me wit11 the I'ollowing reading of the inscription : Deva dRarmrnaya Raja Jiva Pdla. -"'l'he pious g~ftof Raja Jiva Pila." This inscription refers, in all IwoLabilit,y, to a building, of which the figure is a facsimile, erected sorne- what near. General Cunningham tells me that from the character used, it cannot belong to an earlier period than the 3rd century A.D., and the date of it is probably a good deal Inter. The name Jiva YAla is, no doubt., the Jeipal of early Mahornedan writers. According to Al-Biruni, the foul-~hking of Kabul, who succeeded Kank, whose period was abput A.D. 900, was named Jaipal, and his rule may have extended to ChitrB1. The figure is Buddhistic, and is interesting, as helping to show that Bud- dliis~uexistcd in Chitril before M~hammadanis~,-(~~~~~~,Bidhbh.) ir x ltf R- 11 v;~l'ryOF K:~lisll:fi~l~ whicll drains into the Cllit,ril river, opposite (; ailat,. The iu hsbi tltlts are Kalish K&firs. The vaUey appears a. narro\v one alld srenls to be fairly well wooded,-(Bal.row,) B~G#(Drs~n1c.l')- The most westerly district of the Gilgit province wl~icll i.s under imrne- &ate Kashmir rule. It comprises the vil1u.g~~of Sargli Bcil;~ and l'iiirl, SharGt and Shikaibt. The popr~lationis a11~1t! .-(Llarrozu.) BARKOLTI-LAT. 3G0 29') LONG.73" 26'; ELEV5,650'. A village in Yasin on the .riglit bank of the river and about, 10 nliles north of Yasin itself. BarkGIti consists of al~outn, dozen Ilouses Iliddrn ia a mass of fruit trees. It is now held in Jdgh,i~.hy Ali Mnl-clan Sl;:~h, ex-Mir of Wakhan. Ahout 4 a mile sonth of Barli6lti is Mir W;~li's k'or~, (*,".). Bykdti is usually the intermediate stage between Yasiu and I)arkot.-(Barrow.) BARKUTI-LAT. 36' 8') Loxa. 72' 54' ; Er,ev. 10,000'. A village in the Ghizar district. It is a scattered place of' aGont JO houses situated on,a plat,eau about a square mile in ext,ent, a(; the ~011th- west corner of the Pandir lake. The people h111.eare a tllievinq lot. About, a mile east oE the village is the Bar1;ut.i or Rli~lichriver, which flows into the lake. It is a rapid stream about 30 yards broad. In the-snm~ncrillis stream is not fordable, but there is a bridge by which the road crosses it.- (Barrow.) BARMAS-LAT. 35" 54') LONG.74" 21' ; ELEV.5,215'. A small villa~eon the crest of a plateau ovt.rlooking the Gilgit valley. It only contains about a dozen houses, but the p:,sition is an important one, as it completely commands Gilgit fort at a rangcoE 1,300 yards.-(Burrow.) BARNAS-LAT. 36" 27' 30") LONG.73" 25' 0'' ; ]Afghanistan from Centr:~l Asia. In 1874 Captain 13iddnlph reconnoitred the pass from the Wakl~.i!l side, and the following description is taken from his accour~t: Prom S~rhadit is 10 or 11 miles to the top of the pass, which ig scarcely a thousa~ltl fect higber than Sarharl itself. The route lips up the t i~.lr:~rVallcy. For 2 miles this valley l~esdue north and south, and is from 500 to 700yards wide. This bit of 2 miles is covered with fine grass and perfectly levtl, so mac11 ~o that travelling along it was difficultfrom the deep and swau~pystate of thp groulld, caused by imperfect drainage. In sllulmer, however, it becomes dry and good. At t'irkar the valley narrows, and. benda for 3 nlile to south-west; it then opens out. At 1 mile from Pirkar is the village of Zarkar on the right. For a distance of 1; miles beyond this point the valley bends still more to the mest, and ends in a sort of cul-de-sac, the last $ mile being over :r pebbly watercourse. To the south and west the mount,ains seem to melt away, and no sharp peaks are visible. Flam the end of the cul-de-sac a track bends up the monntain-side due south to the Ashk6mtm pass : another track leads nearly due west to the Baroghil. Foil )wing the 1~tter up a steepish ascent of 300 feet. the road fins south-west for $ mile, dong the face of a hill, and overlooks a torrent in a kind of upper valley. In the upper valley are the stone huts of Ba~.oghil,OII a long ridge to the right. Thep were nearly buried in snow, being ouly used in thc summer, as also the other villages of Pirkar and Zarkar. Continuing on, up the valley, whicl~is covered with turf in sllmmer, rrhor~t 400 yards wide, with extremely gentle ascent, I was a- last able to get a fl~llview of the pass. The crest of it, if snch an expression can b~ applied to so gentle a slope, mas nppal.c~~tlynot above 200fcet higher than thc ground on which I st\)od, and 1: nlilcs frou it. Tile tlcsc-ril)tion girrn of tlic. ar~proxcl~ti) the pass in sumrncr is, tllat .z l1nr.s~ call fi.~llopnritllol~t (*h~c'iing fro111 U.lroghi1 Ailalr (" 8111111iiervillage ") to Ilarbantl ; the font of the pass in Chitrhl. It is also said that blahnmsd Sl~ih,Nir of Badakllshan, mcl~t,ill September 1872, over this pasq with 2 gt1n.q and 2,000 men, and all his heavy calnp equipage, in pnrsuit of Iskandar Shih, t3hcex-Nir. The I3arogllil pas3 is closed for 2 or 3 montlls at the end of minter and beginning or spring. Between Uaroghil Ailak and the top of the paw is a pasture ground, know11 as Showashir, much resorted to in summer. 'Prom the above account it is evident that the northern side of the pass preseuts no dificulties, but the statement that a horse could gallop the whole wa.y to Darband is an evident exaggeration, as the route from Baro- chi1 to Chitl.il by the Yarkhun Valley is scarcely practicable fc> horses in slimmer. To begin with, there is the great Chatiboi glacicr to be crossed. Colonel Woodthorpe and Captain Barrow traversed this route in August lYX5, ancl they had the greatest difficulty in getling their horses along, it was only by frequently swimming them across tlie river that they succeeded at all. R4Jiamad Shall, an explorer of tlie Survey Department, who t,raversed t.lle Baroghil ro6te in 1879, gives the following account of it, from tlic ilt:istilj or Yiirkhun river nortliwards : On t,he IOt,li Se1)tetnbcr I crossed the wooden bridge, which is'sitnat.et1 n.bout 40 feet below a fall on the river. The stream, which is hcrc 20 y;rces broad, is precipitated from a height of 40 feet. Uarogliil, to wliich 1 now crossed over, is a grassy plain, the summer residence ancl pa,stnn:- I:~.nclof nomads from IValrh6n. Except grass and a few scanty shrubs, t,l~e \\hole valley of Bar\)ghil is devoid of vegetation. From the bridge there is a gentle ascent for 14 miles. The road then passes over the Nnroghil lain for about 4$$ miles, along which a stream issuinc from the hills on the left fluws, and which, about 3a miles lower down, IS joined by another stream from the lcft,. A pntle descent hence of 14 miles took me to the bot,tom of the ravine (Barogllil stream), here about 4 a mile broad, and a.fter an ascent ot' Q olile up.tlie oplmsite banlr, I arrived ah Pirlcharo, where t,here is a wntrlah tower ant1 3 or 4 houses." 'L1he I\lullahls i~ccountcorroborates the above. He says : " The hlast,Gj river is here a r:i.pitl current, passin? between nearly p~rpendicular rocky walls, about 1OU fezt in depth. This chasm is crossed by a strong moocleu llridge, 33 feet in witlt.11. Prom the bridge is a gentle ascent of 14 mile8 t,o a camping qrountl c:\lled Safr Beg. From this, an ascent of a mile, the first hnlE of whicli is steep, leatls on to tlie nearly level Dasht-i-Barngl~il. The road traverses t.his phin in a norlh-east and east direction for about .imil~s, the v;~llcyvat-yit~g-from to 4 a mile in width with low hills on I~ot~hsides. Thc road tlie~idescends for 18 miles in a north-east clirec- tion, and meets at t'he foot of the slope a small stream which flows from t.he west. Thence the pnth runs due north through an open grass valley to Sitrhtd, nothing but a few unoccupied stone huts being passed en rortle." There are $light discrepancies in the above accounts, but it is quite c!snr t,lut from tlie dxroghil bridge to Sarhad, except for a few rninter months, this pass presents no difficultic?~wl~:itr!ver. Colonel woodthorpe and Captain Bar- row visited the D;~sht,-i-l3aro~Iiilin 1885, coming from Dsrkot, but the I)ridge over tlie Yzirkhr~nriver l,eing 1,rol;en they were to actually visit I1 the 1':'". 1 hey, 11o\\'(?vel., ~ot,:I. good view of its souther11 asp,:ct frat11 variotl~poi11t.3, a111 From wh:rt t.bt!y s;lw il would appear that the :lrt>n:,l P:Lss i- p~rfcrtlyH:IEY for ;111y c1.il)[i~)nof tr;lllq)Urt. Looking froln that portion of the Dasht-i-Baroghil which lies sonth oE the YArkh'un river. Captain Barrow si~ys, " This is a most est,l.aordinitl.y depression in tllH grrilt of the tIindG Khh. AS far as the eve can reach to the \\rest is a mighty range'of lofty and precipitous mountains, a mass of barren rugged peaks and craga, but at the Baroghil this range terminates wit11 :ln aLrrlpt sweep, and low undulating hills for at least 2O or SO miles, perhaps furtller, take the place of the lofty mountains met with elsewhere. Be- tween these low hills on the right and the rocky mountain cmgs to t,h~ left lies the Baroghil pass, a sort of grassy trough about half a m~lewide, and so fiat that the term Kblnl can hardly be applied to the materslled. l+om a tolerably mar view one would say that artillery could gallop through the pass.') "The bridge over the Yirltlllin river is now (1885) broken and conse- cluently the Baroghil route has not been used for several years. The Yirkh6n river is here a roaring rapid, arid quite impassal~lewithout a l~ridae tr! ' tlie gorge through which it rushes is only about 30' wide, and if m;lt~rl;~l \yere brougllt, a bridge might easily be madtr, but there are no trees suit- able for the purpose nearer than Darliot villagn. In consequence of thia broken link in the route, travellers between \\ akhin and Yasin llom always use the Somar Shlii rout%" (p. v.). Mahamad Sliah's account of the waterfall just above the britlge is correct. He omits to say that the fall is of n liorse-shoe shape, arlil t,l~at t,hc wiclt,h of the chasm through which tlie stream rushes suddenly dimin- ishes between the fall and tlie bridge from 20 paces to 20 feet, the water being about 40' below the b:lnk. As regards the military value of the Ilaroghil route, it must be remem- bered that though the pass itself is wonderfully easy, the real dificlllties commence crossinn9 it. 'l'he route down the Rlastlij or Y5rlili6n river is ulterly impr~cticablein summer for any force, wliile that to Yasin by t,Ile lhrkot Pass (9.c.) is by no means arl easy one, and might certairily be disputed by a very smal l force if suitably equipped.-(BiJrl~~h~h,JIullurnad Shah, I'lre Mullah, Barrow.) I~ARUGAT-I- The name of the ravine in the Ashkliman valley, Darclist:~n, in ml~ich the Ashkhman fort is situated. Up this ravine is a route across the hills to tlie village of Darkot. At its moutll is tlie sin;~llsummer vill;lge of 1)alti (10 houses) which belongs to Ashklimnn 3 miles up the valley is {lie Ashkhman fort. Froin here the road runs from side to side of tlie ravine, the stream being bridged at each of tllc three crossings. In suminer the stream is unforclable. The first stage is usually a camping ground called I-Ialmoat, about 12 miles above Asliklirnan Fort. From I-Ialwoat to the Kolal it is about 3 miles, the last mile being very steep. Darkot is about 9 miles further on (vide Dadang Balsi). The elevation of the Kotal is probably about 12,500'.-(Sepoy Szr;rucyor ATazu& Khai~.) 35" 59') LONG. ' BARZIN-LAT. 71' 31'; ELEV.7,900'. A small village on the left bank of the L6tk6 river in Injgam of Chitril. It lies at the western end of the Parabek plain. It is the highest spot in Injgnm which can boast of fruit trees, and with the exception of small patches at Emirdil, Gabar, and Digiri, thcre is pra~t~icallyno cultivation :hove Barzin, and Ughat, which lies opposit,e it on the left bank of the river Uarzin, is 3 marches from Chitrii1.-(Barrow.) I3ASIN-LAT. 36" 55', LONG.74" 18' ; ELEV.5,050'. Two small hamlets on eacli side of the Kergah river at its mouth. They really form part oE Gilgit, as the cultivation of Basin Piin is altllost conti- nuous mitli that of Gilgit', together they contain about 20 houses. Basin Bala is inhabited by refugees from Yasin.-(Barrow.) BEORAI GOL- A na~owvalley which drains into the Chitril ' river about 3 nliles south of Dros. At its mouth the stream is a raptd one about 20' wide. It is always fordable. Some little way up it are Beorai and one or two other small hamlets.-(B~?.~ow.) BOLOR- An ancient name for part of the region now comprised under the desig- nation Dardistin.' Raverty defines Bolor, Bilaur, or Bilauristan, as the country bounded north by the Hind6 Rhsh from the Dorih pass to the 74th meridian, which would include the whole of Chitdl and Yasin, but then again he places the eastern limit at the watershed betme~~lKanjht and what is now Cliinese Turkestan, thus including the whole of Huuza and Nagnr. The southern boundary, according to him, was the watershed be- tween the Indus and Gilgit rivers, what Tanner calls the Hindri RBj. Thus, if \ire accept Raverty's views, Bolor is identical with the region comprising the pesent political divisions of Cliitr6.1, Gilgit, Hunzn, and Nagar. Biddulph however identifies it with Skard6.-(Raueriy, Bidduk~h.) BEEP-LAT. 36" 25', LONG72'50:; ET,EV8,250'. A large village in Yirkhhn Piin on the left bank of the river. It is usu311y made the first stage out of Marsthj. Fruit trees ple1ltiful.- (Burrow.) DROK- Tide " Parg. " BROZ-LAT 35O 4E1, LONG.71' 50"; ELF:V. 4,800'. A large village on the left hank of the Chitril river, about 9 miles Gelom Chitla1 Fort. It contains about 300 houses, in several detached harnl(~ts, with a considerable area about them under cultivation. It is the jngir of \17azir-i-Mhlk, a boy about 15 (in lbS5) a younger brother of Shiihi- M6lk.-(Barrow .) 131jh9BORET-LAT 35" 4(lf,LOXG. 71' 4.5' ; ELRV.G,G0O1, A large Knlish settleme~itin Kalishghmof Cliitril, consisting of 8 or 10 hamlets. C~dtivat~ionis coutiuuous for at least 3 miles, while the is, speaking, nearly a mile wide. Tlie place is well stocked with fruit trees and vines. TYalnuts are p,rrticulnrly plentiful, and the pears grow here to an enormous size, but they have little flavour. The hill sidt..s zho~eBilmboret are covered with Deodhr. Up the Bhmboret is tile route to the Sha~valPass.--(Barrow.) BONI-LAT. 36" 16") LONG.72' 17' ; E~ev.6,860'. A large village in the Masthj Province of Chitrill and on the ]pfi bank of the river. It contains about 200 houses, and is stoclied with fruit trees. This is 11~11311~a ~tilg~on tll~ road l,ctween Mnsthj and Chitril. The place is completely coxnmanded by the KerLScthLashe. There is a good deal of fairly level cultivated grou~~dabout ~!LI~~~.-(~~~~~~~~) I]I'JNJI, on BAWAN.JT-LAT. 31," 3!11,LONG. 7.E0 40'; ELEV.4,632'. A on the ICft bank of the Jndus, al~ontG or 7 miles above the jtlnetionwit\, it oE the Astor river. Tliis at ona time a floorishillp st.ttlemcnt, and is said to have contained eight forts, bnt during tile \vnl.s at the beginning of the present century it Was lait1 waste and became cnt,irely drpopalatetl. In 1341 it contained ollly 200 houses, and it mas then tinally ruined by the disastrous flood of that year. The irrigation c.h;lunels were destroyetl, and their repair was beyond the means of thc poor inl,:tbitnnts. The Kashmir government hau, however, taken the place in hand with a view to encouraging its re-settlement, but, as at pi*rficntit, only a colony of convict liorse-steal~rsand a small gqrrison, the are a under cultivatioll is natually small. Tlie place is, however, of some importance, as it commands the ferry across the Indus. l'hcre is a fort, which was huilt by the Dogras, antl is manned by about 70 men, about as many more in barracks outside. The valley here is warm anti dry. With irrigat,ion two crops can be raised. Tn winter snow seldom falls. The mountains round are lofty, rocky, and hare, which increase the pnlnmer beat. There is a fall of about GOO feet to the Tndns. The current is very swift and the water deep. ?'he ferry is about a mile above tlie fort and immediately opposite it the Sai stream fells into the Indus, which is here about 300 yards wide whenin flood. The fort is an irregular square on the right bank of a deep ravine and is very etrong on that side. A curtain dlvitles tlie fort into two unequal parts. The garrison live in huts, chiefly in the southern part, the other being occupied by a large tank. There is a bast,ion at the N. E. corner with embrasures. The armament consists of a 3" brass gun and 6 She].-bachas. The western face, with its several round bastions, overlooks the Indus. The fort is only built of rubble and mud, and on the east side it is so epcroaclied on by a thick plantntion oE fruit trees, chiefly mulberry antl apricot, as to. be easily assaulted. Water plentiful and pure. At the Indus ferry two small boats are maintained, ~nchwith a carrying capacity of 20 maunds or 1. horses.-(Drew, Biddu&R, I'anner, Barrow .) C CHAKALWAT GOL- A rapid stream which enters tlie Ghizar river, a mile or two above Ted. St flows from the north through a rocky defile ending in a remarkable gorge where it issues from the hills. I'he road crosses this stream by a good bridge.-(Barrow.) CHAKARK~T-LAT. 35" 48') LONG.79' 36'; ELEV.5,050'. A village of 20 houses on the right bank of the Sai nullah, in the Gilgit province of Kashmir. The houses here are all built of bouldgrs. The place is surrounded by a fair amount of cultivation, and fruit trees are namerous. The Sai is here crossed by a bridge 30' long, adthe road to Gilgit leaves the valley just opposite Chakak6t.-(Barrow). CHAKARKBCH-LAT. 36' 50') LONG.73O 7'; ELEV. ' A large from of cultivable land, about 14 miles west of the mouth of the KhBn-Khon pass. As there is plent,y of forage and firewood here, tlie place, is generally used as a stage on the road to and from .Wakhln. There is no doubt the place was once inhabited. The elevation is probably about 11,000'.-(Barrow.) CHAMARK AND PASS-LAT. 3G0 13', LONG.72O 40' ; ELEV.13,500'. A pass between R1:lstij and tlie upper entl of tlhe Gliizar Vi~llr~,wllic.ll 11;~stllc advantage of 1)eing consider:rl)ly sliorter than the main road by t,lle SliandGr pass. The distitnce from Mastfij to tlie Kolal may be talien at, 16 miles and from the Kotal to Ghizar at 16. Total 30, whereas by the Shandrir pass it is at least 4L miles. The first 64 miles from Mastlij are quite easy, passing over gently undu- lating gronnd, partly cultivated, partly stony waste, several small villages be- ing passed cn ~oulc. The road now croeses tlie Cliamarliand stream by a 1,ridge \vhich is only practicaLle for men on foot, but horses can at all tiines ford the river. The road then goes up the right bank of the stream, the ascent being very gradual, and though tlie path is stony, quite fit for unladen animals. At 11 milea is the deserted hamlet of Cliamarl;and, standing on a smal\ level plateau. Prom here there is another path mliich goes direct to Chashi in t,he Ghizarvalley. A mile below Chamar1;ancl the stream is re- crossed by a bridge similar to the last, or by fording. Beyond Chamarkand t,he road becomes somewhat steeper, but tlie hills, instead of b~ingmasses of rocl; and shingle as they are iower down, are here covered with earth and scant,y herbage of sorts, the slopes too are fairly easy, and conseq~~entlythe road is by no means difficult. In fact a very little labour would make it practicable throughout for laden animals. From the Kohl there is a descent of about 2,700' in 7 miles to the Ghizar river, the road bring for the most part along the left bank of the Cliamarkand stream. It appears quite easy, as the ground is fairly open.-(Bap2i Jadi.) CHAIIARKAND STREAM- A st,ream which comes down from the Cliamarkand pass and joins t,he Gllizar river about 5 miles above Terfi. It has a tributary larger than itself, known as the Harchin. The mdulating hills tlirough wli~ch tlicse rivers flow are favourite grazing grounds. The stream which flows from the Chamarkand Kotal down to the Yir- kllGn river is also known by this name, vide '' Chamarkand Pass. "-(Bowow.) CHASHI-LAT. 3G0 9', LONG.7:1° 1'; ELEV. 9,800'. A lalye scattered village, of about 100 houses, in tlie Gllizar district. It is situated on the left Lank of the Chashi, or Dangari Nadi, just above its junction with the Ghizar river, from which it is separated by a rocky riclge five or six hundred feet high. This ridge also separates it from the Ya~itlar lake. Tlie Chashi river is crossed near its mouth Lya wooden bridge practicable for laden animals. Up the Chaslii river there is a route to Tnngir. Tlie Bahntar river from the north has its confluence with tlie Gllizar just opposite the junction of the Cl~ashi. Up this there is a difi- cult footpath to the Nasbargol valley in Yasin. Cultivation is found about Chashi, wheat, barley, an jowar being chiefly raised ; the walnut and the mulljerry are almost the only trees. The surrounding mountains have softer outlines, but have no tree growth on their slopes. At Chashi the Sliina language is not spoken, and we come in contact with the Kho race, who have crossed the watershed from Kaslil;i~*,2nd settled in the Ghizar district, from whicli they have expelled tlie Shins. Tlie language is called Khowar.-(Z1/le ~Ii'ztllah, BitlcluZph, Bnl-row.) CHAT^ BOG It is difficult to say to what exactly tliir name applies. The Rfnll~h, Ifahamad Amin, and Mallamad SIlah, all gi~~differcllt accounts, which can spwcely he reconciled. Prom my own enqniricg, mwl~on 1 h~ spot, 1 s11o111,l say (,he name In the iirst pl:lcC ;~l)l)liestoo l,hc stream wllicall issues f1.01n thp gl:e:LtDarl;nt glacier. This stream is r:~l>itl,and Forc!al~le will1 tliificultv ; :Ilntera WursP of :J)out 2 milcs it enters ol)liquely nnothor great gl;tc.icJr nrllicll comes down from its left,. Throngll this it t1111n&Is its n.:ly to 1 he yirltllfinrivcr. Tl~issecond gl:~cieris also called C11atiI)oi. To the rilSI11, of tllc~stream l)~t\\rreenit ant1 the YLrkh6n rivcr is pait of thc elev:~tc~d l)l;rin kno\~r~\ns tl~eDasht-i-Snroghil (Y.v.), and t,his portion of it also beems to be kllown as Chatiboi. ChntiLoi is usually considered the Chitr;il Lound:~ryin this direction.- ( Bn~row.) cHATORKAN-Lir.36" 22', LOXG.73' 55' ; ELEV,7500'. A village on the left Lank of the Ashkfiman river, a day's march from the moutli of the valley. It contains ahoat 15 liouses. From D:~yin on tile ol~posite11anIr there is a road practical)le for horses to the k'a~invalley, (otrlr Asfimbnr), MandGri being two days' journey. The road from (i61.j~ t,o Chatorltancl is easy, except about half way, where a decp ravine has to Le crossed This in winter can be avoided by going down to the Led of the river.-(St~poy Surv~y,1liawL6 Kdd~z.) CIIAV LNJ-LAT.~~"19', LONG.72' 36'; EI.EV.7,800'. A village on thc left bank of the Yirlthlin riv~r,about 5 miles above RInstilj fort. Tt contains 40 or 50 houses, and is inhabited almost entirely by Saiads from ZebL1t.-(Uarrozo.) CIII1:R KILA, on SHER KILA-LAT.~~~~',Lo~a.7 lIe5' ; ELRV.5,670'. A villi~ge fort on the left Lank of the Gilgit river, in Puniil, of wl1ich ii, is the chief p:ace. It is the residence of RBja Alrhar Iih,in, whose jurisdiction extends from CrGlpilr to (;lilmatli and ll6l)nr. The \\lord ($(,l. means ' rock', and that is tlic correct name, but the nogras usually call it Slier Kila. It is s pict,ur~~sqneplace, and is the strongeht fort in I'uniil ; all four sidrs are lofty walls, with towers at the angles and on each f;lc.e. One face is on the river-bank. The water-supply for the fort is ol,tained froin the river itself. The fort is approached from tlie oppvhite side by a rope bridge. The village consists of about 140 houses, which overc~.owdthe interior of the fort. Tlie houses are mostly tl~ree-storeyrr1, the Easement being occupied by the cattle. The garrison consists of 103 Dogra sepoys. 'I'he pel)ole are, with few exceptions, of the Yashklin or Hlirish slack, but the langoage is Shina, and tho religion tllat of tho Maulai sect. Fruit trees ahound round Cher Kila, and there is a considerable amount of cultivation. Tlie river at the Lridge is ahotlt 120 yards wide, between steep cliBs, the bridge being about 50' above tile river. The water-supply from the river is generally muddy, bnt there is escellent water obtainable from the Cher and its side cllnnncls two of which flow close to the fort.-(Drcs, Bi~I~Zulph,J(NJI(IIN~~ Shah, Bar~-olu.) CIIITR~L-LAT. 35' 51'15", LONG.71U49' 40"; RLEV.4,950'. The capitnl of tlie doininions of Aman-lil-.bllik, lllehkr of ChitrB1. Properly spcal:wg point of view it is of no valne, being completely co~ll~nalldedfrom the ]>as61 side of the river. Besides the fort the only other p~lhlicblliltliny is the Scrni, which is an enclosure about 60 ynrtls long, surrounded I)y low n~ntl houses, or rather rooms, which are illtellded to ,give slieltel. to tri~\~t.llers traders. This Se~ni,with the ln~r~hnndize:temporarily lollged in it by passing knjilas, offers the ol)ly npproad1 to a, baxn.r to be foiind in all Cllitril, or for the matter of t,h:~,t,I)et\veeu Intlia and the Hintlil IChsh. There are no good houses iu Clii~,r;il,ant1 even the masjids a,re mean loolting buildings. As regrnrds prodnct,s, rice, wheat, barley and Indian-corn are the chief rcrenls, n lit,t,le cotton, too, is grown. There are two crops in the year and tl11. n,gricultnrists seem fairly well to do. Fruit is plentiful ; particularly gm.pes, apricots, mulbe~.rics and walnuts. The river at Cliitril is in snlniner very deep and ra,pid, but in winter it becomes fordable. The bridge across it is a strongly rirnde single-span timber bridge, exactly 41 pards :long and 5' broa.d, guarded by stone towers at each end. Laden animals can be talc~n across it. The configura.tion of the ground surrounding the Chitril valley lends itself to det'enc~,mhethcr an atkaclr be made from the south, from the Dorih, or from Mastlij.-(Barrow.) CHlTltii~(Drs~1rrc.r)- ,One oE the administrative divisions oE ChitrBI, and the one which is under the irnrnecliate sn~~ervisionof the hlehtar. Roughly speakiug, it comprises the main valley from the junction of the Tliriltho river to Aihn as also the Galand (301, and the LlitCHITRAL, OR KASHKAR- A collfit,rJ' situated between N. lat. 55" 16' 2nd 87' and E. long, 61°30' and 75" 10'. South.-The Indus, 8wit and Panjliora Kohistins, and the Kunir district. ltast.-Hunza, Gilgit, Pii61 or Pnniil, and Dir. West.-The Hindti KGsh, and the mountai~lsof Kifiristin, Kbhk6r is the name by which it is g.enerallj known in Path6n-speaking countries. The inhabitants themselves speak of it as Chitrir; Gut as it is ul~ive~sallyknown as Cllitril, they tliernselves liave adopted that name in all written communications. This country is nom one state, untler the rule of Amin-ul-M6Ik, Mehtar of Chit161. It was formerly divided into two departments, upper and lower (I3615 and Piin), ;he former inclutling Yasin, Ghizar, and Mastilj, but with~nthe last few years tlie n-hole country has been consol~clatecl through the wars and intripes of Amin ul-MGlli. It is drained by the Cliit~ilriver (called also, at different parts of its course, the Yarkhfin, the Masthj, the Xsrnir, and the Kunnr) and its tril,utsries, the Yasiu a~ltl Ghizar rivers, ant1 the AslikGman or ICariirnbar. The hloshihur mountains form the watershecl between the tributaries of the ChitrLl river and those of the Yasin or Gilgit river, thus naturally splitting the c0untr.y into two great divisions. Those divisions are connected by the Darkot, Tlii, Chamnr- kand, aud Shandh passes, the last named being by far the best and practi- cable for horses nearly the whole year round. 'llhe total extent of country under the Mehtar's rule may be roughly estinlated at 8,800 square miles, its greatest length, from Kar6mbar Snr to B;lilLm on the Asmar border, being about 200 miles. Throughout this area, we have a mass of lofty, rocky, and precipitous mountains, intersected by narrow val1ey.s. None of these valleys present a continuous stretch of ctlltivation, and it is only where fans or plateaux of alluvial soil occur that villages are met with. Those who are familiar with the valleys of Astor and Gilgit will be able to form a fairly good idea of Chitril and its dependencies. The interest of ChitrAl centres in the passes by which tbe great range of tlie Hind6 KGsh can be crossed. Of these the principal are the Barbghil, (2. v.) and Dorih (q. v.), the former of which is pr~cticablefor whpeled artillery for 10 months in the year, while the latter is practicable for laden horses and open for about 7 months. The minor passes into Uadakshin arc the Agrim, Khartiza, and NLilihsin, and into T1'akhin the Ylir or Khan- Khon, tlie Rich or Janali, tlic Ucliil, the Kachen or Vost pass, and the Sad Ishtrigh. There is also the Iiarilrnbar or Ashlr~rnanroute, leading from Gakiich to upper lbTakhin. Lockhart in his G(c,-ettrer qf !fJjAaui\ln~~Jso mentions the Dark& route across the Hind6 KGsh, but the Dark6t (p.o.) does not lie across the Hind6 Kiish, but between Yasin and th~head of the YarlthGn Valley; to reach it, an encmy from the north has first to cross tlie Barbghil. All these passes will be found described under their respective headings. Chitril isconnected wit11 Dir and Pesh6war by the Lwarii pass (2. v.) and with Jalilibid by the route through Asmar. The capital of the country is called Chitril, the other places of note are Yasin, Mastlij, Drisan, Rich, Shogoth, Aiin, and D~bsll,all of which are described separately. The present ruler of Chitr6l is Amin-nl-Mljlk. This potentate was origillally only rrllcr of Lower Chitril, Upper Chitlil Political status of Chitrhl. having heu, uutil recently, quite independent. ( Fidc heading " History ".) The two divisions ~IRC~to be ruled by two different brnnclies of the Rame f'ar~~il~,descend(.tl from a colnrnoll ancestor, Kat,l16r; the Kht~.~h~~t/blin branch ruling in TJpper, the Sh,dh A-utho'ria in Lower Cliitr6l. The inllu- ence of the present raltn., however, Amh-ul-Mdk, of the Shhh K~ihd~.jfi branch, e~t~entleditself t,hrougl~outthe count,ry. There al)pears to be litt.le doubt that Chitril was formerly a tril~utaryof Bada~klishBn, nltl~or~~l~the degree of dependence may have been but slight, consisti~~gin t.lie ynymeut of a yearly tribute of slaves, l~orses,%c. Iu IS74 Amin-nl-Mhlk offered allegiance to the Amir of Kribnl and Fave his dnught~rin 11et1~ot.lialto t,he heir-a.ppa.ret~t,Abdliln Jam, but tliemarrta.ge did not t.:lke pl;~ce,:~uc\ it is pro\)able that tlie offered submission to Af,l1' 1:LlIls-' ' tir~was never intentled to he yieldetl. In 1876 the Afgllins matle an :itlv:lncc in tlie direcltion of Cl~itril,a,nrl Amin-ul-M6lk then sougl~tthe protecLiol1 of Kashniir. In 1877 an agreement mas signed between the O\vo St,ates (with the approval of the Indian Government), w,hich, altho~~11 it 3ave Kasli~nir110 real influence in Chitr61 itself, yet served to protect the latter from Afgl~inaggression. By the terms of this agreement a (:hitr51 envoy nttcncls tlie Kashrnir Dcc~lrdr,and Kaslilnir sends represeot;~- I,ivcs to Cliitrhl and Ynsin. Cl~it~rilreceives an annual stilsidy frorn Knslilnir in ret,urn for a nominal tribute of horses, hawks, and hounds, and an aclrnowleclgment of suzerainty. In 1381 it1 return for servics~s rrndcred (vide ' Hisior~') the subsidy was doubled, and the Mehtar's yo3itiou in Yasin recognized, while the Amir of KBbul has been repeatedly warned by the British Government that no claim on liis part to the alle- giance of Cl1itr61 could for a molnent be admitted. The fullowing notes by Uiddulph give an account of the country, inha- bitants, ruling fa.mily, kc., of Cliitril : "The valley above Jfnstlij to tlie foot of the Harbghil pass is call~d'Yjr- kl~htl or 'the friend's murder,' from the fatal termination of a qna,rrel be- tween two fellow-trnvrllurs which once occurred in it. Relow Mastlij it is calletl Kho, the whole being laiomn as part of IGshkir Uhli. Mastfij is cnp~Lleof sap port in^ a considerable population, and the valley for marly miles averages from three-qu:~rtersof a mile to a mile in br~arlth. Looking do\171i th~v:llley from hlastlij, t.lre magnificent mountain of Tirich Mir fills tlle whole view. Looking 111~the valley from ChitrL1, it occupies the whole land.;t.ape in the samc nr:ray, a~ldit is said to be equally conspicuous from Zsbik in t11e 0x11sValley. It is visihle also from many point,s in Khfiris- t,an, whiw it is ci~lletl&f:lisurmlin. A1a.n~wondprful tales are related allout tllis ~nou~~t:liti,ollt! of wl~icliis, that in a dPeD glen high up on its snow-clad sitlcs is a 1a.1.g~tank of great I)enuty, lined with blocks of marble. " lCronithe foot ~IE'l'i~icl\ RIir tlre 'l'irich Valley rubs nortllwards for over GO miles,.* gratlually ci~rvinground to the enstward till it joins the T;lri- lillo vnll~y,:lr~d the t\~ostrtlams combined, aftpr a f urtller course of 40 miles ill n sout,herly direction tl~rooghthe MGllclio .join tile Kbn valley, 23 miles below Masthj.t lliese valleys form the reglon known as Risbk5r 1361h, the wl~oleof which, with the exceptioll of Yirl

- -. . - ~ A\M>II~30 \\-o1111\ \II- III~IW(.o~.~.(v.l.-(E (1) .B.) t 'llll' 'l'il'il'll \.:lIl('y I'IIIIR N.k: , the Aliilkllo r;~lley S. W. TIlo latter is uore thall 25 ill n81lca c.*lc.~~t,.-(X. (;. U.) I X 'I'lrc 'rurihhu valley iu not much morc thIu 30 milcJ iu longtll,-(~.G, B.) fertile atid populous ; the cnltivation is continoni~s, iddexd clt bping in as is tlic case in all the valleys liithprto mentioned. The 1s mostiy clay and gravel, the hill-sides ere bare, with gentle slol)es, ancl there are no pine forests, the only trees being cedars. The villaces estcn(1 high up the mountain sides, independent of the main stream, and arc snp- ported hy innnrnerable springs which gush out everywhere. Tlirikho is selected as the residence of the heir-apparent of the Chitril ruler. X route from the Barbghil pats to Chitril, after crossing the Shejanali spur Iics down the Tririkho and Mlilkllo Valleys, and is the one generally used in srlmmer, owing to the difficulty experienced, at tliat t~meof year, 1)y horses in traversinq that hy the Yarkhun valley. In KCslikir I3616 ingent- ous wickerworli foot-bridges are made of plaited osiers. Tlleg are caalletl ' hiJTheir vibration is very great, and they must' he crossed cautiour- ly I)y the most experiensecl. Owing to this, persons have to cross by them singly, and liorses cannot use them. " Below the converging point of the valleys of KCslikir BLli, the main valley again contracts, and the Klisllklir River, flowing between precipitous rocks, has a depth which varies ill places 20 feet between its summer and winter levels. The land, where cultivable, is rich and fertile ; the villages ore large and populous, and tlie neat cultivation gives evidence of a considrr- able amount of prosperity. On the right bank the whole country belongs to Chitril; on tlie left the land, to within 20 miles of Cliitrfil itself, belongs to Yasin*. Tlie rocks become more precipitous, and tlie channel narrower and more tortuous, till, bursting through a rock-bound gorge, the,Kishkir river receives tlie LGtkri or Injgim stream. The valley then sudclenly widen<, its whole character changes, and at 4 miles below the junction Chitril is reached. Tlle hills, no longer rocky and bare, slope back gradually into grassy rounded tops, with sides thickly clad with pine forest, and the dis- tant pealis on either hand are hidden by the lower intervening l~ills. The climate, too, is changed, and instead of the arid, rainless character peculiar to the valleys hithprto described, it becomes like tliat of Kashmir, with heavy and frequent rainfallst. Further to the south the popillation increas- es in density. Forty miles below Cliitril a route leads from the main val- ley past Ashrath over the Lwarai pass to tlie AfgliLn State of Dir. Twenty miles lower down, at Birkbt, is the mouth of the valley, inhabited Ly the Siih Pbsh of the Rashgili tribe, the upper end of wllich is entered from the 1)oiCIi pass. Several smaller valleys are inhabited by Siih Pbsh, who have lost their independence, and at Bailim the southernmost Kisliltir village is passecl, and the Afghin State of Asmar is reached. The boundary 1)elwr~nKishliir ant1 Asmar is marked by a \vall built across the valley 011 the right banlr hetween Bailim and Nawalrala, and on the left bank by the small st~ealnbelow Siri. Tlie valley for many miles above the boundary is re1)uted to be extraordinarily feltile. " Chitril, which is the seat of tlie ruler of Kishliir, comprises 6 large villages, wliicl~est~ud for 3 miles along Loth sides of the river at an eleva- tion of about -1.,000 feet.$ Its name has' gradually come to be applied to the lvhole conntry. On the right bank is the fort in wliich the hlehtar, or Radsliih-for he is knomll by both titles-resides. Half a mile above the fort is an excellent wooden bridge, protectecl by a stone tower at each end. - -- -. ------(*) Bnrinns \insforluerly thc boundary of Kl~nsllnabti:~territory, but tile n,l~oleno\\ ~L~~UII~Sto Cb~tril-(B. Q. B.) t 'l'l~inCII,LII~(* i~ 11ot rcnlly "cry iiiarked till one g~ts(IO\VII ns far as liC~u.-(E. Q. 3.) J, Tlic clovi~ti~llis u~iderestiuated. It is really about 5 OOU. All the forts in KLslikLr differ ia condructioa from tdroee inhnbitetl by the Slrin a~~dBlirish races, having inordinately hi@ to\vVrs, rising I8 leet :~lov~ the rarnlral-ts, which are theinsel ves JO feet high. Their distl-ibution also gives evidruce of a more secure state of ~ociet~~y.Instead of every village having one, and sometimes two forts su6cie11tto bold all the inhaLitants, as is the case in the valleys draining directly into the Intlus, the only forts in Ki:hktir are the abodes-of rulers of districts, or persons nearly related to tlie ruler. 66'I'he ruling family are styled KatlirC, from Shah Katlir, brot,her of Shah Kh&lr\~alrt,the ancestor of the reigning fa.mily of Yasin, but the nntue Kntor seems t,o have been npplirtl to the ourrntry in former times, before the e~ist~euced tlre resent dynasty of rult~s. Thc 'number of tlie gopulatioii he rules over can onI' y he roughly cornputled, and probably amounts to less than 2,00,000 so~ils.* Thrse numbers mould appear scanty for so large no extrnt of country, but the ~)o~)ul&tioni$ wllolly ugrictdtual and as iin all these very rnonnt:~iuouscounttries the 1l~l)iti~tioil~are, bit11 few exceptiow, confind to s narrow strip nloug tllr sides oE ctw~ms,thic; estimate does not indude the tributary tril~e of B:~shgnli Icxtirs, or the snl)jeotcs of tlie Yssici ruler. 130th salers pay a tribute of hor$es, hil~vli.;,and Ilonnd.: to the Mnllmnja of Kashmir, to whom they acknowledge n1l~ginnce.t Iron, coppcr, and orpi- ment of ~np~riorquality are fon~rdin Kishkir Cot,t,on carl)ets of a11 in- fprio)~kind, which lrave the peculiarity of being alilie on both sitles, are ~~tade for local use, and Chitril daggers and sword-hilts are in great demand in tlle neighbonring valleys.:

Diqtr~et. Population. Drnilslc or Dr6s ...... G,000 Cl~itrdl ...... 8,000 Shogotli ...... , ...... , 6,000 Milrikho 6,OCO) DrJsiu. Tciriltl~o 4,000 ...... , ... 13,000 I Tiric-11 3,000 1 RI11stlij 10,000 2 Kishkk UQl6 Lnspilr 10,000 ... a,...... 26,000 i GLi~ar ~,000) Ynsin ...... 20.000 TOTAL ... 70,000 My own estimate is even less. It is based on a rough calculation of t,he yroballe populutioo of each village. It, is as follows-

Paclir. illrlr~di~cgtlcc n,holc of the Gl~imrn~~d Asl~ltiunnn valleys ... 9,000 &l:rstilj, inclrlcli~c~tll~ Laspitr irnd Yiil.k!~hi valleys ...... 13,000 l'iric11 ,.. 1,,5001 Tic ri kho ... 5,000 ...... ,. .., 11,000 Blillkho ... 4,600) Ircjc~iln,Arkari, ant1 IJja.11 Gol ...... 6,000 Cl~itrnl,i~ccl~~di~~g S110gotl1 ~listrict ...... 15,000 Aiin and KI's~~ ...... 3,.500 l)n;~,incl~~ding the ulair~valley fro111 IG86 to As~narand tllc Sllielii I(fi 9.500 Kalthshghln ...... ,; ...... -3,000 Total ... 70,000 11~-Nnir~nxk-ca the follorvir~gestin~ate of thc populatiol~, bnt certai~~lytllc of Ymin rind I msl~l~hrnrc over~~sti~~~att~d. t ae nlrtbndy ~tatcclI'Jsin lcnn fiincc 1881 brm incorporntrtl wit11 Cl~itrLI. 1 1 Ilavt. nth\rt-rl~cartl of ir1.n :~rltlt-c11)1~-r Iwircr: F~)r~ntlit) Ol~itrdl,In~t 1t~111 crrtairlly iq : 2 picre of g~lrna1 picaktbtl up OH t11(- Ziclig I

" The term AshimadCk, wlrich signifies 'food-givers,' is applied to all of these on account of their be in^. bound to sopply the ruler and his retainers wit11 food Lo the extent of 8 sl~i.rp:~ud 8 k/lat.funt-.~of wheat from each house, whenever he passes thro\~ghtheir villagyps. This is the only revenue of' any description paid by thcm to tl~crnle~., :~nd those living in the more rernote villages often remain for sevcr:~lyears exempt from even this impost. Tl~eSllih Sangilli6 and Zuudrk are altogether exempt,-the former on account of their relationship to the present ruling fa~nily,and the latter because tllpy are descendecl from a formcbr r;lce of rulers. " Among tlie Ashimatlkk, tile Shighni6 and KBshk claim respectively to come from Shiqhniu and Kish (Kishm ?), a village closc: to Jarrn, in Badalihshin. Tl~enames of many of the others sllom that they trace their descent from some indivitlual, and there appears little doullt that they are the descendants of 'llajiks from Badakhshiin, who settled in Chitril at tlie time of the estahlisliment of the present ruling dynasty, about the beginning

* Uiddulpli has, I tliink, here made a mistnke, the valley is Llitkli (great vallej) not Lltkho. . t The Fakir Mrisl~kfnarc nndnu1,tedly the originirl inliabitants, there are some grounds for supposing they were OIICC KalGsh Iilifirs.

3 Vide I' I

'6 'rradition relates that tile whole Chi tral Valley was once occupied by Khfira ; hut it is i~npossihleto say whether by this term, a tribe of t,he Siih YGsh is imlicat,rd, or merely that the people in wero not Maho- nleclaus. .it Madala.stlt is a small Uadakhshi colony who speak Persian. Asbrath, Reorii, l'urqal, and ISwat ancl Panj- k~~raliV:~lleys oil the other ; but furtl~erexammination ma.y show that they have only bor~.owt:d words from their neighl~ours' lan.guaxes. Fever:~l 81n;rllv~l~ers on the western sitlc below Bi1,k6tare in h:tlite? I)y Siih P6sh of the Ba.shg6li trilw, who retain their own religion ai~dcnst,orns, though tl~eyhave Ion:: ljern subject to Chit~dl,. These broken tril~trsall belong to t11e ' Pakir Ill fishkin ' class. In Bailirn, or, as they stjle it, Bangim, are a fvw .-lfgliin l'd.n~ilius. " The ori~inoE rnany of thes~stribe can. be at present only a matter of conjecture, but it can h:~l.dl>be doubted that this mixture of broken frag- rxlents coulrI only have been procluced by pressure from the south. The frecluent occurrence of the names of Shoghur, Shogrim, and Sh6goth. seems to r~ointto the r re valence once of Shiviism, but there are no relics. of a.ncient custolns All existing to hear out the presumption thaf it was prac- tise? t)y al+y of the tri.bs now to be found in the valley. A tradition exi& that the vi~ll~yabout AlastGj 'was at one time ruled over by l)angariks, who most prol);~blywtrre Shins from the Gilgit Valley, but there is ootbing t.n show what religio~~was professed by the Kh6 before they embra.cet1 Islin~. "As in the valleys to the eastnrard, manufactures are less. esteemed than agriculture. In the valley below ChitrBI, scattered among the villages, a number of the meaner castes are found, as in the Gilgit and Indus Valleys. l'hey :Ire c:r ll~~dUsl(i/b, ' artificers,' and are divided i oto Derloche; ' car- pent.ess ; Deqyrd, ' wooden-bowl makers ;' Kalulk ; 'potters ;' Uoms ' musi- cians ;' and Jfochis, ' blacksmitl~s.' The two latter only ioterm:lrry among. themselves, aod are looked down upon by all ot'her castes 2nd classes. Th8 other three castes intermarry without restriction among themselves, and occasionally give daughters to the Fakir Mushkins, who are all .agricultur- ists. No fitlids are fouud in KisUr BQld or in Ludkl16. The ruling class recognise certain restrictions on intermarriages among t hernselves. The Shih SangaIiC marry amongs,t themselves, and toke dau~hte1.sfrom the Zandr6 and .\shimadik, Lut do not give daughters in return, except to the ZundrC, who being descended from a former dynasty of rulers of the country, are regarded as of royal blood. All the rest, including the ZundrC, inter. marry without restriction, but never with the Fakir Mushkin class, from whom, however, they take daughter9 as concubines. The MChtar derives his revenue from various sources. The amount is variable, and no exact estimate of it can be formed, as Revenue taxee. accounts are apparently never kept, and there is certain- ly no regular daftar. The following account is bowever fairly trustworthy. Firstly-There is the Kashmir subsidy. Secondly-The monopoly of the timber trade and the eale of all orpiment, lead, and gold dust. Thirdly-The slave trade. Fourthly-Tolls. Fifthly-The land revenue. Sixthly-Tribute from Kafiristan. The Kashmir subsidy amounts to Rs. 30,000 (Chilki), which is eqnival- ent to about 18,750 Indian rupees. This subsidy is paid in Indian rupees, about 15,000 of which go to the Mehtar direct the remainder Leiug paid to Nizam-ul-Mulk and other sons. The timber trade is entirely in the hands of Rahat Shah Khaka Khel. to whom the Mehtar farms the monopoly. This brings in annually from 7,OUO to 12,000 Kabuli rupees, of which two-thirds are taken in cash, the renlainder in Peshawar goods. Deodar is the only wood exported. It comes mostly from KalishgGm, and the Shishi K6 orpiment is found orlly in Tirich, it is bartered for goods with traders from Badalrshin and India, aud brings in the equivalent of about 20,000 Kabuli ropees. Lead is found in various parts of Chitril, and is sold chiefly to tnders from Bajaur. Gold dust is, washed for at Danil, Kiri and Broz. Tl~e amo~~ntrealized from these two sources is insignificant. The revenue from gold dust is valued at 360 Kabuli rupees. The slave trade formerly brought in handsome profits, but the Russian co~lquests in Central Asia and the prohibition of the slave trade iu Kabul have spoilt the market. Prices vary from Its. 100 to 300 according to age and sex. The tolls levied in Chitril territory are liumerous and vexatious, but the Mehtar apparently only takes those which are levied at his capital. The rates there are - 2 Kabuli rupees per horse. 1 ,, rupee ,, mule. 1 ,, ,, ,, 3 donkeys. Traders from Peshawar have to pay 8 rupees (Kabuli) per mule. This brings in about 5,000, of which 1,400 are given to Sllib-i-Mu]k, Tile land revenue consists of a fixed contribntion of sheep, goats, grain, blankets, chogns, and chadars, from each district. Twice a year each district pays so many sheep or goats, or both, to its-irnmediate governor, who sends halE to the Rlehtar. Shah-i-M6lk, however, is permitted to retain the of the 13r6sh revenues. In this way the Mehtar receives about 3,000 and cdog~s,'L.z,()uO walks of grain, or 33,000 maunds, 5,000 batp's of ghi, or 300 mauuds, and of goats and sheep over 6,000 heads per annum, which latter may be valued at Rs. 12,000. North of the capital each district sent13 a certain number of woollen chogao and blanltets, wllile the southem d1strC.t~send him Chitral cladars, which cottvll slrips interwoven with woollen embroidery. Pormerly the MGllss took one-tenth of the field produce, but tlie Mehtar some years ago seized the tithes for himself. Tllp Kifiristin tribute is a very variable quaotity, and depends more on the goodwill of the people than on the Mehtar's power to exact it. It con- sistrs of occasional offerings of cattle, butte,, anrl honey. Besides the sources mentioned above, the hfehtar takes his pick of batchem of horses going clown to India for sale, and also makes a little profit by bartering English goods for Yamblis (Yarkandi ingots.) As regards the fifth item of revenue, Biddulph gives the following details : " The regular revenue of the country is paid solely ' by the Fakir Mushkin' class. Those who live by agriculture are assessed at a tenth of all produce, one sheep, one blanket, and 20 lbs. of honey from each house yearly. The pastoral community is asseseed at 4 sheep, 3 woollen robes, and 30 lbs. of butter from each house yearly. A fern villages, which are almost entirely employed in mioing, pay 16 lbs. of mine produce yearly for each house. Tliere is, however, very little regularity observed in collecting these imposts, and, in practice, as much is wrung from the subject population as possible." The following information obtained from the reports of Faiz Baksh and other Foreign Office records may, perhaps, advantageously be compared with what is stated above, as future enquiry may be thereby assisted : "In ChitrLl the income from land does not exceed Rs. 10,000 or Rs. 1%,000 annually, in consequence of the large alienation of the soil, estimated at $ths of the whole, in return for feudal service. The profits on the trade in slaves and animals end the receipts from fines are more lucrative, bringing- - in a further revenue of some Rs. 40,000 a year. " Such demands as exist on the land are levied in kind at the rate of one- quarter of the standiug crop, though sometimes the zemindar is allowed to pay his due in cloaks, furs, oil, goats, sheep, or even in slaves. In each village there is an official whose business it is to take charge of tlie Khan's share, and to place it in the appointed- - store-house. "There is also a duty of one per cent., ad valorem, on tlie sale of all hor.qes intended to be taken away from the country. The duty 011 imports is in most cases by the weights of loads, not by the invoice. The responsibility for levying it rests with the headman of the locality where the article imported crosses the border into Chitr61, he discharging this function not under a farming contract, but in trust for the Khan." The duties and taxes levied in Chitril are as follows : f!ulies levied on mercha9tdise.-For every pony or mule-load, Rs. 5-0-0. For every donkey-load Rs. 2-8-0. Rrr.eni~e.-There are five discriptions of dues realised by the anthorities in Chitdl. They are called (1) Rayat, (2) Mehtar Bashi, (3) Hashmat, (4) Zamindar, and (5) Ikhrijit-i-Muhim. Rnqnt tax.-Every head of a family or land-owner annually pays to the Mir, or chief of the State, 12 sheep and 9 clogbas. Jfel,tar Barhi fax.-When the Mehtar goes out on tour, and stops at a house, the owner of the house is liable to the expenses of his entertaiunwnt, calculated at the rate of 3 entertainments for tLe year. Ilnsbmnt fox.-Well-to-do people furnish tribal levies and servants to the Mehter, feeding and clothing them at their own cost. These muu gat no pay from the chief. This tribute is called Ilodrnat, or that paid by the wealthy. Zantilrda'r tn+.-Every cultivator cont,ril)utes a malu', i.e., a deer-sliin of wheat, and a sheep, irrespective of the amount of his produce, to the Mehtar, annually. One skin holds 1 malind and 3.' seers (English) of wheat, or 11 Itrbukz, each labnk holdinp 6 seers. IkA,-d/a'f-i-mshim, or war /ax.-The entire male population is liable to military service for the Stlte. When sumrnoned for actjive service each persoa brings his ornu provisions, but on their actually engaging in war, the Mehtar :tssist,s t,hem." The chief trade of Chitril is carried on from July to October, when the p;isses are opPn. The Chitrilis themselves have nei- Trcldc. ther inclination nor enterprise for commercial pnrsuit, an? trade is carried on by members of the KhikL Khel and tr;lders from Hajaur a~ldBadakshin. Goods are carried on ponies, mules, and donlieys, as the routrs are not pl.acticable for camels. 'Phe principal exports are timber, orpiment or yellow arsenic," cheap woollen chogau, Yuttu cloth, lead, hawks and slaves. The export trade being almost entirely in the hands of the Mehtar, its extent and nature is dealt with under the heading " Revenue." Faiz Baksh gives the following comprehensive list of exports and imports. ,Yxyor.ts.-The exports consist of yellow arsenic, sulphur, antimony, lead, mica, flint-stone, wool, woollen blankets, ciroghas, and stockings. 'I These articles are exported to Peshawar. A large cluantity of stockings, blankets, and choghas are exported to ~aizibidin Radakhshbn. Male and f~maleslaves used to be largely exported from ChitrQ1for sale in Badakshan, Central Asia, and Afghanistin. " Imports.-These comprise Brijauri and Dir iron; salt, indigo, raw silk, long-clothwashed and unwashed, chintz, broad-cloth, Pan jabi and Peshi- mari coarse cotton cloth, Ludhiana and Peshamari Lunghis, Suai striped cloth manufactured at Peshiwar and in the Punjlb, grocery, spices, tea in small quantities, sugar, sugar-candy, arms, powder, all kind of pedlar's wares, prir~tedreligious books, and cowries. The imports from BadakshLn consist of horses, carpets, sheep, cotton, pistachio nuts, almonds, raisins, Russian KizSn, or flat metal cooking vessels, Russian chintz, Bokhara made striped silks (alachas), silk and cotton striped cloth (adras), and broad-striped silks (bekasab) , Bokhkl boots and gaiters ; and Russia leathers for sleeping on (chk~m-i-Bulga'riah). This account may be compared with that given by Mr. Girdlestone in his Kashmir Report. He says : " The principal imports are salt from Kilabigh, and sometimes from Badakshln, whence also come sugar and articles of crockery; cooking utensils of brass and iron, indigo, shawls, firearms, cloth (lakha) and leather, both in the piece and in the form of boots and shoes, nominally from Bokhiri, but, really from Russia : silk (kanawez), chintzes, tea from Eastern Turkistin, iron from Dir, Birmingham ware, cheap piece-goods, swords, drugs and spices from Peshiimar. From the la&-mentioned place tllere is a constant stream of travelling merchants, each with his long stlmin:: of mules, whilst from Badakhshin and Turkistin caravans, usually of asses and ponies, come but two or three times in the year. The

Called haraiowal in Chltril and Iroilnl In India. commoditic~int,rocluc~tl from Tjritis11India arr said on acconnt, of their 1,ett~r clualit,yand cllcap~~essto be more sought after than those from rlsrwhere. MTith Rashmir there is no direct trade, owing to the difficulty of communi- scation. Tile exports :ire hi~wlis and falvoris, wllich comrnnud pricps in PPsl1iwar ranging from Rs. 30 to 50, sll~ep,dogs, unbleached silk aud (~Aoqnu)to the Punjil,, and Afghanistgu ; and slaves to the latter country, Tnrkistin ancl Badaksl~in, At times tlicre is a considerable t,rade in pain with Dir, owing to the greater advantagrs which the valley of tlle Kunar has for producti:)n by reason of its natural superiority in irrigation. The well-to-do folks prefer foreign cloth for their dress; the poorer classes wear a course woollen fabric similaz to thepattu made in Kashmir." The great obstacles to trade in these regions are the vexatious imposts, and the badness of the roads, Were tliese obstacles removed, a great increase might be expected in the through trade between Badakshin and Pes hhwar. The local trade can hardly even be very great, as the population is so scant. There are no bazars in the country and the only approach to a mart is the Serai at Chitril. The pcople raise their own grain and make their own course woollen clotlies. The' practice of selling their own subj~ctshas yained the rulers of Chitril and Yasin an unenviable notoriety, even Slavery. among people who have not yet learned to regard slavery with the detestation in which it is held in Europe. The beauty of the Chitril (ICh6) women has long been proverbial in Peshiwar, Kibul, and Badakshan, and f~maleslaves still form not the least acceptable portion of the present given by CllitrLl rulers to neighbouring princes. ChitrQ1, therefore, has always been a favourite resort for slave-dealers from neighbour- ing countries, and a system grew up under which the rulers of Kishkir came to regard the sale of their subjects as a legitimate and ordinary may of eking out a scanty revenue. All who in any way fell under the displeasure of the Mehtar, were consigned to the Diwinb6gi, and his agents were always on the look-out for victims whose conduct might have furnished a pretext for .their being sold. Failing an excuse of this sort, the requisite number was made up by forcible seizure. Of late years the market for the disposal of slaves has become circumscribed, and in ChitrLl the system is now limited to little more than the selling or giving away of female children to supply ithe harems of Kibul, Badakshin, and Yagistin. In Chitril the AshimadCk class can hold slaves without special permission, but none of the " Fakir Mushkin " are allowed to do SO. The possessors of slaves in Chitril have unrestricted control over their slaves, and inflict on them whatever punishment they choose. On the whole though, daves are not badly treated. Weight and meMure. The weights and measures in use according to Biddulph are- Dry meaawre. 4 chairaka = 1 betti. 2 bettie = 1 man. 3 mane = 1 bel. A chairak equals about I+ lb. English. Long merum. Long rn~osurs. A span = 1 aieht. 2 chnrame = 1 chakwanm. 2 aishta = 1 hoet. 2 hoste = 1 gaz. 4 chakw~me= 1 tekt. A chsmm, is the extent of land which, it t,ah-t>sthree 6nltis, or about, 15 lbR wlleat to sow. The money in use is the Ka.bul coinage. pro, my own euqui&es, however, the dry measure would appear to be- 1 batti = 200 R,s. weight, or 24 Beers. 6 bnttis = 1 bcl or15 ,, 4 bele = 1 walG or 13 mnunds. Nor, as far as I can make out, is there any lo~lgmeasure : the length of the arm or the pace is t.he usual standard. From another source we obtain the following account of the currency,-. &c., of CbitrQl. No coin is made in Chitril. Although the coins of other countries are more or less common, they have no authorized currency, but merely pass in barter from hand to hand like any other commodity. The silver* ingot of Yarkand is in virtue of its purity always acceptable. The rupee of British India, here as in Kashmir, is generally spoken of as the rlozsble. Its valrte in exchange as against the Nawab Shahi, or ,Mahomed ShChi, rupee (6) is about 4th less than either. No copper pieces are to be found in that country. The weights are thus given- 130 Aman ShBhi rupees ...... 1 seer, 6 seers ...... 1 man. 16 mans ...... 1 royal man. 130 seers ...... 1 kharwar. The .usual prices are, one Mahomed Shtihi rupee for 60 seers of unlluskrd rice or barley, and the same sum for half that amount of wheat or huskecl rice. No acc0unt.s are kept, as all transactions are completed at the time. Indeed with the exception of a few Mirza immigrants from below, there is no one in the country who can read or write. The domestic animals in Chitril are ponies, donkeys, cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry. Ponies are fairly numerous, and every Panos man of any position invariably rides. Very few are bred in the country, most of them are imported from BadakshQn. Donkeys are much used for local traffic, and are the most suitable transport for the narrow difficult paths, which constitute t,he highways in this mountainous country. The cattle are small and apparently are not very numerous. Enormous flocks of 4heep and goats are main- tained. The sheep are small, but of good quality. The poultry are superior to what one sees in India. Hounds and hawks are kept by all well-to-do persons for sporting purposes. Many too are sent by the Mehtar as presents to neighbouring chiefs. Chitril is famous for its hawks and fal- cons, and nowhere is the pastime of hawking carried to greater perfection. The wild animals most commonly seen are ibex, ma~khsr,urial, and hear. These of course are found only in the mountains. Small game is scarce except chikor and pigeon, which abound. The principal fruits of the coun- try are grapes, apricots, mulberries, apples, walnuts? pomegranates, pears, and melons. The grapes are of several different klnds and of excellent quality-. Apricots abound, and are dried in large quantities for export or winter use. The melons are of very superior flavour. Wheat, barley, and Indian corn, are the most common grains, but below Bainas rice is very largely grown, and the Chitrril rice has a great reputation

* Thin is the Kurus, worth about 160 or 160 rupees, It iclcurrent in ~h~t~~. It ie 8180 dedthe Ymbu in Yerkend. in tile surrounding- countries. At high altitudes millet is, of coarse, the principal grain. ~h~ soil is generally rich and fertile wherever irrigated, but owing to tile mount,ain~usnature of the country and the rocky character of its soil the cultivable area is extremely limited, above Raishim only one crop is reaped, but below two crops are obtained. Wheat and barley are the spring crops-rice, Indian corn, millet, and dhall the autumn. The country is very deficient in timber trees, until Kalishgirm, and the Sliishi Go1 are reached. In this, the southern portion of Chjtral, deodars are plentiful. In the valleys generally besides fruit trees, thechenar, poplar and willow, are the only trees of any size, and these are only found in the villages or along watercourses. Firewood is consequently a great difficulty. As regards the military resourcesof Chitril, as already stated, all male adults are liable, as occaslon requires, to be called and out for military service, and receive in return grants of land either free of revenue or at diminished rates. 'l'he more substantial landholders are responsible for mustering 200 or 300 retainers each. The Mehlar estimates his available armed force at 8,000 men, of which 3,000 mould be from Yasin and Mastlij, for the defence of the Eastern passes, and 5,000 from Chitral, for the defence of the Southern and Western passes. The weapon most in use with the Chitrilis is the primitive matchlock. These are either made at Aladalaslit* in the Shishi KQ (Shushni Dara) or iinp01,tedfrom Radakshjn. Flint locks from Uadaksl~an, and percussion ~nuslietsof Russian manufacture are also imported to a small exteut. A few firearms, such as sporting ,guns, and stolen Sniders or Martinis find their way from Pesliiwar. Inferior gunpowder is nianufactured in the coun- try. Lead in quantities sufFicienc for local use is found in the country. In 1885, the British Government presented the Mehtar with 120 short Snider rifles and 200 smooth-bore muskets. About 6U other short Sniders were at the same time presented to various sons and retainers, so that there are now certainly 180 rifles in the country. A proportionate supply of ammunition was also given. Besides firearms (which are not possessed by all), every man carries a sword and circular shield. The swords are made chiefly in Yisin. , Of cannon, the Mehtar possesses two 3-pr. brass guns presented by the British Government in 1884. He is also said to possess two iron guns, which were made by a native workman who came from Kabul some years ago, and four brass guns presented by Mahamad Beg of KundGz. There are also a few Sher-bachas. 'l'wo of the guns are said to be at Yasin, the remainder are at Chitril, owing to the difticulty of transport in a mountainous country; and owing to the little knowledge the Cbitriilis have of the use of artillery, these guns are almost useless to them, except for the purpose of firing salutes. The Chitrilis are active, brave and warlike with more than ordinary endurance, but they have no discipline or training. Scarcely any oE them have ever taken military service. Their system of warfare consists in defending darbands, that is, narrow defiles closed by stone walls and towers. In the defence of these places rocks and boulders rolled down from the

MwlalaeLt has to provide the Mehtar with 60 motchlockn per snnm, heights above, play an important part. Their attacks ususlly take the form of ambuscades and night-surprises. There are not niany forts in the country, and thoae even are of ho particular ~t~rength,.They are usually square mad structures of 40 or 50 yards side, with walla aborit 20 feet high, and square towers i~tthe angles. Ditches either don:lcll of thrse iq g~licr:~lly111;de1. orlp I.IIe is dil.ec~ly~.eul)or~sil)le to tllc :\lalil; ol' his d~slrict,:III~ h:Iu 4 I:l111,1ips nl1ottt.d to 11it11 for svrvice. Ilis ' isl//~iu' is Y oE each kintl of 111 o(~IIc~,.\\'rt,h a few except,iol~hthe ofice is conlilied to tlie nshirnndpk c'1:1ss.

cg I{plow tllr Clilirw6lo is the I3arnmhsh, or head of the vill He is I).~rtic~ll:~rl\cll~lrgcd with the mni~~tet~anceof roads, forts, and Lr~d~es,for \\ lliclr IIP 1.ec~ivt.sa yrarlj- ' i.rhpi~i' of 10 bli~~p,10 mcasures 01 bntt~r,1O III(~~~II~~Sof n.heat, :111cl a yrol)ortion of the 1)roduce of any mines with whicll 11,. is ~w~lt~rctcd.IIis IantI 21.0 is free from payment oE taxes, and he lias tl~rl.igIlt of rclcasing 10 men oT his village from military service. '1'0 iissist 11im he has an attendant, " Cllh-bQ," wl~oseduties are the same as tllosc of the Zaitu in Gilgit. He receives a woollen robe and 5 sheep ~-~;1rly,nud Iiis 1;lnd is escn~ptfrom taxation. 111 Y:ikin territory, both 011 the Chitril and Wilrsliigum side, the system :~ndtitles of officials are tlle same as in Chitril, showing perhaps more stronqlj-, tlie mixture of two systems." Tl~ea1)ox.e account requires some modification. The districts are now by governors or hlilcill~r,who are in a11 cases sons oE tlie Mehtar. '1'0 some of these are attac!ietl Wazirs, Atnlil;s and Alrsalials to assist them in the esccution of t,licir duties. With the esccption of the power of life :111d tlcsth, tlle Aakinzs are a1)solute. There secms to be very little crime in Cl~itril,\vllat, thcre is, is generally punished by death, slavery, fiues, turtnre, or the stoc1;s. In subordiuation to the rulers of the eeveral prov- iuc~cs,thcrc are several minor hilrims, such as the Ilakirn of Qhizar, or the Tlnkiu~of LAsplir. Below the Wazirs, I-Iakims, Alisakals, and Ataliks is tile Chrirwklo, this official has charge of a yroup of villages. Hiddulph F~VStI1at tllc next ~radeof officials are called BaramGsh, and that they are cvl;Livnlt.nt to our village Lambardirs ; but I think lie is wrong, and that liara~n~'1~11is simply the Yasin eqnivalent of Chlirm6lo. Below these, again, :Ire assibtnrlts called Charbhs, who may be said to correspond with the Iodiau chuprasies, while Yasawals are tlie personal chuprasies of halams, kc. It must 1)e understood, however, that there is no regular system. In l:~iilrfor instance, there are 5 Wazirs, 2 Ataliks, 4 BaramGshes, 1 Yasawal, atit1 10 Cl~arbhs,while u~~derAfzal in the hlastfij province are 3 Hakiins, :III~10 Ch;ir\vklos, besides Wazirs, Aksakals, kc. In a country where not ;I tlozeu IUCII C:LII write a methotlical system can hardly be expected. It ouly rc~naiusto givc a brief account of Chitril history and of its rulers. For its early history, the best authority, perhaps, History. is Bidclulph, aud his account is therefore here given f , ,~b~lf;,ll: " l'hc family name of the rulers of Cllitril is Kathr6. The name Kator sriJms to havc been applied to the country in early times, before the present li:rt~ir&F:~rnily was founded. Babpr writes in his memoirs :- " In the hill country to the north-east (of Kibul) lies KQfiristin, such as Iintur and Getrek. -E * * * * * " C;r~rc,r:llC1111ningharn goes back considerably further ; but as liis investi- c,.atioll. k1l'tr.r ~nlylead to surmises, they hava bmitted liere. One !'ling o111.v is certain, that I3ucldliism cais:ed iu Chitrril before Mallurnadan- ism. ~(rrhccarliest, tradit.ions now ~sist~ingof the Chitrsl valley rel;~teto rertnill Icing hhmnn, an idola.tc!r wl~oserule extentled castward as P:l.r as I);l.t,nn, in the lt~tlusV:~lley, antl who dwelt at; hIn..rl~gillin bl~c RS6llil1c; v:Llley. During his reign an Ar:11, army i11v:~df.dCliitril l~ythe Yirkhhn wli~rethey were met 1)y Bah~nnn. Among the invaders were t,mo cllampion~, nrl~o cllnllengcd individna.ls in the Chitrcil army to a trial of . King 13a.hmnn, ivlio was famed for his sliill in martial exerc:isc~, accel,t,~tltlie challenge in person, a.nd for a nrhole (lay mrcstlrti with oue of tllc charnpiot~sin view of 110th arrnieg, without eillier gaining tl~cuclr:~n- t;lgc. 011 the second day, \vl~enBnliman offcred hiinself to renew tl~eCIIII- test,, the ot.l~erArab clii~mpionwas sul)st,itnt.rd \vit,bout his knowledge, and, cxh;r.nst,etl by his slruggles of tlie 111.eviousday, he was vnnquisl~cd, antl c,nrriril bonnd to thc Arr~bcl~ief, ml~o, hy ;L curious :~nac.hronism, is snit1 t,o have been IIamza, the uncle of t,he Prt~l~h~t.Bahln:~.n, consenting to rprlder a.llcgi:~uce, was rele:~sed, and the Al-ah c:l~icE retirc-!a. After a frfv YP;I!S, 13;~lltn;~n,by renour~c:inghis allegin~~ce,invoked ;L secontl inva.sion, wl11c11also tertninatecl in his submission ; but, on his rebelling yet :~gninIre was put to dc:lth. '' Later. tl~ecountry was ruled by a succ.ession of princes etylcd Reis, t,hc~ na.me which is also given to Gilgitrulers of Shiri Budrlut,t's line. .TIIP\-:~I-P sometimes said to have belongecl to tl~enl:~li],on family of lskartlo. 'PliFtil. names Iiavt! nl)t been preserved, I~utit is reliited tlmt cl~iri~~gtht? rule of nllr: oE tli~m,a Chinese arrny, in alliance witli a prince of Hndalihsl~lin,iuva~lr-:11 a.ntl sul,dued tlie country. This is ~poIie11of :LS occurring after t,lle dent11of Abdlil1il.h Khan, the Usbeg. Dnriog t.he Chinese occnpat,ion, a Chit,~.;ili ravisl~eda female slave of the Cllincse leader, and a gener:~lslai~~ltter OC the in h:~l)itantswas . in consequence ordered. For three da,ys the rn:lss:lc.re procreded, after which the survivors were seized and carried off to 13~1dslil1- shi.11. " 'L'owa.rc1sthe rnd of the sixteenth or beginning of the seventeentll centruy, Cbitrcil mas ruletl by a, Reis who is said to have been of the same family ;,s the rnlers of Cfilgit I~eEorethe introduetiou of MahomPcl:~nism. I-lis n:unc. l~asnot been ])reserved, but he m:~s:~ppnrci~tlyas Riaho~neclao, :r.s his toml) is still preservccl in Chitril. There is some reason for supl).)si~lgtth:it ll~LI>- 1,~nqed to t,he 3,1:l,kpon (Iskarelo) E;~mily,a.s sotne LI-~IICIIPSof t,he A.lalil)ort i;~rnrlystmill speak of him as an a.nccstor. He was chilcllers, but ;tdol)tetl :~s his son il, certi~i~~U:LI):~ AyGL, s:~.itlt.o II:LVC 1~ee11of a nol~leIhistiale Lrlongr~dto one ol' the Chitr;il f:rlnily or to tl~rGilgit rul(:rs, I~lit ii probably bclongctl to t,l~e I:lt,(,r-r. 111 the next generation, tlic c!stt.~lsir,n of ttte lilldsh JVakt6 f:l~~~il~, wliich was ollly arrested by tlie intervcotiun oE the Sikhs, seenia to have Legnu. " Klnisli W:lld is said to linre been slaminby tlie Chinese at IloFhGzi, Chitril, LrlL t,l~rtl(at:~ils Irave not been 1)reserved. Th~iiglithe Ch~nesefiguru in 111:lnyul~isotlr~s ol' C'hitrtil history, no t,raclit,ion exists of tlie country llsv. ing 1)ec.n l)er~n:~~lr*~rt,lytrilml-ary to t,liem. I(hils11 Wulit,'~ son, Feramorz, was s nota,ble warrior, wliose exp1oit)v n.re still spoken of wit,h cnt1insi:rsm, Hr conqrlerecl l'asin, f:>rced his cousins of Chitrfil to give allegiance t,o hiln, and 11incle Iiimselli ~nnjterof thc valjey down t'o Chigliin Serni, l,csi(lPs s~tl~dniugille L'il~~jIi~ral~Valley and part of Swat. His nephew, Iihisll Ah~nnil,tlic srconcl OF the name, was ruling in Mastilj when Cl~it,rrilwas i~~vutlccll)y :I, Chir~cpearmy in concert wit11 the ruler of 13~tl:~iil1sliin,llil- S11lt,511Shill. Tlre Clrit,rilis, unahle to offer any eiyective resistn.ucc, iletl to lli~.st,fij,w11ic.h nr:r,s slro~,tlyi~~vcst,ecl b~r tlie invaders. Thc fort w:ts st,~.ong, ;LII~the I)esiccrers,3 trrr~t~i~rgto stitrvation to give tlre~nposscs~ion of t,lrt? fort,, wcre s:~tlsIieil with ~s~:~Glishinga l~!ockade. They were, meann~hilr, Iiaaassed Ly Khlish h~narl'spitrtizans outside the fort, who ilillictecl some I~ssOII thcru Ly feig~ringsr~bmlssion ancl leading tliem into a,n :~~nl)nsli :llnoltg the ~nou~rt,;ri~is.At tlre end of seven months, both p:~rties Lcing \\rillins Lo nialce ti.~-lns,the invaders retired, takil~gwit,h them four I~ost,n.~t!s. AS t.h~yI':~scti Ijn,~),in YrirlrhGn, each 1n.m of the inva,ling army c:ist t1on.n a st,o~~eto s11o\v their 11umI)ers. The gr~atheal-, t)llus furrued is still l)oi~~tcclout. Ve1.1 short,ly after this ILhGsh Amad clietl. '< 'l'liis tmtlit,ion is interesting! as helping to ident,ify Chitril with tlie nolor of Chinese records. Consnngalnity (lid not prevent constant wars bet~veen Cllitr~iln~rd Yasili :111tlt.hough the Khlish PYalitC seems to have s1lt)rnn tlic; great~rnr:r.rlilie skill, this advantage was balancecl by the s:lpr>rior wealtll alltl l-,opulat.ion or Chitril. Sulimin Shih for a short time bit1 fair to I'c,und a, ct,nsiclernl)ll: prin,-ip:~lity,1)ut the incnpa(8ity for orgn:nizat$ion wllicli seems to ror~nso essentii~l:I part of all miucls thoroughly ~mbued with Ala.110- II~CI~;LI~tcnets l)rever~t.etlhim from mnlring any alequ:lt,e use of liis victories. c~ast,\v;~.rtlhe m:ltlc hi~nselfmaster of tho ri~litbnnli of tlie Indns as fa.r :IS Ililr:r~nosll,and forced Xhmnd Shdl of I8k:11'~10 to a~lillO\\'\t?(l~:'~his s111)re- I~l;l,(~y.I<;l~iji, jvl~i~h mas theo a l-lourisliing place and fo~.lnetl p.rt of t.l~e Isliardo dornnins, \\~:Lstwice besi~gedby him, tlle first time unsucccasf~~ll~; 1.11~s~cond t,irile it fell after a siege of eleven months, during which Sliih K:at6r of *Clritril, tnking advantage of Suliinsin's absence, ];kid siege to R[:r.stfij. Sulimrin Shill, by a mast,erly rn:~rch t1in)ugh the monnt,:~,ius sl.izc(1 I)I-:IS:III, ~rit~t~ingoff Slihl~ Kntlir from liis cnl)it,al, :~.nclfo~.ccbtl him to ii~l~i:it, :i tlis:~tlv:r~~t,;~~ea series of actions in wllich lie was defe:lt-,ed, n.ntl Ili,: I ill:~r~lSl s1:i Bring. \vit,hout ldrsources, Sh6h .K:~t,ilr tlrr~w hilnnrlf ou t,lie 1l~~1.c~of his victonous foe. T;l.king with Iiim his \viEc, :I S~S~CI.of Iris ~011(11.1eror,he inncle liis wa8y,on foot and uniittendetl, to tire I.:IIII~I of SIII~III~USlrlih, wlro reccivetl him gf~nerouslyancl nllowetl liilu Lo I.(:~IIPII to Cl~it.rilaflcr s\ve:rriug friendsl~ip. " A I'trr the loss of Gilxit l~ispower rapidly waned. A severe e:arthc-usl;c 1~~vll1:tI11i.s: I'ol.t of hl:~stGj,ant1 this mishxp was at once t:ilie~i a~Ival~t:rgeol'

11I it. l'he Yasin force mas defrat,ed at Gusht in the I;isllilr I.S11:ih 1i:ltlir follc!\vecl np his advantage by invading Yasin, a.lid \\.:IS :~i(lc~(lill 1l1e invwin~lby a Batlaklislihn or I\-akllin force n~lclPrI\okAtl 1.,C;II~~I~:~II S11;ilr \v;L~,howcvar, able to sow dissension bet,ween the :11\i1.<; \\.11~~1.c1t i 1.~3410 Chi tril, slid there Sllih I(nthr pllt Kok.in Beg to (llb;rth I)? c:~stinghi111 from a high rock into the ioaming river, disal:lned his Folluncrs. f( Sulimin Shill mas, llowever, rloomcd.to fall by treachery equal to t,llnl; i~hiclihe h:~tl hin~sclf SO freely employed. Ral~~nat-ull:~hKhin, his Iln]f- llrl)tll~r,1)or11 OF R sl:~vemotller, conspired with Azatl Khin, antl introdllccd ;& Gilgiti force int,o t,l~cc:~stle of (:lrer, in Puni:il, whrr~Sulimin Sllill was residing. t\ft.cr defending hi~nscll'for t\vo dilys in a tower of the fort \\:ith rio xitl but that oI' his SO~S:~.utl n few servants, Sulimjn Shjh surrendcret], a,nd :~t'tera rnont.11'~jrnpl.isonmc?nt tvns put to deatli Ly Azad lihin. Ire nr:ls succeeded Ily Mir r\m:in, who ruled in hlast.6j for nearly years, till Ile was oust,ctl in IS40 by his Lrot,ller Gollr Amiin. . "'l'he annals of tlie II< Iiilsh lV;~l;td. Tli~.yseem to have produced no warrior or :~tlmi~iistra,torof ally prete~lsions,while their recolds abound in treachery xn(1 rn~lrtlercomniittrtl by son agitinst fnther, and l,rother against I)rotllcr. XOa,tternpt seems to have 1)ec.n ~natlel,o weld the whole of tlie liatfiri: pos- sessions into on(! principn.lily, but cach ruler in tu13n, divi(ling t,he count.ry tlllring Iris Iifetilne among his sons, has directly encouraged the co~~t.it~uanccof tlie I'a.mily r1n:irrels atlrl int,rigues." As :~l)over~l;ltetl, Uohr An1611 l~ecamemaster of lIast,fij as well as Yasin in I S-1.0. JIea.nwhile S116h Afzul 11. estaLlislied his power more or less tl~ron~houtI~owc?r Cliitril, and then sncceetlcd that periud of ir;t,l.ignr, t,reachcrv, and civil war nllutled to LJ. Biddulph in whicli the ~wincipslactors were ~iiillAfzal llimself and liis three sons, Adam Khor, 3Iir Afzal, alltl Amin-61-Millli, \\.llile lesser pa.rts were talieu Ly Gohr Anlin :~nd C;azall lihin of L)ir. In 1Y5-J the Knshmfr Rajah sought aid from ChitrS1 against Gohr AmGn \\rho \vns invatling (;ilg.it. A t1~put:ltionwas :~ccnrdinglysent by Shih Afxa.1 to n.rr:lnge tc?~mswill1 the J:itnlj Dlirbnr, aud in pursu:lnce of these terms 31astlij was ill tlie I'ollo\~iilg yew attaclied and ta.kru Ly t,he Chitriil foi.c.~s, but, W;I.S shorrly nft,crwartls recovered 1)s Gohr Alnin. Sli;il~Aizltl dj.illg a.l)ol~tthe sa.nlc time, hc. n7as eueceedcd as Mehtar by his cltlest son, Aclam Iiho~., ljut \v;ls soon or~st,edfrom power I)p the intrigues of his I,rotller, n-1-11 In I h57 Mustlij w:~s att:~ckrdantl tdken a seco~ldthe Ly t,lit: Clrit~~lilisa.t the instig:lt,ion r7E the JXIIII~~)LII.~J:I~. 111 lSG0 Gcll~rAm;in, thc s:tv:lge Lrute \v!io l.ul~tlin l'asin,dierl :I n:ltnral death, ant1 wax s~~cc,ec?ticd 11). l~isson, Rtlilk Amlii~, 'l'hcn followetl anotl~cr period of itrt,rixu,As, :,k.:lssiIIItic,l1s, and l)et,ty \vnrfarr, in n~liic*hR,l616 AmLn, P.~111\\6nBaliatlilr, IIir W'nli, i\lir (;l~;izi, aud Amin-61-Mlilk wcre :ill.more or less ~11~ngc.tl. In 1870 1'11..I-T:~~m:~rtl, w!lil(+ t,r:~vellinpthrough l'a,+in, \V~S1n111.(1f~recI l)~ hlil. \\.nli, tl~ethpn r111cr of I-:~sin.. Tllis evul~t1)rougllt n.bol~tMir 'W;llis' c?slnllsi,~n,nlitl 1le 111tirn:~telyeither died ill esile or nras l-illetl 1)y l';ihln.li:~; ~ne~:ln~l~il~Pahl\vi~i b~carne tlie ruler of Tasin and Uppcr Cl~itril. TYi t 11 \r:l.r~i~,~ffot.lllles l'a,hl\v:iu heltl this position t,ill 1 S80. In Se~)tcrnberOP t,llat, ;).(,nr 1Jalllwjn 11ail the temerity to attack Punid, wllicll JlxlJ' IW cc)Ilsidl.raclIcnshmir t,elritory, but his invasion was nhrnptly termi~l:~trtlby 1,llc. actioll of Amin-&l-lIhlk, n,ho took this 0pportunit.y to invatle Y:lsin. l'nhl\trjn tnkea llrisoner, a,nd An16n-d-Mlilk became practic:~lly master of all the t,erritory formerly t~elouging-to the Khhh II'aktC family. 'This hc then partitionerl in the following ma.nner, aiz. :- (I) Rfarthj retained by himself. (2) ynsinl)l:l,ce(j llIlder the rule of Rlir Amin, uncle t,o Palil~in. (:{) Ghizir givell to Rtlsl~amadWali, a nephew of Yahlivin, SOD of niir rvil~i. This a.rm.ngememcnt mas recogonizerl 1)y tthc Knsh~nirGovernmen(, nll,l the hlel~tnr'ssubsidy was doubled as n rew:~rtlfor l~is service^ on t,l~coc*~:lsi,,ll of P;~h\win'sinvasion. Hnrly in 1SS2 J4ir Am611 eut'erctl into an :I:~,,(A- melit, \vitli AmBn-lil-\Ililli, renouncinp in his favoar all claitns to tl~c;\.l;lstfii district, i;li:~t is to sn,y to a11 the Iili6sll TVal;lb, t,errit-ories on the (,!hitr:il sill;? of t,he watershed. hlir AmLn's rule proved unpol)nl;~l-,:lud 13alll\v:in st.ir~.~(l ~lpintrigtles in thc neighlourin; states wl~ichcndetl ill a.u :ltt.ack on l'i~sill. lie g:.n.i~letla tempor:rry sncccss a.nd cnpturetl RIil. Arnrin, hut on :I(IV:IIIC~I~~ t,ow;lrd 1I:lstlij .he w:ls defeated I)y L4f~:~l-iil-hliilli,tl~e seco~~d so11 of tJl~ 3leht,a.r. This success nras con~plet~~cl1)y tlle occul):rtio~iof t,he whole of t,he Kll(,sli TValil& pro\~inces,whicll 11nve since rern.zir~~din tllct lIc.l~t,:~r's l,nss~ssio~i. As described under the headins oE ' A~i~ninisli.nliotc' Niziln- 61-Ttllilli, the heir-apparent is now Govenor of l'asio, \vhile Al'z61-61-hlhlk rules at, A'lastlij. It would have heen useless to have given a il~taileilaccount of all t11~ struggles arid intrigues wllich have let1 to this final consnmrn:ltion, l~ut,olle fnct is worth noting, namely, th:~ttlirougl~ it. all, Amin-ill-i\I;llk 1i:rs ;il \V;l!$! to be 011 t.hc wi~~ningside. 'I'lie younger so11 of a family wl~osc. pnrpr, even in Lowcr Chitril, mas by no me;lns al)aol;~te,Ilc 112s in tlie course of the last 1i:~lFcentury ~rnilnillyncqnired sapl.eine powcr tl~l.ori~l~- out bnt,li Upper and Lower Chitril. This resulL testifies u111nistuke:~ll~to his ability. Amin-61-Mlilk is now probatdy about 63 years of a.p (I 8S5), l~utis still full of vigour, and l~istlextli is not lilcely to occul- Ruling family. for many years. He is totally illitem.te n11(1 ignorant of the world, but on the otl~er ha.nd he is possessc~d OF natural shrervdness. I-Ie is both a.n intriguer and a Inan of and being crafty, astute, and rut.l~l(~ssin the e~ecut~ionnE llis designs, lie seldom fails in pining his e~lcls. Avaricc is wit,h I~im:L ruling passion, and to satisfy it,, lie is ever re:lrly to contract fric:odly rel:~tions,but he is tlioroug!~ly cle~eit~ful,and l~islojalty cannot Le relicbtl (Ill, his great ambition is doul~tless to enter into tlircct relations will1 tIlc Brit,ish C;overnrnent, as such relations wunld he knows l~emore l)rofit:~,l,I~t, ) llim t,l~an his present position of sr~bordinntenllianc~ 1vit.11 Iiashlnil.. 'rhe hlehtar has a large family. Tl~eoltlest son is ill14~idI)n~/!~it., t,])~ Governor of In,jgi.m, a man over 130 years of ;IKP. He is, llowcvc~r,ttle son of a low born mother and is therefore consid~rcd of no ac(:oul~t. I-le nrerns t,oo a man of weak iutellect, and is never lili4y to talic a leading port ill Chitrhl affairs. Skrfh-z-;1//.lk, gnvernor of Dds, is thc scncond son. I-Ic too is over 30 years of age. Seing the son of a Syadz:~di,IIL. is esc~l~~derlfrorn sncc~rssi~l~~ io the throne, he is, however, an al~le,:rmLitiorm rn:ln, and will pr01,:~1,1y givc I roul~lewhen the klehtnr dies. Ilc is certainly t l~eLest e(1ucated I~;LIJill Cl~itriiand has intimate relirtions with thc chiefs of llir, Uxjn~lr, a~id Asmar. SirdLr Nizcim-41-Milk, the heir-apparent, is about 23 yea.1.s of age. 130111 he and Afzal are sons of a sister of the late Rahmatnla I

Nole.-The genealogical tables, kc., here given may be of ule. GENEALOGY OF THE KAT~R~OF CHITEAL,

BABB ATUB, an adventurcr from Khorasin. I sh4h13ridhnt.

ShihI hlndnd. I

~hzb, founder of the Rizii.

lhhh ~hdshAmnd (twins), Bh&h ~hn:hwnkt, 8hBh '~ath~ ~brik:llnh Nirimatnllnh,I founder of tho Kush founder of tho Rush- founder of tho ~~~kulldhl. founder of the Niamut- dmndl. wokti (See Qer~eahgy.) ullmhi.

Shih Lznl 11, 1 I I I I I Bl4h Mohtnrnmr Sh&h AmIin.61-M61k Mlr Alzal Sh4r Afzal A daaghter A daughter (~homarried 7 (Adam Khor.) Mehtar of ChitriL (killed by Ambu-61- (a refugee, who (who married tho Gohr Amil, of Ynslu.) Mulk.) generally lives with late Rahmathla Khan the Bibi Sahib, In Dlr.) ' of Dir.) Married.I Pahlwvhu ofI Ynsin. Bahad~irKhin.

A sister of dohr Am6n. A fiistEr of the By dihrent (by whom no chikZren.) Khh of Afimtir by slave girls. whom I I 1 A sister of Mahamad Shnrlf Khan of Mr. 1 Shbh-i-M61k married, a sist& of Mnhnmad. Sharlf KhBn. 1 Sirdar Nidm-ul.M6lk, married 2 Bnhrdm married a Soiadzadi. 2 A daughter of Sher Afzal. 3 Wn2ir.i-M6lk married, a daughter of PahlwLn. 2 Ahl-6i-Mfilk married a dan htor of the ex-Mlr of Shignrn. 4 Abdfil Rnllmhn 3 A daughter, who married. ~&wbn of Yedn. 6 Ahdt~lhnri111 I

THE KHOSHWAKT~. THE BURUSHI. SHAH KHUSHWAKT, slain by thc Chineae. (See Katuri ffensahgy).

I r I Shih Ferizm6rz. Asmatullah. 8hih7. Alam.

Bhbh P'hdsh~h. 8hih ~:r(leh, I founder of tho Buruhf. r I I Malk Amen. K6wai Lh6r1 Sulfman Shih. BhBr Shhh, NBr'I Yhih. killed in battle Lith killed by Azad Khan kUled in battle Wth I Mahamd Khtiu, Trakhmt B&hf. Mhhemcrd KMn, Trakhanf.

rI I I 7 Dur Amin, k~l,pdin battle w~th Kashmir troops. I I I I MULE AMAN. ~f K WAL~, Mlr Nabi, .killed by Mlr Ghfizl, killed GHUI.hXI MOHI~D-D~N1 Ir'illed by Mulk Amin. by Pnl~lwbn (Pahlwbn Dahhdur.) I Pahlwbn Bnhidur. Bahfidor. Y[okrrdda Bnmin. I I I

PMan Wdl. Fakir Wnll. Ahmad rGh6zl. Abdul kahlm. f - - - I Az6d r-KhLn. Khdn Bahbdur. Khdn Ddurhn. Khan Alnm, killed by TBMr Shhh Moghlotd. killed Gfiorlthum Ichin, Trakhon6, killed by Tahir Sheb, hfoghlot6. Nosh Kuli,I killed, by G6hr dmin Khushmaktie. I ISA BAH~DUR. 6FIdT KHhN. I present Rb of Gnhkhch.

The above is abstracted from Biddulph's " Tribes of the Hindu Kush.''

~hpft~llo\vi 11q list of the M~htsr'sfdmily wit11 details regnrrlin~them may be us(~l'u1Ilcrcafbr, when on the dcatll of ArnQn-Gl-&llill

?KC Mothcr. Children. ~n Remarks. IUSO.

(1) 1 Sirdnr Niaim-GI-N6lk . 21, (iovcrnor of Yasfn nntl kIcir-apparent A sister of I{~ilr~nat- ol Ch~trirl,n~arried- illn K11ir1 of 1Jir. (1) A eister of Mahnlnatl Slrnrif Klr611of Ilk. (2) A dnughtcr ofhis own unclc ShBr Afznl. - 2 Afznl-i-Mhlh . .. 19 (lovcmor of MastGj, mnrric d n (laugh- trr of Yusuf Ali l

3 Daughter ...... Married the late Pahlwtin of Yadn.

2: ) Daughters ...

6. 911611-i-Milk ,, 30 Governor of Dro~h. Marricll n ~listcr of Mahamad Sbarif Rbiu of Dir.

(2) 7. Bahrnm . 16 (Ioverrlor of Arkari, married to a Saiad- A Sailad Zdi ... zidi.

8. Wazfr i-M6lk ... 12 Has Rroz as a Jciyir, married to a daughter of the late l ahlw8rr of Ywin.

9. Abdul Rahmin ... 10

10. Abdul-Karim ICliQn. 7

11. Abdul Majid I

12. A daughter . . Married to Mitin GiJ of Swat.

13. A danghter .. ... Marricrl to Ali Yurdo'n Shtilr, ex-Mi'r of WaklrLn.

1 druglrtern .. . 16. .- - .------10 Hns ns 1. .jn,qir t!le 111:lill viclley fro~n (3) 17. ~mir-ul-M6lk ... . Narsnt to 13itl.gdin on the border of sister of tl~cI(l16n AsmLr. of As~ulir.

t 19. Murid ... over Governor of InjgRm, ~nnrriecl to n daught~rof Shill Abclul Knhi~n of 1 ( ZcbiL. (4.) 20. Guld~n ... 19 Has Airin rtrlrl IZdsli :IS a,ifcqir A I 1 ... I Married to a tl~tugllterof I

21, A Daughtcr Married to Mal~amadSl~nrif, Kllbl '" I (of Dir.

22. Ditto Mnrried to t,l~elate Mir Wali, the murderer of Hay~~ard.

(5) 23. Mah:~madSarwnr Khan

------Besides the 17 sons and 10 daughters enumerated above, there ale :3 infant sons and 14 dnugbters by various slave girls, one of these da~~cllte~.sis married to Hazrat Ali khin of Asinfir, another to Syad Abdul Hahim of Zebali. CHITRAL RIVER- The main drainage channel of the Cbitril Valley. From its source in Ghazkol to Rfast6j, it is known as the Ytirkhlin (9.v.) tllencc to Clritrdl as the JIastlij river, (q.?!.) and from Chitrdl to about As~naras the Chitr81 or TCi41kir River. Below Asn~Cr, it is best known a9 tl~eKunar. Its chirf trib~ttu.iesare the L6tliL river just above Chitril, the Kalnsh Go1 \vhich joins it ou its left bank at AiAn, the Harir Go1 on the sarne bank, and tlr~~Sl~ihhi (SI1ushai Dam) (Y.v.). There are Lridges at Chitr&], KCsu an11 DrGs, the first only is good for laden animals. There arc fairly pod nl111~roi~ds on each bnuk of the river as far ai Mirkani, but llelom this laden animals cannot he taken, moreover the Kafirs infest this part of the valley. The priucipal villages along its banks are Chitril, Br&, Aian and Dr6s. Hplo~vKKCsli the llills enclosing the valley arc! veiny fairly coverecl rni1.1~fore.-t but above that vill;lge, generally speaking, they are rucliy, steep, and arid.- HUI-row. ~I-IUGARI-L.~T. 35" 1l', LONG.74O 4.0'; ELEV.8,350'. A village of 21) or YO h~l~lseson the left bank of the western Gmnch of the Astor river. Tilis is one of the usual stages between the Ji:t.mri a11(1 Astor, but there is very little room for ~ucampingand R:it,tG is a, rn11c:h more convenient stage. l'lie vnllry is here very narrow and confined, aud in summer tlie place is very hot consiclering it c1evi~tion.-(li,~r~nlu). CHUMOlt K~X-LA.~.55" 47' 30", LONG.71' 50' ; EI,EV. 4,00lJ', A village on tl~eleft bank of the Cl~it,rilriver al~out5 1nile.j Lelow tl~eFo1.t of (:hit.ril. It is the jug;,. of k;liusl~K:IZLL~, one oE the Alehti~r'schiltlre.~,, and col~tainsnLout 120 houses. Chlilnor Kou means ' th? irou shoe ' in Chilri1i.-( Uul.row.)

DACHKAT- A nullah wllich joins the Astor river dose to its junction with tl~eInc111s. In t!ie map of Astor ant1 (3ilg1t it is e1.rnn~onslpci~lled tlie hTisilci11. 111 the lower part of its (:ourst! it is pent up by clius of 1-ocl; and cliay witl~o~rt a pa.rticlc of vegetation, and the heat in silmmer is extreme. Thc elevation at the month of the stream is about 4,P0O'.-(L'ari~o~o).

DADAN- BALSI-LAT. 36O SI)', LONG. ; Er,ev t A narrow valley which, conling from the east, enters the Yasin valley at Darkot, up this valley there is a, road to tlie Ashbliln;~n vallav, which is reckoned a two days' journey and is practic.:~ble for liorses. The v;~llcyis never much more than a 11und1,ed yarcls wide art the bdttorn, l~utin t,he lowor part of it there is a filir amount of cultivation. 'l'lirrc are t,hree small hamlets in the vnllry, 7;i.z. Gatanz, Sow:rri, Gurrneti, tlie last beill:' t,l~e,nost westerly. Lookir~gfrom a ]mint 2,500' above l)ar.lrot., tf~ewa,ter. shed a.pl,ea,rs al,oot 9 miles d~staut,,ant1 to Le n 1)roa.d level ))iniibuil, prol~al,l.~ 12,500' above the sea., a11d certainly over 12,000'. The road up tile v;l.lley al)pears fa.irly good.-(Hag.rozc). DAHIX4ATJ-LAT. 36' 12', LONG.7.1' 17'; ELEV.8,200'. A sma.11 village on the left Lank of the Ghizar river, most of the it11ia.bit- ants live in a miseraLle little fort, which is situated on a rocky dstaclletl moulld about 150 liigh. The prixipito~usides of this ~millencemould render the fort impregnable were it not comnlancled within easy rnuskc.t range from a plateau on the southern batik. Wal~iutand apricot trees art: nldmerous, and in the hed of the river there is a tl~ickjungle cjf birch and willow. 'I'he nmin road lies on tlie southern bank. The people of Dahi- ma1 are Dangari1is and speak tlie Sl~inadialect.-(Barrow).

]

1'3~5,arr(1 lout 2 I1 miles north of )':isin. It lies at tIlc 11eacI of tlre Warshi- gfim or Yasin valley on tlre north side of nu :~rnpl~ith~atresurror~nded by ~nount:~;usfrom 16,000' to 21),000' hiqh and \\at,csrPd by three large *tr~i~mswhich, uniting just, below Darl-ot,, form tile Yahiu river and vallry, Darkot bring on the lekt or eastern side of these streams. 'l'he village toll- tainq :tl~out~44 houses, half of which are close t,ogether, tile rest scatteled ill localities favourable for cuItlvat,ion. It was near a grove of trees in the gl(bu, :lnd at .z littlf*distance Lelrind the village, t,h;lt Hayward was murdered IJ~>fir 1Y:~liin 1872. Apples are the only fruit trees which grow here, but tilt: illow ow trees arc l):~rti~ul~~]~~line. TIle position of Darkoh is im- ~~l.ti~[lt,:IS Iwre t ;)c ro:~d J'roln t,lle i\slll;~rliot,. Tho path up is :~ttirst a very fair one, tllo~r~hstcep, and as tile 11~11hide is here covered with carth, no t1oul)t a good ro~dcor~ld r.abiIy 1,~ made. After about a mile and a half hre rock takes the place of earth, and tllc road becomes very steep and b~d. About half a mile f~rrtlleron ~:LSS(;arm Chashma, a 11 )t spring of a mile to the left of the road ant1 several hundred feet 1)elow it. ?'hc road now grts worse and worse, the Ia,st half m~lebeing alongside a gluier and ovvr the rocky and confused td(:llris of a lateral moraine. Tlli~ends al)ont 34 miles from tlie bottom of the hill, and here trav~ll~rsfrom the l-asin side g~~lerallycamp for tile night before cro~singthe pass. There is no firewootl, but the roclis afford some shelter. Prom this point the road strikes ol,liqucly across t he glncicr to the lateral nto~.ai~leon the west side, up whicl~it now goes for halt a lllile or so, leaving this the road ascends by an c~syslope up a snow lield to the c~estof the pass which is 15,000' lo love the sea, and ahout 5,000' al,ov~ hi.At the crest this snow field is bout r;Oo jmds broad, the moun- tains on either side being ahout 2,000' or 8,000' above it. Just beyond tllc crest a road goes off to the I iglit rnl~icll leads Ly a circixitous path to Sarhacl-i-IT'akhLn, this is known as the Sownr Sliili loute (q. c.) From the crest of the pass the ro:td to R:~roghilpresents the appearance of a s~nootll s11owfi~1dfr3m a 11aIf to one mile wide with an aver:rge gradient of only 4", 11~mm~tlin by 1)recipitous mountains from 13,000' to 7,OUU' above this snow fiflrl. The snow field gratlually devel;ll)s into a glacier and about 13 or 4 lnlles f om the crest the inoreasing widtll of the crevasses coinp~'1one 10 Irave the glacier and follonr the vqroc.lIllitl 011 I~otll~id(,~ of tl~c Yilrklllir~ river ie CILII~thc Dwht-i-Boroghil. The Bnroghil I'ilss ia of courae on tho ~rortl~siilu oE tl~crlvcr. DASHKIN-11.4~. 35" 28', LONG.74" 44l'; ECEV.7,900'. villawe alonf 12 miles bclow Astor and about a mile from the left A k. benk of the river. Thc country round is excessively bare, rocky and arid, hilt Dashkill t,he liill slopes are irrigated by one or two fiue streams nlld a coljsider,zl)le extent of terraced fields has Lecn brought under c~ltivati~~~, At Dashkin there are 25 honses, 4 water mills and a bulj-the houses are built of rubble and mud.-(Bur.~.ow.) DASHT-I-BAROGIIAL- Thc name applied to thc elevatecl pasture lands b~tweenthe Darkot Psy and Mrakliin, and includes not only tlie Uarogliil Pass (q. v.), but also the triangular ynhture land between the Cliatiboi stream and the Yhrlihan river. Its elevat,ion varies from 12,000' to 12,500'. It is coveled with thr richest pasturage and patches of scrul) jungle. Tvntc~r is plentiful. The Yirlilluu river which div~desthe Dnsht in two is inipassnble escel~t by the bridge arid this now (1Y85) is trol;eu down. The portion oE t,l:e IhvhL south of the YirI;l~liu river appears also to be known as the Cliatihoi plain. (vide Chatiboi).-(ljurro/o.) DASHT-I-TAOS-LAT. 36" 2:3', LONG.730 2.1'; ELEV.5,300'. A level alluvial plain about 3 miles long on 1 broad on the right bank of the Yasin river and just north of tlie NasbGr stream. On it are the traces of a fortified town, while the remains of irrigatinn channels show the place was once cultivated. There would be no diRiculty ill again bringing this plain under cultivation, as it can easily be irrigated from the Nasbh- Gol. Should it ever Le necessary to locate a force in Yasin, this would be the site for a cantcnment.-(Bat-/.ow.) DAYIN-LAT. 36' 22', Low. 37" 54'; ELEV.7,5C301. A small hamlet of 8 or 10 honses on the right bank of the -4sltliman river opposite Chatorkand. From here there is a road to the Yasiu v:dley Ly the Asumbar ravine (9.v.) hlanduri in the Yasin Valley is two long marches distant. As there is no bridge across the Ashli~mnnriver, the place is unapproachable in summer except Ly swimming.- (Sepoy Surr;eyor Nawabs Kh dtl.) DIGIRI-LAT. 3G0 44', LONG.7'1" 25'; ELEV.111,300'. A small Knfir settlement on the Ddrah Pass route, in Injpfrn between Gabar and Shill Siilim. It lies on tlie right bank of tlie I)l~rrill stream. The Kafirs who dwell here are Bashgalis who were driven out of the AlSlla- wai TITalley of Kaliristrin a few years ago. The colony only colisists of about half a dozen f:imilies, who lend a miserable existence, as millet is tllc only grain that will grow on their lands, 1)igiri is the highest h~Litatior~in Iujgim. There are no trees here.-(Bc~rl ow.) DIZG-Lxr. 36" 2Y1, Loso. 72" 15' ; ISLEV. 8,400'. A large village in Yirkhhll Yiin on the riglit bank of tlie river, and some little distance from it at the top oE a great fan. It contains prol>nLly 40 or 60 houses. It stauds near the entrance to the Khht Pass. Two miles I~elowDizg there is a rope bridge across the Yirklihn river.-(Bar~~ozo.) DONICH-L.IT. 3G" 35') LONO.72' 53' ; EI.F;v.8,750'. A small hanilet in E'lirkblin I3hli on the left bank of the river. Jt is situated 011 a plnteau a hundred fcet or more above tile river. A milo below D~nichthere is a rope Lriclge across the YirlihGn river.-(Unr.l*ow.) DORAFT pAss-1,~~36' 7', IAON~.; 7 1') 18' ; Er,~:r.IJ,SOQ.' , A lx~~~over tlic? liinrlli Khsli Letwc:~n Clritril an? Zaill,:ik, in ~n.r]a]~~lsh:ln, a;lllrtl from tlie f:~ct of two roads diverging from it,, one south t,o t,IlF! ~i~1~-Poshconnt,rv, the other nort,lrw:trrls to Zaib;t.l<. 'l'he 1)orLh Pns5 is I~ra"t'ic~.zbl~for laden ar~irnn!~,in slitnrneI., at all vents for five laonLlls (.Jll]re to Oct,ober) ~vlrilefor men on foot it is open for 2 or 3 months longpr. BlcNair in his rei*ontly prinlled confiilcntial report sa.ys, "I can safely pro- ncLuncbe it to be the easiest of all the rotltos lentling northwards from (%itr;~l, especially \vlien t,he feasibility of procuring supplies en rollkc is talien int,o conside~.ation. 'I'his opinion is :~hsol~~telycorrect. Now that a11 tl~epa.sses llave heen explc~rell,there can be no c~n~stionthat the Dorah is out and away the Lest, ~.outelletwcen Clritt41 and Hndit.Irhsl~dn. It is regulal-ly used by k,

r,tctic:~t)lecamel road. The ont! ~bject~ionto t,his route is its exposnre to Kafir ri~iils,Ibut of 1:l.t~years tliese Iia.ve ceased owing to the increased power of the Mehtar of Chitril. From Chitrid to Zebak is about 81 miles or 8 marches as follows :- Miles. I. Sho~oth .., ...... 13 2. I ... .., ...... 11 3. 1:avein ...... 7 4. Sh:lll S:~lirn ...... 10 6. T~:~ltcI)nlfcrin or Harlx-i-1)orah ...... 9 6. ~~ll~ll~~lasllt...... , ... 7. Sn11~1ic:li ... .,...... ,]32 7. %eb;lli ...... - Total ... -82 A detnilrcl decrription of th~sestngrs will be found in tllr 1:oute Book TPart 111). C;rn:~l.:llly spr:tliing, tlt~pnss ]nay, considering its elevation, ~JF! termetl an rnsy one. Pl'cst of l'ara1,eI; there are no tlifficulties to speak of' for latlen a.nin~:llsa.11d in tllp last S& miles, t,llc only steep pc,rt,ion of the I.o:I~, tlie :~ggregnteascrznt is only 5,300'. or less than 650', a mile mhicll gi\.es an avera.qy ?rat] ie~itof 4. 1u ascending. the pass a horscmnn need never tlisrnnnlit,. In fact :,I1 tlli! difficult,ic.sof tlle Dorlih routmelie between Para- bvlr ant1 Chit.rj1 a.ud these are dificult,ies whicll might e:tsily be remedied with a litt,le IaI~our,:IS it is only for want of bridging scarping and smooth- ing the road is a b:~d one. On the nort,:lern side the descent is stony ant1 in parts very steep. During the summer montlis, in fact as late as thc end of Stbpte~nl~ersnow is only met with just at the crest). k'roln (:llltrril t,o the Kobal tlie Dortih route 1ic.s up the vall~yof the LGt,k~ rit-l,r (,,.".,) to a mile oi two of the cr~stit may be defined as a dc.tilc between high bare rocky mountains. From Lalre Dufferin to ZeLak t,l~eroutme lies down the, Sanglich bra,nch of the Kokcha river, through a sirnili~rdelile. To save the trouble of reference t,he following extract is here given des- criptive of the stage Letween Sh611 Salitn and Lake Dufferin. " Just bevond Shjh Saliln ford the Uni stzeam up which there is said to be :L pat,h t&ning the Doriih. The ascent now commences in earnest. It is II(:~very streel) except here a,nd there, and though the path is a rough one, it is perlect!y for laden animals. At 1 mile pass a~rn~ir?~ gro~~~dlrnnmn n.s Knrolirz 1)eyon:l whicli firewoorl is vcry SP~~CC.At I+ nncl :1$ milLlsraspc?c.t,ivc-l,y pnss t>hernollths OF t,llt! a.nd Ustich V;t]ll,!3 (,II t,he oypc?$it,eriqht. side of t.11~river. Up these two valleys there nre f(,"t,- ]N~~,IIRt.o ilhllled Dzwina in Kafiristin. At li nli1l.s re:tcli tllr! iota1 (1lG,yO~)l) t:llp last l,\\~o'~nil~s being very stony. In sulnincl- the pass is fret? froln snow. tlesce~~tis vrrj- stony b~ltthe ground is open and thegrarIiclnts n:)t,t,oo st,epp for laden ani~nnls. At 1h miles from the crest, cross a sl~al],)~ tc,rrcllt flows down t.o the Ihuz-i-L)orih, 6 :I, mile l~ryonclt,!~c~-e is a \,c.l,y 9tec.p descent t,o t,he lake wl~ichis about 14 miles long ,rand nra.llv h nlil l)rc)a,d. 'l'hcr~! is room to encamp here but forilge and firewood a1.e ,> s(':I rce. ;\s r~g-~~lsthe ~nilitary aspoct of the Dor6h route, there can 'be lit,t,Ie dol1l)t th:~tit* is the ott(y otze lilcely to be nsrd for hostile purposes. It is, llo\\~c?\rc?r,a route e:l,sily defeiidetl. The passage of a.n enemy might I)e dipl~~l~rdat several pints. (2) At the crc?st itself, bnt this position migllt be I tcally t.~~rnedby t,he footpath which comes down tile Uni valley, it \\.o:lld ;,lso 1)e a diflicnlt psition in wliicl~ to retain a force on acccunt of t,he \valit of wood and forage ant1 the extreme cold to which a force there posted mould be esposed. (2) At the ea,stern cnd of the Parabek plain. a very ~t,rollgnatural position offerinn many advantages, but lia11le to be 5, t,nlner1 strategically l)y the Arl

EIIIR DTL-LAT. 36" 2') Tdo~a.71" 2s'; RT,EV.8,90'. A small h~lm~ton n ltnoll in the vnllvy Iendirrg up to the nor611 Pass, about two nliles brlom (;nb:~r. It is a miserwl)l~place devoid of trees. It lies op- posite the Gao Dara, a 13atli W.IY 1eaiIi11gillto Katiristan.-( Barrow.)

GABBR-LAT. 3G0 3') LOXG.71' 27' ; ET~EV.0,200'. A Cllitrali Fort on the Dol.Qh Pass route about 37 miles from Chilril and !I miles from tl~eDoiih Kotal. There is no village and the fort which lies on the left bank of the river was only built about 1880, as a protection against kafir raids from the %dig Pass. The fort is a square mud and boulder structure a!~out,50 yards squarr with towers at the an~les. It lies just opposite the mouth of the Zidig Pass. The valley about here is quite level for a couple of miles, and covered with low jungle of willow and birch.-( Barroto.) GAIRAT-LAT. 35' 40') LONG.71° I,'$'; RT,EV.4,650. A small village on the left bank of the Chitril liver opposite the mouth of the Barir Gol. It is situated on a plateau like promontory 100' or more above the river. It contains about 20 houses and is the private property of Bahrim one of the sons of the Mehtar. It mas formerly a Jugtr of the present Khin of Dir inherited from his mother a Cllitril Princess, but was bought by Bahram. Gairat is also known as Bibi Kala or Chargi-kot.- (Barrow.) GAKUCH-LAT. 36" lo', LONG.73" 60'; ELEV.7,200'. A village fort in Puniil on the right bank of tbe Gilgit river. It stand on a knob of rock about a mile from the river and 700' above it. This knob crops out of the stony plateau lying between the mountains and the cliffs which hem in the river. There is a considerable amount of cultivation about GQkuch, and fruit trees especially the apricot, are abundant. The poplar is also a common tree, Gakach is a cold windy place where snow lies for about tllrce months, only one crop is raised here. The place contains 700 or 800 inhabitants who all dwell within the fort,as the place is exposed to raids. G:lb.uch is 3 stages, abont. 4.0 miles from Gilgit, whicll it is connected by erecrable road. The position might be very stroug, alld it is an imports~tone, as it overlooks the AshkGman Valley, end thus cornmands both routcs from Yaain. T1w fort is astrong one and eoot,ains a spring within its walls. It is the residence of Raja Afiat IChGn wllose jurisdiction extends fronk H'upar to Grrrj6r. He receives a subsitly of Rs. 4*0 per 1nc.nscrn frcJrnthe Kashrnir Durbar. He is married to the foster sister of ltaj:l, AkLirr ~~1~5~ of Cher Kila (brew, Bir?duipA.-(ilu~1'0~1:). GANGALWAT PASS-LAT. (?), LONG.71' 35'; E~ev.1,400' (?). A. p:tss leading from K.6nnbSr in Kalasl~~limof Chit,ril to Luddell in I(afiriu- of tan. This route is not praclicablc for horses.-(I?&., om), GARKUSHI-LAT. 3G0 41' 30f', LONG.73' 27'; ELPV.9,750'. A Uanda of Darlcot on a narrow plnt8clnu on the right ballk of the Darkoh stream about a mile north OF t,lle Dilrbarld-i-Darkot (q.~.,). Here there a little cultivation (barley) ant1 good pasturage. Birch trees are llere plenti- ful and 011 account of the firewood thus afforded, this is usllally made a halting place between Darkot and Uaroghi1.-(Burrow.) GAltkl CHASHMA- As this means simply "hot spring," the name is applied to every place where hot springs exist. Thrre are four, if not, more places in the terri- tories of the Mehtar, wllel-e such springs exist. (1) At Shih Sttlim (q.~.,)OIL the Dorih pass a road from Chit,ril. (2) A mile or so above 1)rishp on the same road (tide " Izh"). (3) In the Yarkhlia valley on the left bank just above the mouth of the Kokin river. This is not a very hot spring, and one can bathe in it with comfort. A sort of basin of rooks about 10'in diameter has been formed for that purpose at the spot where it gushes out. Tlle water is strongly impregnated with sulphur. Its temper- ature is probably about 90'. (4) To the leEt of tl~eroad and aborit 300' below it, half way between Yzrli6shi and the Darkot Kot:il. This spring is so hot that one can scarcely bear ones iingrr in it.-(Barrow.) GhRTIGUL PASS-L~T. 36' 23', LONG.72' 13'; ELEV.12,820'. A pass leading from Dras&n in Mir~ilihoof Cliitril to the Tirich valley. It is practicable for laden animals. Starting from DrasLn, the.road goes up the glen on tlle north siclo of the fort, past several hamlets. At 3 miles it reaches the open hill side, which it ascends by an easy gradient the ground being- free from rocks and soft going. kt 6 miles reach the crest which is about a hundred yards broad, and flat. From the crest there is a steep descent of about 34 miles to the village of Waring in the Tirich valley (Elev. 9,000'). Although hocses can be taken by this route, they never are, as they are of no use in the upper part of the Tirich valley.- (Sub-S~crveprBapi Jddu':) GASHT-LAT. 360 iel, LONG.72' 30' ; EI~EV.8,500'. A village in the LLsprir valley of Dirdistin on the left bank of the river. It consists of two hamlets about half a mile apart, the lower one being much the larger. The two together contain about 50 houses. About a mile below Gasllt there is a low isolated knoll which blocks the view down the valley and forms an excellent defensive positions.-(Bu~.row.) GAZAN-LA=. 36' 36', LONG.72' 6s' ;ELEV. 8,090'. The highest inhabited village in Mastlij or Kashliir Bili. It is situated about 2 miles up the Gwnriver. TIle Mrlllall the following account of lit : " The first village met with on the Yasin route is Gnzan, st the distance of 21 milrrr; the road keeps to the river's dge on the left bank, aud is diffi~ult for bolses durinF summer, wllen the water is high, hut easy ennugh dllring \\rinkera Gnzan 1s in the Yirkhlin District,, and consist 6 of 2O ho\lsps, Owing to t,lle severity of the weather, th2 people leave it during minter for localities on the Yiirlrhhn or Jlastlij River. Wheat and barley are grolvn, and the apricot is about the only fruit to be had. The mountain 8101es on either side are grassy, but have only a stunted tre~growt,h." Tllere is a bridge across the river at Gazan which is 12 paces lowg.-(The ill~c/l,,R,17lcA'ai~.) GENDAI-LAT. 36" 18', LOYG. 73' 26'; ELEV. 7,s' 0.' A small village in I'asin on the left bank of the river ; it consists of about a dozen houses with a profusion of fruit trees about the village. It is the lowestinhabited place in the Yasin valley. The road from it to Roshnr, is not practicable for beasts of burden which must be talien via" Gupis, and *in summer 2. cd Kl1alti.-(Ba~.row.) GHIZAR on SHINAR-L.IT. 3G0 11') LONG. 72' 52' ; ELEV.10,000'. A village in the Gliizar valley of DQrdistQn. It is a straggling place with about 80 or 100 houses in all. There is also a miseraLle fort, well situated however on the top of a rock in the centre of the valley. Tlie village lies on the north side of the valley. Tile river spreads out into innuineral~ltt channels just al~ovethe fort, and tlle whole centre of the valley is marsh land covered with low jnngle. Opposite Ghizar tbe IJshu nadi joins the main river. The only language spoken at Ghizar is Khowar. The 1IQkim of the Ghizar sub-district (q.~.)lives hew. Ghizar is surronnd~dby an ampliitheatre of mountain+, and is evidently on cold lake bed which the river now enters by a narrow gorge. Shivar is the, Shiri name fur the place.-- (Barroiu.) G IIIZAR- A river in DQrdistin, which rises in the mountains south-east of the Shan- d6r lake and after an easterly conrse of 70 miles or so falls into the l'asin.or IYQrshigGm river near (36pis. In the upper part of its course, i.e., above Terh, the hills are falrly open, the valley bei",g about half a mile wide, and there is a considerable amount of grazing ponnd, and low jungle in the river bed. Uelow Terti it enters a nnl row gol.ge, from which it enters the ancient lake Led in which Ghizar is situated. Leaving this, it flows throng! another gorge and enters the Paudir lake. From the lake to its junction wlth the Yasin river, it flows in is praclically a narrow defile between stupendous rocky mollntains. Tlie principal tributaries of the Ghizar river are the stream from the Shandlir lake, the Chamarkand stream, the Chakabwat, tile Ushu-a very large dream, the Barkliti, the Chashi, the Ballutar, and the Ralti. The chief villages along its banks are Ter6, Gbizar, Andarp, Barl&ti, ChaShl, Kasbam, Ylngal, Dahimal, Khalti, Jinjrot. The road lies along its left bank far as Ghlzar, below Ghiz:~rit is on the rigllt bank. Below Pingal this road is ertrenl~lybad, but still it is used by Inden animals. The river is crossed by rope-bridges at Pingal and K]lalti, there is also a bRdge jlnt below (3hiz.r. In winter there are temporJry wooden brid~s erecntd'(1 ')el~wJln~rot, and at oue or two ot,ller places. wood is very the valley uf this river, axce1,t at Langar, tihlzar, Dnhimd the villages tliere are fruit trees and poplars, h.rt on the molint,aio sirleq nothinc but a few stunted, junipers. Tho elevation of the valley varies from 1?,000 to 7,300.-(Barrow.) c;HIZAR DIsTICT- ~h~ whole of the Ghizar valley, as far down as Pingal, is included in the (;hizar district, wliich is subordinate to t5e Governor of Mastrij, the district of Gltiznr is undera I-Jikim, thr present (13%) men heing Raltmatllrl:~ Khin. K110\var or Chibrili is the 1;lnguag.e spolren throughout the Jistrivt 'I'he vill:~gesin the district are '11er6, Ghizar, Andarp, Barlrlihi Chaslli. The total population is probaLly under 3,000.-(Barrow). A district of Dardistin, of which the chief fort and village are situated on the riglit bank of the Gilg~tRiver, 24 miles above the Indus. It combines the adrantages of a central position, a gootl climate, and a considerable extent of fertile land. It appears from ancient times to have been the seat oi a succession of rulers, who, to a greater or less degrre, exercised authority over tlie surrounding valleys and stztes. a The ancient name of the place was S,~rgin. Later, the name of Gilit wa. given to it, and this has been changed to Gilit by the Sikh and Dogra conquerors; but among the inhabitants it is still knnwn as G~litor Sargin-(Slit. Its identity with the Gahalata of ancient Sanskrit literature has been suggested. A few remains still exist of ancient stone buildings, app,~rentlyof the same description as thp Martund and Pandrethan temples in Itenlirely sust:li~~rdon rice grown it1 Iinsl~lnir. Th,. i.~p this is n llcnvy ~:LS on t'h~I\Lasllnlir treasu~y,and altopfller tile oecu- I~;l~ic~~~of Gilgit costs :L~OII~27,( OU per nn1111111. ('oloncl 'J!allr~cl* rn:llies the following r~rn:lrlrs rrrvrrtling trie vegctnt inn ? I',IIII;~ nborl t Gilgit : " 'l'ile 1)rucil cc~dnrI havc foanll cont i~~uorlsl~fro111 14:400 fc~utilo\\.n to G,OW feet. At nloli.h;~,8,000 feel drove the scrt, ne:rr llinn.\v:lr, I fo1111tlone specilnen with a girth of30 J'PP~. The 1'iiltl.v P.~CI~Z.YJ h;~sn more li.~nit,edr:lrlgc?, as it cro\vs only I~~tween9,500 :111tl 1:!,000 f~~t. The t1eotl::r docs not ~I.OIVill Gilgit.. The ~r1il)leline, or cht/go.z,/, grows ill Aslor. It is :~l.sofo~rnd rouutl Chaprot, and thick forests of it ,yrow Sost I)elo\v (;or, :~nrlnild grn~llyto the ~)ic*turesqaenl)pe:l.mncc of tll:lt, scttlernerl t,. Ot,hcrwisc!, tl~csI~l)as, which nrc too dry to sol~portother vegct,;ltion, mo~~ld I)c br11\v11 nut1 hrnt u'p like all the low ranpcs round Gilgit bcl~w9,000 feet,. The chilgo:l~ m:~yLe s:~.itlto extend from 7,000 feet to ncar1,v IO,OOO. 1'll~el~i~~ch is very cclmlnotl tllroughout Gilgit a11t1 grows as high up as 12,500 feet. The upper limit OF vegetation nl*ound Gilgit is ~~rettyeou- lal lit at 1G,2OU fcet, tvllere, in fniroura.lle situ:~tions, ;L few 11ardy fl(~wcrs and co:~rsegrass may be me(; with. Above this the rocks are stained milh lic*h,)us. I

(Ilrcc faccbs :Ire sllryo,llltleJ 11~tlil-cl~ is' or .A' clecp \\-l~iclr (::III be Iloc)tlttc1 (11) elllc,l-K:.ullcy.TIle ~utcy of t l~c.fort u1.e 2 b' 11i~ll:I 1111 \vl~t.l.t: ~liel.c.c-,l I)y CI1,~I.;I,SUrPS,namely at tile b:lstions :%re5' tllicli, tl~e11:11.:1l)t~t, \r:~lls I~C 24 t!liclr and arc lool)holed. The a~-malnentof the fort currsists of- 3 L~assmoantail1 ~IIIIS. 1 ,, gun of ,l,ohitiu~~.

, 8 sher-6uc.hi~s. In 1885 t,lre g:trrisol~ collnistcd of $80 iuf;rr~try :III(] So ni,tillelmy,taho latter \vitll ;Lbullt -1.OU of tllc inf;';lulry arc: (l~:~~L~~~c~~willlil~t.11e 101 t. Gilgit fort, tl~ougha solt 01 kfctz compnrccl with the ot htur fr~rtqin Drirdistin, is incap:~ble of resisting an at,t:~ckby an enemar :rln~ctl with ritled aitillcry. It is comyl~tr1,ycomlnanded at a distance of l,.'>C) y;1ltls frum tlie Uiumas plateau wh~cli is 520 feet above tlie foit Ievrl. 'I'hp precil~itous111nunt:~in wall on the left bank of the river alho ~o1nlrlrtt.l~ overlo~li~it, alltl riflemen placed liere mould soon cleitr the ~j:rrap~tnof itu rlefen(1ers. I11 1371 the fort was partly destroyed by an eu~tllrlu;~b~, but II:IS si~cebeen rel~uilt. The vill,~geof Gilgit is on the right 1):1illi ol the river, with tile fort in its midst. Here the cultivated ground is not p,~ttof tl~ei'nn of :i side stream, but is a flat plain of river alluviu:n, 30 feet or 40 feet above the \\rater. The cult,iv:~tioncovers 2 sc1u:lre ~nilesor so, tllc! ir- rig:Ltiag water co1nil)g from the nearest side stream. 'l'llc houses, \r liich are ilat-topped, are scattered over the pl~inin twos and threes among groups of fruit-tre~s. And there is no regular 6n,-a1*or any large coll~c- tlon of houses. There are, I~uwever,a few shops close t80the fort, which sul)plj the wants of the garrison. The only other builtlings of nc tc are t l~t!bung:llow built for BI:l jor Dicldulph, and a sinall hospit:~l for the u.0

oC the garriso~. ) ulation of Gilgit, exclusive of the garrison, is prob;r\~lyabout 1,000,rJ heexc usive of the neighbouring hamlets of Khomar, .I utiil, Barnx~s,Naupilr, and Basin, which together contain about 4 00 more. The cultivated grouncl belonging to Gilgit proper extends for about 21 milvs along the river, and is fruin 4 a mile to a mile in width. Tl~eirrl- gation channels are fed chiefly from the Iiergih river. The princip:~l cro1)s wheat, rice, ar+d b:trley. Cotton too is lnlg~lygrown. Giapes, al)ricots, aud ~nulbcri~sare the most coinlnon fruits. The soil is very good. As for climate tl~ereis no dvubt tlrat the place is healthy. 'l'he air is very dry and tliere is little ur 110 rain In winter the cold is never very great an11 snow seldom lies for more tlmn a Sew liouis. In st1mrnt.r the heat is grc.:~t, owlrig to tlic bare rocky mountains on either side ol: the v:~lley, still it IS very be:rral,le compared wit 11 the heat of 11ui tllerii India, pelhays, it inny be best com1);lred w~thAbbotab:rd. 'l'hcie is a telegraph statioil in the fort. -(BLirrvlo.) C1 LGI'I' (TEIISIL)- 'I'he (Zilgit tehszl, or Iluku as tl~elocal authorities c:Jl it is a sub-district of the G~lgitprovi~ee. Besides Gilpt proper, it embra(-es tlie vill,lges uf Jlinawar, Yakwar, Dainyir, Jhtiril, Iiholn;ir, lhrm:~s, Nanpfir, 13asi11 13xsin Piill ant1 IIiuzal. 'l'lle tot,al population is prolal)ly aLuu t 2,UUU.- (liak3hz ~111~11~~~~) GITJA'll'TI-LAT. 36' 23' 30", LONG.73' 24,' 30" ; ELRV.8,400'. A e~n:illvilhge on the left bank of the labin river, about 2 miles above Tasin.-(Uurrolu.) GI? LAi:IrI'I-L~r. , LONG. ; ELEV. A pretty little village on the right Lank of the Gilgit river. The place reems rrcl~lycultivate(1. 1'ille.- ant1 otller fruit treev ;we pl(:tltifnl. From C;ulln:~ti tl~rrcis a l.o:~dup t llc Gul~n:~tiraviuc to Uarei.-(U~ir~~ozu.) (; \'TiII I~~--I~AT.Slio 13', Losc. 72" 7'; EI.EV.8,?,:01. A YL.:I~l~arr:( vill:~~~:ill (jIlil.~.:;l,sit11nt.erl :~l~out,2 & ~nilesme~l of thc river. It IIY~i11()11~ t IIC SIIII e2 ~~1':I 11, ell ravi11c I;~IO\\ID ;IS t,llc G111cir Gal, m1(1 I~~Is the rel~lt:~tit 11 ()I' :ro\\.illK n1ol.c corn t II:III :~ly;)l:tCe ill Chit,rlil. Never1 he- ~SSIt is n cl~ce~,l;.:slil:icr \\,it1 1#1;1~.!~ol,l.:r~ ;uull a Ie\v stulltcd fruit trees htout it. It contains about 50 hoiises. The Lest road from CLitriI to nri,all lies tbrongli Gukir.-(Barrow.) OIJLhN D GOL- A tl,iI)~~tnryof the Mastlij or Chitril river, which joins that river on its ]eft, I,;lnli about a mile above Kogazi. The main road from Masthj to Chit lil crosses this river, which in summer is unfordable. It is then crosqe(l by il lmle-lrid,rre about 20 yards long and very shaky. The Gulnnd Valley is al~ont2ri mlles long, and its grne~uldirection ie south-west. Tliis valley i, ol' some strateglcal ~mporlanceon account of the direet comlnunication which it offers between Cliitril and the Sar Lispur valley. From Chiirjl to Rall~njnilia" Mnstlij, it is 7 marches, but by the Gulaud valley the distance map be done in 3 or 4 marclies at most. Kot Daffadar M:ll~amadNnwiz KlrCn surveyed this valley in September 1885, and gives the following account of it : The Kotal was covered wit11 snow, and snow lay all over the ground for the first six miles. At about 84 miles down the valley a fihe deodar forlst commences. At 15 miles one reaches the hamlet of Skur (-4 houses), while on thc opposite (left) hank is Shamkan (6 houses). Prom Sliamkin a road goes up a ravine to Madalash. There is another road to hladalash leading from the deodar forest about 5 miles above Shamkin. A mile belom 6k6r the road crosses to the left bank by a narrow bridge across ~liichanimals can with care be taken. Below this the road is very stony and bad. At about 21 miles I valley opens from the south in which there is a good deal of lorn jungle, at 23 miles Galand, n village of 80 ho~~sessurror~nded by cultivation and fruit trees. Here the road crosses again to the right bank. Belolv Guland the valley becomes a gorge. In the last mile of this gorge tlie river has to be crossed and re- crossed 5 times. Cattle can with care be taken across the bridges at these points, but they oscillate a good deal. Prom the above account and from local evidence, it would appear that the road up tlie Guland village and down to Raliinan is practicable for the ponies of the country, but not for ordinary Indian mules and ponies. At its mouth the valley pr~!sents the appearance of ,z narrow winding gorge bounded by p~.eciptious bare cliffs hundreds of feet high nothiug could indeed be milder. At its mouth, the Guland Go1 is about 5,500' nbove the sea.-(Mahowzad ATawaz Kha'n, Barrow.) GUPIS-LAT. 96" 14', LONO.73' 28'; ELEV.7,250'. A village opposite the moutli of the Yasin valley. It stands in a mass of fruit trees. In winter the Yasin river is fordable close to the village. The inliabitants are Dangariks, speaking the Shina dialect. There are about 15 or 20 houses.-(Barrow). GURIKOT-LAT. 35" 17'; LONG.74" 53 ; ELEV.7,800.' One of the principal villages in the Astor valley. It lies about 7 miles soutll of Astor on the left bank of the river. It consists of 2 or 3 hamlets which with their fields extend over more than a mile of ground. The so-called fort is 3 miserable bnrj of rubble and timber. The Polo ground offers a good camping ground.-(Harr~w). GIJRJB on GORJOR-LAT. 360 lo1, LONG.730 54'; ET.EV.6,400'. A village fort in Puni61 on the left bank of the Gilgit river, just belom Gd

11) ~~~ll-L.~r.3G0 31' :30", T,osa. 73' 07' ; Er.ev. S,iFOf. A saLt,terctl village of 20 or 30 l~nnsesnn t,lie rig1lt, 1):1111< of ih~ I':~S{IIrivc,r, aIlollt 3 miles n.hove Rn1.1inlt.i. Apricot nntl ol)l)le trws n.rc :I.~)IIII(~:III~, here. Al,c,llt a mile :~l,ovo lI:ln(lilr t,:~l'nsfli river is crosscd 1,) n s11;11,3; pole 1)ritlge :ib>)lit25' lo~lg.-(N~zrro!r,.) 11 A KC I-IIN-LAT. SGO 8', LONG.7:2O :iO' 30" ; 15r.a~.9,250'. A vill:~ge 011 the right bank of tllc S:L~LbspGr river in D;il.dist;in, al~ont I:%iniles :~bove hlist,Gj fort. The !)1:1ce cont-,:~.il~s:rl)ont 100 house., n~~tl t11el.e is n consider:ll)le nmonnt oE oul~i\.n.tion; also n fair qun.nlity of l'!,uit, trees. It is tile largest village in the L:ispiir valley. Jnst Lelow it t,l~c~rc is a bridge across tlle,rnain r~\ler.-(Rrrri~ow.) I-IAI~C[I(>-LAT.35" 27', Losa. 74' 50'; Erm. 7,700'. A village on the left bank of the Astor river :~boiit 8 miles 1)clnw Astnr. It contains 20 or SO housee ant1 is the jrigir of the 1t;ij;i of Astor. TllP Hnrcho torrent, though only 2 or 3 feet deep, is nlinost impossible for animals to ford in summer, it is crossed by a bridge about 20' long.-(~rarroro.) HAT0 Pfli-LAT. 35" 33'; Loxa. 74' 41' SO"; 15r.~:v.10,234'. A great spur froin Nonga Parlmt, wliicb j~itsont nortliwwds, and forms 3 eort of promontory I~etweenthe Illdus :~ndAstor rivers. Tile road from Astor to Rimgllst has to cross t.l~isspur, nn? this ceriai~ll~is tl~eworst ]'art of the whole ro;ld to .(;ilgitj. k'rom the ~let~orriver to thc l~ighesl point which the road reaches is an ascent of quite 6,UOO feet and the z~gz:ig road is very steep and rough, the \\.hole hill sitle being a mass of rock nlltl shale. The descent takes 1:idcn animals about 3 hours, anrl t,lle ~~S~.:LIICP froin the top to Rim GbGt is 5 or ti miles. In si~n~m~rnothing coultl I)e more trying than the assent of t.liis hill, as there is nrither shaclc nor \vnt,er rtt ~~oztle.As ma'y be supposed, from thc snmn~ita very tinc view of the 111tlusValley is obtainable. A new road 11:is bern made which rllns along the lower slopes of the hill, hut t,hie it slq)cn.rs is sel(l(1111in n fit state for use as landslips frequently destroy it. If Britisli tronps ever I1:~ve to nse this route, efforts ought to be made to rentlcr it prnct,ical,lc before hand. 'l'lle road sllown in the map of ' Gilgit and Astor, ' 1 83%)is the now disllsed ' 11ew road.'-(Barrow.) II..\U~-I-DORAEI- Vide " Lake Dufferin." NINZ-4L-LAT. 35' 68', LONG.74' 14' 30"; ErJF,v.5,150'. A sma.11 hamlet on the left bank of the G-ilgit river xb3ilt S above that ~lnce. It only cI~r~t,:lirlnnhut 3 or 10 hoosCs, but is usually ilintle the first stage out of (;ilgit.-(Ntrrrl,,~.) ~II!AL~'I-LAT. 36' ?6', ~SG.73' "1' 3(,";llllI1. {Jj)

ljlis stl.c.:lln, two nr t,I~roc't,l10il4:11ld I'ect nl 0t.e IIfip:~r,ti) .re;ire {,te;L~c5S

lnrgo r*ltlrmcnt ill t,i~nuscon(+ 1)~. JIIS~short, ou ~II'I;I:II.,on t 11~1(;;ili6,!,, t,hl~l,p1s 3, vrry di~iicnlt, l'nri \vl~ic~hrnicllt c:lsil,y Ile cl)(,of I:~lndn!(lmcn ng:linst any nunibtr. l'ilk article " II~rj)arl'Iiri."- ( H,/rl~o,o.) 11 \ip.\[t 1'11 RI-LA,~.36" 1 G', TJOSC;. 73" -15'; ELEV. A sl)lIr nn tl~eri~lit I):inIi nf t,lle Gilgit river, betwc:c:~ Gx1ific.h anrl ]tosll:in, arid al)c,tit a in~lcshort of IIupnr ((I. 71.) 'I'his is oiie of the most, dillic.ult 1)l:lcc.s on the wrlole road between Gil~itn.nd Cl~it,:,;il. ~t 7) miles froln (;Ali~'~c!: 1he ro;d llifn~.cnt~~s,tllc lower p;~tllis fit onli- for ~i~chn011 foot, ant1 is ill yl;l.~rsyery d:~~n~crous-cleStsin the l';rcbt! of tlic? rc~cl~h:,vc, t,,) cl.clssecl l)!. cl;;rnG?l.i~igup tiotcllccl Lrams pl:~crrl ol)liclllc~lv n.:lll to 1 This ~uthmlnds al@,ngthe c'1il"Es nt val-yiug Ilci~h[.sfrl,rn ttlu ri\.er lrl\.el I(,.',c!u' :~Ll)veit. 'I'he othcr p;~this just ~l~*nc~t,icat)lefor I;l,lell porlic:s 1)11t.is very st.ery nnrl ~.ocliy. It riscs a gootl t,housJuil feet :il,ove the river aud goes o\.er,n sl~onlclcrCI~ the cliff.-(Birrl,o?c.)

TYIT on IR~\S.\T-II IT. ;Go 82' 30", Losc. 7.3" 53'; I?T,RV. Q, 400'. A \ 1ll:lge io the Iinr~~rnh;~ror Rslililiinan V:~llcy of I):ir(li-t:in OII tllc Ic~ft, h:i~ikol' tile Iuhes, ooe-for~rth nT tlla inhabitants LOIII~,\\rnkl~i refugees who s~ttletl here ir~1\83. or Fi miles aLove 1 mit is 13il1ha1iq,a sumlller village, tlie -'.(~rduud ror11111 wIiictl is cl~ltivated by tlies? \l'nIillis. From Gurjli to Inut tlie road is ens?, except in srlmmer wben lio~~sesinnst he swum round ~rojrctin~sl),lr..: in two pl:~ces. lionrtren nlilcs bej-ond Inlit the route np the v:l]]ev is closed by n gl,icier. Tllis glacier n very nnce!.t:~in onc, nr~d:it times ol;clns, rnh(1u tra\,ellers mav procecd, either to Irilsl~p and Andnrti the only vilInges nrR nl;ji, Jl lil;.ll, alltl lrnhgin. OE tllc tril~ut~nryvalleys the only two wllic*Il n1.e illl1:ll,ile,l are hlnrdin nncl Ijag6slit Gal. The total populatiotl nf TnjFr;;im I,() at 3,000 souls. Tllc inl1al)itnnts are rnohtly JInnjAnip, Fl)cnl;ing tho. Tidg&h 1ang11nge and 1)elonging to the ;\laulni or l{:lfiLi sc,vt. Fruit trees are rommon in the lower part of Injgrim, aiid ale folInd 2s far up as Uarzin. B:trley and millet are the l~rincipalgrains.- ( liar~orrs.) IZIT-T,,4,r. 35' hg', T,os~.71" 36' 30"; ELF:T.7,100'. A vill;~gein Tnjgirn on the Dorrih Pass routr about 14 nliles nhove Dr&shp. Jt lies on 11otlr 11anlisol' the Lfitl6 river, and is well wooded, wit11 fruit trees. I(,c.ont,nins nl)out ,10 l~onsrs,n 1)ridge connrcltjs the two lnnlts. Jzh, on the south b:~nk,lies at the month of n t111e v:~llry-the 13:1g1Psht Go1 (q. v.), 111, wl~ic.lris the route to the Shlii Pass (q.r..). 4 a mile east of Izh on Il~e lrft 11ank arz some famous hot springs. The w:~teiis led into n hut in \v]iich t,hrru is a tank to reccive it. Tile t~mperntureof the water iu this tank is about 11 OO.-(Barroza.)

JI'NI)!!OT on JIXJ.~ROT-~AT. 3G0 Id.', LONG.73' RC,' 30" ; ELEB.7,800'. A vill;~geof n11ol;t 15 holises near the riglit bank oE the G hizar river a~ld aLont 300' above it. Its ficlds arc irrigated by a, stre:~m from the so~~th- mest. 'I'llerc are a few fruit trecs and pod lV;lter, 11r1tit is not a pleasant stage bein? a windy place. The people speali the S11inadi:llect. 111winter l,l~ercis a bridge across the Gliizar river just below Jindrot,, but in summer the only means of crossing is the rope bridge opposite Kha1ti.-(Barrolu.) JIIOPIJ-L.i.r. 3(i0 3;' 30", LOXG.72' 55' EI.EV.8,500'. A village in Kashliar Bdi, wllicli is thc higliest inhabited place in the main valley, wit11 the escsptioll of a tiny hanllet of 2 or 3 houses n:lmed Tirl~ht,about 10 miles further up. Jhopu is a treeless place of about 1O or 12 houses 1 mile above Jhopu the road to Gazan and the Tai Pass brnrlclies off.- (U~I~I~U~U.) JINJOltET-LAT. 35" 32', LONG.7 1' 49'; ELEV. A rillage on the right 11:ink of t,lie Chit,rril river just below DrGs. The valley bellitid it, known as tlie Jinjoret Gol, is part of Kal:~shglim, but Jil~jorctitself is inh:tbitcd Ly a M~usulmnnpol)~~lation.-(barrow.) JOGEIUR-TAT. 35' 49', Losc. 71e50'; ELEV.4,900'. A village on the left bank of t,lle Chitril river a couple of inilcs below the Chit~ilfort. It consist,^ of two hamlets about n mile apart,, the ' nortliern one of n~liicllis ltrio~vnas Dosha Khel. The two together conk~ina1)oul 1.N houses. Joghhr is the jogir of the brothers Innya.t, and Wal':ld:~r Khrin, two leading wazira in Chitril. Opposite JoghGr there is a ford in winter time.-(Barrow.) JUTIAL-LIT. 35" 54', LONG.74' 23'; ELEV.5,300'. A small llamlet in the Gilgit vnlle~2 miles east of Gilgit fort. It only contains about 16 houses, but it overlooks the whole of Gilgit and would hc a good site for cantonirig troops. It gets, its water froin the Khomar Nala. There arc several water mills ct Jutia1.-(Barrow.) I;,\cII I':N P.\SS- LA*^ 36" C7', Tlosa. 72" 30'; T

ll;lssha~.sn?t, I)c!rll ~i.~cdfor In:ln,v yr:rl:<, t,ho I.o:I,~1111 to it. 11thi11; t.l115r-,lIrv :I" i~l~~xts~c~,l)Ic!xlacie~.. It is Iligh(!r th:~ntllc: TTchli, :In 1 ll;.!ver c,,lll,l h;lve 11:1,cl1n11ch to rc?conll)lenl it.-(Sir(/-S/~/.r-,-~rJ3AP1~ ./ti,/,;.) KilL.i N;lC;E-I AU- LA,^. 3j0 23', 60~~;.71' 17'; 1Sr.c:~. il vill:~gt:nn.1 fort on the rixlit I,:III~ of tl~eCll~il,~.;il ri\.cr. Tile f111.t is sit~latedon :L low roclry ku,)ll :In 1 l)~.esentsn ~nwtl)i(.t,~~~'e~c~~~t! :11)1,,~;1r;I,l(~e. 'l'11el.e is a fir nmnnnt of c:~~lti\- tior or^, :In 1 tlle ~)l;~,-.el)~at)l~:~l)l,,, c.c~~l~i~~~ nl~out2(J or 30 ho11~t.s. The in!~alltant,sapl)(::lr to Le as gootl tcrlns \\.illl tile K:~lirp- (l;ur~.ozo.) K.11~4PANl- 11 t,ol,rrnt, n-hich join: the K:lnlri Darn nlen~it G ir1i1r:s n ~thnf th(1 At t,he juml,tion there is :L very gnod en,-;ilnl,:n: grolln I. I<'or:~yt! 1 fir:~~voorll)le~nt,ifnl. Tlie ,stre:lm whicli is :tko~~t2U' bro:~:l is r.)llgIIIy bridged. Ahhough the Kil:~Phi is the les~el-slrl~:lln of the two ttle iu11i~Lit:lntsapply the n,lme I

is [:1111y est~nsivewhile for;lge and wood are 1)l~~ntil'ul.'l'lie l~ol~leI1(bre s11c:tk Chit,rdli :Imong tl~emselves,whilr: bel~wIculkatak Cliitnili is very lit.1le sl)ciLen,- (:lla/cczurnii A~liiri'ii,Bo~.l.orc:.) KSJI IiI-Tl.i*r. 313 AS', Low. 7.1.' 5s'; Er,~cv.13,160'. A 11;lss bt?t~vernthe Illirzil valley ol' G11r:lis ant1 tl~cAstor vallpy on tIlc? li:~,hlnil,-G;l~:troall. After crocsing the iv;~tersl~etlt,lre rdute l'oll~ws1llu \vest II 1jr;111cl1of t,l~e11stor river t,hro~tg!~H.attG Chlig;im. This ro1.11e is li~~;~ctic;~lIc i'ur I;I~ICII ;:~~iln:~ls,a~rtl is rl~olt~crand, on tl~e\vl~ole, eaier tlr:ln tllnt, 11~7tile I>,iril;un Pass (/l.v.), 1)11tit is closed by snow fur nc.:uly six IIIOII~~IS,111;itis :I l)e\v \veal;:: 1,tngc.r tL:!u t,l~cotllc,r route. In lSSj {he ~~;~~mv:~~~loecclby SII: I\. till July, but t,hc SII~Wfall n.;~s :11111~:111i:11. 171(:ill I;:I ngl;l. in t 11e U:11,zil \r:~lley t l~ereis a st~~epascent oT c!\fc3r:3,cllro' to thr' first litlgr, t,hc hill side I~eing11,are of t,rec.s, bltt clotllccl I I itIIISII~I I. lhe rind tilcn \vilr[ls in :~ntlout, up nn(l do\\rn :I, r\Iss t llc s11r11.sf1.o111 t,lw G:~tun~ior C;c.t,.:rn:i~,:~~ndunt~ai~ to the crrst OC t\~e1iu1nl.i riilGr \vlriclt is n nrtbll ~n:lrlieddc~l)rclssic~n in t,ll~'r;tnge, 4 n mih! I'ron~tht! crest, thc r.)ntl desen~lsliy a, zigz::g down :I st,chrl) r:t.virte to the ;II. The Inss is not n. dificl~ltc)rle wlren c1e.1r of sn,)\v, IIII~ 1111tlersonw it crlt;ii~~lyis very tlitli~ulti1l1lec.d. It is tll nriles from Gul.:lis . . t.o C;~.ril;ot of ,4~t,~1,,.In t l~eC-;ilgit~-h~t,,)r m 111 this I):ISS 1s ~IVPIL;L sccc,nd 11:111!e, Yl;ij~li:!r~pn,~vl~ich io :ncorrect. At*all events Kn1nl.1 is tlru clrlly 1lall:e one ht~3rs.-(11i[1.rutu.) li:\Jllil D:,Ii,-l- A L1.:111clrv:~llsy c~f tho Ast r v:~ll(:y of T<:~sl~l~~ir,which may ir~f:~ct he oil1I I tst1 I I At1 It C~II~LI.~IIS;IIIOIII~ 1 i~esit: to tii~tl l~li~~l:tit~~ of LI~O sols 1 Dclrtls SII~;I~<~II~t11~Slli11:~ (li:~lect. lh~t,l~Sillis :111cl S11i:ts :ire I.C~)IW~II~~~,l,t~t ie~t~tieIpt~ee I tost is I Ilove. Tile Sh~~issll:ivc,s tlleir hends, ~\~l~il,~t h~ St.i:~s \vcnnr tlleir Irair ltlng. l'lre 1nc.n c!e!igI1t ill I I stTheir :lrrns ccin~p~.isesn.cll.tls an11 nlntcl~locli~,And b~l\vs

I r Illere is no fruit in the valley, except the rnu1ben.y. ' 1Vl1c;lt :~rltl~t~ctnl~lel; only arc g,rronrll. The cold is extreme in winter and from I)ect~url,erto JI;1rc.l1tlrc 1)eople are co~iiit~edto their Ilouses. Wood a~id watcr 3r1'plerl~if~~l. ALo\-r ltattli the valley gunrl*nlly spe:~liing is f:lirly open wit11 plrnty nF good Iclr:tge, but. 1)elow Il:~ttilit gets conti~red strcp rocliy moullt :1111 1'l:e 11rincil)altlil,utaries of tlle K:trnri Uara are the lids YAlli, the Loia hula, tlre AIir JIalik nud the Itlip1 ATai,r. 'lh~name Karnri Dara seems locally unknown and the inlial~itants ge~~cr..llyspenl; of the main liver at the Rjla Pjoi, the latter howcver nt its jurlclion is certainly the lesser stream oE the two.-(A811zad Ala Khu'rl, &~rrt,~r.) KARAL-LAT. 35" 42', Losc. 71" 45'; KLEV. A bru:id fat, tt pllcd dcudar-clot1 hill :~ttl~e end of the dividing spur between UcUGii~Luraill and Ual.ir v:illc.ys in Kalisl~glim. Its geueral elevation i@ nl,ol~t,8,000') and if the water-supply bc suflicicnt, it would from its nntllre situation form an admiral~lelocation for a force observing Chitril

hwetrerally, Leillg within easy rcnch of both the Lowarai and IIor6h passeta.- (Uarrozc.) KARUBIRAR- This apparently is the correct name for the main stream of the Aslikhina,n valley from the glacier a1;)ove Imit to its mouth But, as the valley 1s generally spolten of as the AsllkGman, all details are given under that head -(Barrow.) KARI-LAT. 35" 55', LONG71" 56'; ELEV.6,200'. A village of 50 houses on the left bank of the Mast6j or Cliitr6l river, about half-way between Chitrfil and the Gi~land Gol. Fruit trees are ~lentiful. Just beyond Kiri on the road to Chitril there is one oE the most difiicult and dangerous Pnris or cliff paths to be found with even in tllcse regions. Animals must be unladen when using it.-(Bnrroa) KASHAM-LATE 36' 10') LONG.73' 51'; ET~EV.9,700' (?) A hamlet of 10 houses on the left bank of the Ghizar river 2 or 3 miles below Chashi.-(Barrow.) KASHUM-LAT. 36' 20,' LONG.72' 18' ; ELEV. A village in M6ril;ho of Chitril about 2 milcs north-east of Dri~an fort. It is a scattered place containing about 150 houses.-(Plcl-S~~rl:eyo~. Bapu' Jadzi) KASHKAR ride CHITRAL A Pathin name often used to express the counttry better known to us as Chitril. It is divided into two regions, the one to tlie north-east being known as Kashlcir Bili, or upper ; the other t,o the south-west as Kashltir Pii~!,or lower. Upper Kashkir includes Bla~tlijand Yasin, and was formerly a separate and independent province, but lias been of late brought under the rule of ArnLn-ul-MGlIt, h.le11tar or Didshih of Cbitril. Kashltir 1s sometimes confounded with KQshghar, a province of Cninese Tartary.- (Bal.row .) KASHKAR RALA- A name often used to express thqt portion of tlie Chitril dominions which Isas formerly under the sway of the Khlishwaktia family. It is essent,ially a Patllin designation, the CliitrLlis themselves do not use it in~~ch. It comprises Ashkiiman, Yasin and tlie lower part of the Gliizar vallrv under Sirdir Nizim-GI-mlillc the Masthj district, Sar Lispljr and tl~c? upper part of the Ghizar valley under Afz:~l-GI-mlilk. Each of these districts w~llbe found described iu their proper place. The total population of Kaslikir Bi16 is estimated at about 20,000 souls. The Mehtar calculates that it can furnish him with about 3,000 fightiug men.-(Baj.~o~u.) KASHKAR PAIN- A Pathin designation for that portion oE the Chitril dominions which 11as always belonged to the Katuri family. It comprises every thing lying south-west of the Mastlij district.-(Barl.~~.) KERGAH- One of the principal feeders of the Gilgit river on its soutll side7 enter- ing tllnt river between the two hamlets of Basin, The valley is so far K important that up it lies the only practicable route for horses between Gilgit and Dare]. The pass at its head is known as the Chonchir. It is also the principal source of Gilgits woocl supply. There are no villages in the valle~,,but at Jljt there is A small Cflij:~r settlement. Below Jut the yalley is tnt,:tlly clestitut,e of trees, a rock ,strewn ravine often bound i,y perpendic.uIar cliffs several Iiuodrcd feet Iligh above which again tower the ste~pmountain slop~scharacteristic of thcse regions. Above Jlit accordillg to Hayward it is a beautiful Kashmir-like tract with green sward and forests of piue, dense willolv-gr"res lining the strram. Above this comes A grasq country. At the head or the valley, where vegetation ceases, the rugged hill-sides and the pat11 itself are strewed with piles of splintered rock. From the summit of the pass (14,000) a rough pathway leads down to tl!~ Kh;lnburi valley, nlliich has to be crossed near its head. 'I'he Barigall P:ISS lins then to be crossed, after which there is a long descent to Yaht6t, the first village of DirC1. It was at the head of the Kergah valley tliat in September 1866 a column of the Kashrnir army, returning from an expedition against DBrCl, mas overwlielmed Ly a sudden and unseasonable sn,,wstonn, in which a number of sepoys and coolies perished. The Chon- ch~rroute is impassable from December to April. Snow is met with till Atl&rllst, wlien it disappears altogether for a couple of months. The river is fordnble in winter.-(Tanlzer, Haywarcl, AAl~laclAli Khht, Bur~ow.) KERGAII LASHT- 'YIie Shahjanali spur of the Hindu Kiish wliich divides the valley of the YirkhGn or Rlastuj river from that of Turikho and Mlilkho ends in a. long low undulating ridge known as the Kergall Lasht. This ridge is about 7 or 8 miles long and 1 or 2 miles broad, and occupies the whole @pacebetween the rivers. The Kergah Lasht rises about 1,200' or 1,500' above the rivers, and completely commands Drisan BGni and the other villages in the valleys. Though tlie top is comparatively %at, or rathcr pntly undulating, the sides are steep and abrupt. There is no water on the hill, which might otlier\rise be cultivated, as the soil is alluvial. There is however good pa3turage in spring. Several paths cross tlle hill leading from Astari and I)rQszn to I3h1li and Avi. The general eleva- tion of the hill ~ariesbetween 8,000' and 8,500'.-(Barrow.) KESU-LAT. 35" 38,' LOXQ.72" 51'; EL~v.4<,450'. A vi1l:lge on the right bank of the Chit,ril river about 5 miles above Kala Drbs. It contains about 160 houses and is well stoclied wit11 fruit trees, there is also a fair amount of cultivatiot~. At Iiac'sCi there is A foot bridge across tlie Chitril river. K6s6 is held as a Jigir by Guliin olie of the Ifelltar's son.-(BuI-TO&.) KIIATRABAD-LAT. 35' 37', LONG.71' 51' ; ELEV.4,4,00'. A village on the right bank of the Chitril river, a short distance above the mouth of the Shishi Kli (Shhshni Dara). It is inbabitetl solely 11~ mallas. If does not contain more that1 20 or 30 houses.-(Barrozo.) KIIALTA OR KI4ALTI-LAT. 36' 14', Tlo~a.72' 26'; ELEV.7,GOO'. A village on tlir Ic't bnnlr of tlw (4h:gar river al~out miles above its junction wit,h he Yasi~lrivr,r. It is a villnge of 40 houses, is inhabitud l~yag~icultu~.ists, has the usual cult>ivat,ionand fruit-trees, and is the last vill,lgc on the way up tllr (;hizar, where fruit-trec are met with in pro- iusicn. There arc t\vo roads from I

KI-IAN KIION PASS-LAT. :jGO 55', LONG.7:3O 15' ; RT,EV. A pass over the HitidGkiisli leading from Yfir in lTTa.kll~nto tile Yir- lihnn va11~yof Chitrril. It is a130 called the Ylir pass. It is a, good deL,l used in summer by travellers between Cliitrdl and Wakllin and is impor- tant as being the only pass over the IIind6klisll betwecn the aaroghil anll the Tlirikho group of passes. The road is considered a good one and is fit for hden a.nirnals except just at the Kola'l where loads have to be talcen ofT and carried by men. It st,rikes the YGrk-hGn valley,] 4 miles east of Cha- karkBeh (q.~.). 'l'he stages Prom Yur are (1) Nist, (2) camp in jungle (3) Khan I(1ion fit66 ((4) CLakarliGch. The pass is only closed for 3 or 4 months. It is probably about 14,000' high.-(Ali Jfut,da'n Shuh, Ba,.l.ow.j KHATINZA PASS-LAT. 36" 23', LONG71" 37'; ELEV.17,500'. A pass over the IIindG-KGsh betwecn the Arlcnri vnlley of Cliitral and Badakshsn. It lies about 14 miles north-east of the Nukhsin and i.4 in fact merely an alternative path to the Niikhsin for 4 or 5 miles. Being higher, steep~rand more difficult. than the Nulrhsin it is never used wliile that pass rtmains open, and it iu never pra'cticable for animals. Hilt in winter it is sometimes used hy mcssmgers and tra.vellers without loads, au being so steep snow does not lie on it and the road tli~isre~nnins practiar1)le except for about two months whcn the route is closed by @nowat the lower slopes. For furt,h~rdetails regarding the r oute aide article Nukhsan.-(sub- J'z~/~~:~ynrDlrpzl Jddb.) BHANAR-LA~. 3j0 58', LONG.74' 22' 30"; ELEV.5,000'. A village contiguolls to Gilgit from wliich it is only sel,arn.ted by a sandy a few hundred yards wide. It consists of two small ha~nlet~s probably does not contain more than 20 or 30 houses. It gets its water from the I(]lomzLr alld possesses several meater millS.-fA~rro~.) KHUSH-LAT. 33" 22', LONG.72' 39; ELGV.8,~00. A the right ban]< of the Yirl-hGn river in y5rlill6n pain. It consists of two ha;mlets about two miles apart.-(Barfow.) K 1-1UT- A valley in TGrikho wl1ich drains into the Turikho river at Shugriitn. This is about a broad and very fertile. It is studded with numerous hamlets containing in all about 200 ~OUXS. Fruit trees nboul~d The road up tile is a good one. It leads to the KhGt pass ()by which the YirkllJn is reached,-(S~l-S~~'cty~~&&i KHTJT PASS-LA~. 36" 33', LONO.72" 38'; ET,RV.14,2?0.' A pw leading from KhGt, in TMl;ho t,~tfhe Yi~rLllGn valley l)et,wc~Jl Djsg and Istichi, It is considered one hy's march, and i6 certainly Inore than 12 ~nil~s.It is open for about 6 montlis and I;~denahimal* can go by it. On the KhGt side of the pass tlie road is stec.p but On the Yirltbhn side the descent appears pretty easy. A ropa blidge crosses t,he YQrkhGariver opposite the debouchure of the pass.-(Sub-SurveJor Bdpi Jddi, Barrow.) KOGAZI-LAT. 35" 67', LON&71' 59'; ELEV.5,450.' A large village on the left bank of the Masthj river, a mile below t,he junct,ion of the (3uland Go1 (q.~.).l'his village is usually made tlie fi1.s~ stage from Chitril. It'contains about 200 houses. Fruit trees are abundant and cultivation extensive. Near Kogazi there is a rope bridge across the river.-(Barrozu.) KOKSIN. A tributary of the Mastlij or Yirkh6n river on its right bank. It rises in the ShLhjanali range, that is the watershed between Thikho 2nd Yirkhhn BBla, and after a course of about 10 miles falls into the Yirlihli!~ river about two miles below Toplthina ZiLbeg, and just opposite (;arm Chashma, up this river is the route to the Koksin or Shahjanali pass which ie pract,icable for horses.-(Barrow.) KOKSTN PASS-LAT. 86" 43' LONO.72" 47'; EZEV. A pass leading'froln the Yirlihlin, valley by the valley of the Koksin river into T6rikho. It is said to be two days' courney for coolies from Topkhina Ziibeg to Rich in TGrikho. The distance is probably ahnut 80 miles. The route is said to be fit for the laden animals and is open for about half the year. From the Kotn'l the road goes down a valley which is used as a grazing ground to Shah Janali a~ldthence down the '1'6ril;llo river.-(Barrow, from native information). KORAGEI-LAT. 36" 13' 30", LONG.72" 11' ; ELEV.6,680'. A village opposite the confluence of the Mastiij and Tlirikho rivers. It contains only about 20 houses and is of no importance.-(Burrow.) KOTAL ICASII-TJAT. 86" 49', LONG73' 32' 30"; ELEV. A neck across a spur which runs down to the left bank of the Ybrlihlin river, about half way betwe~n Uasht-i-Barogliil and ToplihRrla Zihbeg. The summer road down the Y6rlthlin valley lies over this Koldl which ie probably ahout 13,000' above the sea and 2,000' above the river. The road is extremely lad and quite impracticable for animals as on one side of the KuLa'l there is a f~iglifulglacier to be crossed and on the other an excessivley steep descent. Just beyond the Koldl on the west side there is a lovely lake of clear bllre \\rater surrounded by rocliy hills. This lake is \\ell known n3 the Ilauz-i-Kotal Kash.-[Barrow.) KOT(;AZ-II.~T. 36" 33', LONG.72" 3'; ET.EV.14,215'. A glacier on the soutll side of the Sad IslrtrLgh pass. This glacier is about (i or 7 miles lonq and 2 wide. The elevation given above 1s taken sl01lt the centre of the snowfield. The name Kotgae is sometimes applied to the Sad 18htrcigh pass.-(Sub-Sarreyor Bhpi Ju'dli.) KUJU-LAT. 95" 57'. LONG.71° 60' ; ELEV.6,400'. A vilI;~g~on the rizht II:LII~of the Mi~sthjor Chitl.81 river about 2 or 3 miles 11~lowKupzi. This \r~lla:e consists of two hamlets about 11:~lfa mile apart. Both are well wooded with fruit trers and contain together about 50 houses. A rope bridge collnects tlic Upper K6jG with the left Lank of thc CllitrQl river,-(Barrutu.) KUSBT-LIT. 36" 14' 3OV, LONG.72" 11' ; EI,EV.7,850'. A large scattered village of about 300 houses on the hillsides overlooking the right hank of the 'l'firikho river just above its junction with the lIaPt"j river. This is usually one oE the stages on tlle road from Dnisan to Cliitrril. Supplies plentif u1.-(Barrow.) L LAKE DIJFFERIN-LAT. 36" 6') Loxa. 71" 15' ; ELEV.12,500' ? A lake in Bad:~l

or p. population of eleven or twelve thousand souls.-(Barn'.) M 3fAT)I\K-L~~.3GV %', Losc. 72' 21'; ELRV. I A village in 1IGriI;lio of ChiCral on tlle right bank of the Tfirikllo river It is not a big place hut very mnch scntteretl. I-l~rethere is a leading to Warkup on the opposite side of tile river.-(Sub-Surveyor B+,lj J&/G.) IIALP- A village in Tliriltlio which drains into the main river at Raian. TowardS tllc head of this vi~lleythere is .z village containing ahout 40 llousrs which is nlbo ~I~OWUas Ifalp. Hew there are no trees to speak of, the elevation 1,eing 9,800'. Tile valley is about 8 miles long, and tile road up it is very bad.-(Sub-S~~rcgor B+lc Jadk.) MANDAL PASS.-LAT. 36" l', LONG.71' 12'; Er.ev. A pass into Kafiristau from Sanglich into Badakshin. It is sit,usted about 7 miles S. S E. of the Hauz-i-norih or Lake Dufferin. From above the lake it goes for several miles over a snow field and then crosses the wai,erslied to Ahmad Dewana at the head of the Arnawai valley. It, is probably only fit for men on foot, as the R~daksl~itraders travelli~lg with their donkeys prefer the Dorill and zidig route. In old maps this Pass is shown as the Ackmet Dewanan-(Barrow). RIANDURI-LAT. 36" 26', LOYG.73' 25' 30"; ELEV.8,400'. A village in the Yasin valley about 6 miles above Yasin. It lies close to the mouth of two narrow valleys coming down from the east. Up these valley, there are difficult foot paths leading over into tlie Asl~khmanvalley.- (Barrozc.) MARANGrJUNGLE.-LAT. 36" 37', Loh-a. 73' 18' 30"; ELEV.9,000'. X lorn swampy tract of .jrrngle in the Yasin vallcy stl-etching from Darkot down to within 3 or 2 miles of Amalchat,. It consists chiefly of willow, birch, and dense ~~nder~rnmtll.The valley here is never more than a quarter of a mile wide. The mountains on each side are rocky, precipitous, and in accessible.-(Bmrow.) 11,\ RD AN- A small valley, about 3 miles in length, 1~11ichlies nqrth oE Drlishp in Injga~n. The stream which watrrs this valley joins the LlitkG at DrGslip. The valley contins about 100 houses, and there is a considrrable amonnt~ of cultivation up tl~eMnrdan valley, t1iel.e is a difficult route by wliich tile Agram pass maly Ls reaclled. The valley ; at its mouth is 7,000' above tile sea.-( JfcXair, Barrow.) M.1ROI-L tr. 36' 2', LOYG.72' 2'; EI.EV.5,753'. A large scattrrecl village on the left bank of the Chitril river about 9 miles above Kogazi. It contains about 100 houses in all. Maroi stands on tlle edge oE a deep ravine, down which there is a path leading to a bridge across the Cllitril river, this is the main road between Drisan 2nd Chitril. This bridge is a'very dangerous riclretty one about 25 ~ardslong. Horser can be led over.-(Barrow.) IfASTUJ-Lir. 36' 17' 30", LONG.72" ~:~';ELEv.7,800'. The capital of the Masthj ~rovinceof Chitril an3 formerly the capital of Kashkir BBla ('I.'..). Actually MastGj is merely the fort in \vhicll the Governor resides. This fort is situated in the middle of a sloping plain betenren tlie Yirlihl;~ant1 Liq)lir rivers, ant1 is a square sf ructure of n~ud arltl stone wit11 towers at tlie angles. It is about 50 yards square. Sprak- illg g,nerally, the villn.gcs on both banks, within a ra(1iu-l of several miles are inc:lacled in Mast.l;j, ivl~iclllnay t.hus be said to contain over 200 hot~.ses, Cliavinj, Parg:r.s, and l'armndi mould be included in this estimate. Therc is ~nurhuncultivated but c-~ltivablegror~ncl about &Iast16jwhicnli dorrl,tfless has nt~tl could nga,in srlpport a ninclr larger poprrla.tion. Afnstilj was besiegetl by the Cl~i~~esein tlie reign of Klilish Amad, (ride Chitril), who aftvr a seven m~nt~lls'siege came to terms n ith lii6: 1)esiegers. It is nu- doultetlly a \cry ancient pl:bce and was formerly a re.,lde.zr.ous for Kuj'las. 1'11~enilwror Tai~nr~ris said to Lave visited it more th;~nonce. ' rllliougli, t:~ctic;~llr,the fort of Mastuj is of no impor.t;ln,~strategically, the position is most important commanding as it does the routes to Cl~itril Gilgit, Y:~sin,H:~rngllil. and to Dir by the Tal yass. At Mi~stiijis the fir& permn nen t I.rit1ge (not including rope bridges) across the 1-arkhin river - (Hahan~adAM ill, JI~~rcroft,Of unshi A~z,L~~~I'ow.) ~~As'L'OJ (DISTRICT) - This district is one of the administrakive divisions of Chit.ril and is at pre- sent governed (1986) by Afzal-lil-MGlk, one of tho hlehtar's sons. It corn- prises the main va.lley of tlie Y6rklllin or Mastlij river on both banks as far down as Sanogl~ur,-and below ~anogharas far as H.eshun, t,he left hailk only. To it are subordillate the Ghizar valley above Yiugal, aud the Sar Lishplir valley. Ti~at part of the district which lies a.bove Riastlij is known as Ynrkliun (q.~.). The valley throughout is hemmed in by great bare rocky rnnttntai~~srising seven or eight t,honsa.nd feet above the liver. 'l'l~evalley is n:)whcre rnrlch more tllnn a mile wide. Cultivation is not ct)ntinuous, I~utlips either in t8et-rncesalong the hill sides or in bn,nd patches where some mountain torrent forms a fan of allu\ri:el soil. No doubt much more 1;tnd might be brought nnder cnltivation, and ruined water cuts and deserted terraces show that at one time tlie population must have been mnch denser. The t,yr:~nnyexercised by Gauhar AmLn and Pahl\viu Bahadlir is pnerally credited with the present desolation. The soil yields two crops. Wheat is the staple food, but rice is grown in some part of the district. Fruit trees are not too plentiful above Masttij and there is no export of dried fruits. The,clim~teis comparatively mild, alld snow in some years does not fail at all. Goats are numerous, cattle, and elleep not so plentiful. Lead and antimony are found nea'r Mastiij on the oppositebank of the rircl*. These metals are state monopolies. Goldwash- illg is carried on, but is not very profitable. Chogas, Patlr and socks are largely manufactured. rrlle principal places in the Mastlij district, exclusive of Ghizar and Sar Lkphr, are hIiranr&n, Brep I[ast6j, SanogLar, BGni and fieshh. The total population may be roughly estimated as follows : ... 3,500 Yarkhnn ...... a .. ... Mastlij proper ...... 6,600 ...... " 2,000 S3r Laspur .I ...... 3,OUO Ghizar ... - ... - Totnl ... --15,000 Formerly MastGjbelonged to Kasblibr Bala (l.~.).(Biddl6 9A,-fIfcYt~ir, Barrow.) L 31.~~~0J RIVER- The name applied to the Chitril river from Masttij down to ChitrBl itsdf; above Rlastlij it is called the Yirkhlin (q.~.). It rises in the (3hazI;ol Inkq (q.~.),east of Ihrngl~il. The first consid~rable affluent it receives below Mast~jis the Snr LLspGr stream (q.17.). About 20 miles below Riastfij it receives an important tributary on the right, the stream which waters tile 1eys of Tlirik-110 and itII5lkho. And 25 miles or so I~elomthis it is joined on its left, by the Gulnnd Go1 (2.r.). Four miles above Chitril it reccives through the LI5tL-li river the whole daiaage of the monntains in the direction of tile Nulihsnn ant1 Dorih passes, while from Chitrsl downwards the river is known as tile CIiitriI river. In tliis portion of its course the river generally spealr- inr is from 50 t80100 yards wide and too rapid to be navigable. Its average fall is about 4(i1a mile. In winter the river is fordable at Rlastli j, and per- haps at one or two other plnccs. Tlie volume of water is in winter consider- ably less than in twmmer, and consequently where the bet1 is deep, it contracts s goid deal. Just below 1iog:lzi there is a very remal.kalle cont raction, the \vl~olt:volume ol the river dashes 1 hrough a narrow rock bound chnnnel about 9' wide, though in sunnner :it tliis very same spot the river must be about 50 jards wide. The river is permanently bridged at IlastGj, Sanoghar, BIaroi, Mori, and Chitril. There is also a rope briclgc 9 miles below Ko3mi. In winter several temporary bridges are elected aL other places, and In fact at that season the river may be bridged alrno>t anywhere. The valley, generally spealciug, is a deep narrow defile between rocky, and p~r~ipitonsmoluntains, with liere and tlie~ean alluvial pli~teau or far on nrl~icl~n vill:lge pe~x~l~ed.-(Rarrolo.) RIIxAI\'A~~-L,w. 55" 52', Lo.;@. 74" 29'; Zr.ev. 5,050'. 11 1wi)sl'er,~11uill,1geoE 30 I~ousesat the pastern elid of tlie Gilgit plain and about S niiles from that p1:lce. It stands un the left bank of a stream mliich flows north to the Gilgit river, mur? than a mile dist:~nt. Fruit trees ylentilul, a11und:lnt sllace for encamping, aud gond water.-(Burrolo.) RIIRAGRA~I-LAT. :iGO ltj', LOYG.72= 24'; 13~11,~.7,350'. A village on the left bank of the Chitril river about 10 miles below Mas- t. It is situated on a plateau high alovc the river slid cont:tins about 100 houses. I;ruit trees are aLundant. I11 wiut~rthere is geuemlly a bridge across the river at this place.- (Ucrrrozu.) MIRAGRAM-LAT. 36' 31', LONG.72' 48'; ELEV.8,500'. A large scattered village in Yjrkhlin Piin. It is the first large village met with ou the left bank of the Yirlihliu rive:.. Fruit trres are abu~~d:~nt, ancl cultivation extensive. Miragrim contains probably about 100 houses. -(Bai.row.) &III~I(ANI-LAT. 35" 27', LONG.71" 46'; ELBV.4,100'. An open barren tongue of land between the Yesh Go1 and the Chitril or Kuair river about 3 miles from AshrLth, a village on the Lowirai pass route. Here there is spacc for an encampment and firewood is ahu~ldn~bt, but the place is much exposed to Kafir raids as is testified by the numeroils grclves. About ) of a mile further down the river tllelfe is a hemlet of 2 or 3 lluuses tvliich is also known as Rli~kLui.-(Burrotc ) Nf~lJVA~JIS PORT-LAT. 36" 28' 30", ]JOY(;. 73" 215'; ISr.k.\r. 8,(;00'. This fort is sit~uteilon the right lank of the Yasio ri~er bout 4 :L mile hlom Barkulti. The fort is rectangular ancl about -15 yards long by YO $,4de, with walls about 25' high and sqiinro towers at, each of the angles as well as intermediate ones on three of the faces. On tll~river face there is no inter~ncdintetowcr, but on this sltlc is the enll.,znce t) the fort ~jrliich acts :IS a, tEte de pont, {'or 1110 ro:ld on 1eavi:lq ?11u l~rirlgegoes thruugll :L so~tof cov~reclmay un~lcr~IIP enst w:ill of tho fort. The walls are allout 11' tl~iclc at the top, nlid are b:ic~l;e~l11y doulle-storied rooms all ronncl. They thus present spacious rampnlts all round, with p:lr:l- pets to protect the clefeuders. The illside of the l'ort is divided 1~~ a high wall into two parts, the no~thernof mhicll is intenclcd for the women. Iu this portion is a large tank which draws its sul)ply of TI-ater through a cov~r~dchannel from the river, and also by an nntl~l.;ronntI p:l.;sage from a spring ill the mountail~sto the west. The sorlthcr~ihalf of tl~efort con- tains a masjid ancl a sinallcr tanli su1)plied wit11 writer from tl~elarger one. The bridge is about 50' long and 4' wide.-(Ua~.ro~c:, illullal~rarlSAUL.) MOM A 1%- A section of the Uashqali clali of K~firsdwelling below Postain in the Arnawai valley of Kaf rist~u. Their villageb, &c., are :-

Hcndrnen ill 1885. Houses.

Manibl ,,, Mcrik . .. 60 Saskuen ... Arhuk ,.. 60 Bagalgrarri ... lladur .. . -320 Total . . . 440 which would give a total populntioll of over 2,000 souls.-(Barlour.) ~~OAII-LAT.3G0 21,LOXG. 7 lo 46' YON; ET.EV GOO. , A large vill:lge of about 90 houses situated on Loll, banks of the ArlCari river, about 14 iniles from its mouth at Jlo~ni,there are fine groves of fruit trees. The river is here crossecl by a bridge, which is practicable for ladeu anirnals.-(Sub-S?61~~~~01~Bkl~h Jkdi.) h20RI 017, RZUR1.-LAT. 35" 59', Loxo. 72' 1'; EI,EV.5,GOO'. There are two large villagps of this name more than a inile apart on tile right Lank of the Masthj river about l(i or 17 miles abovc Cllitri], about half-way between these two villages tliere is a 1)ridge across the river. It is a narrow shaky 11ole bridge of the usual type and of about 40' B1)an. Travellers to or from Chitril must use this bridge, as there is no road from Mori to Chitrhl along the riglrt banli. Tliere is much culti- vation and fruit about Mori. Tlie two places together contain about 200 houses.-(Barrow.) MULKHO OR MURIKHO- A district of Chitril which extends along the right bank of the ~6rekho river from the junction of the Tkrich river to Khsht, the MuzhgoI being the southern boundarys. It also includes the Kergah Lasht (q.~.), the long low spur wllich divides the Tlirikho river from the IIasthj. It has therefore a lengtll of less than 20 miles. It is separated from Tirich valley on the north by a fine bold ridge. Tirich however is included in the district. Mhrikho means the middle 1

NASBUR GOL-LAT. , LOXG. ; ELEV. I A long nnrrom \.alley co~nirgfrom the mountains due west of Yasin, and draining iillt,o thr Y:~rin rivrr just nl)ove tlie fort. At th~l~~outli of the valley is tile s~i~allh.lmlet, of NnbLhr. Tlie Nasbfir Go1 is a great summer grazing grcrnnd of thc Yaeinis. Up the valley there is a footpath which leads to Chnshi by way oE the Barlutar Go1.-(Urrrrow.) NAUGRXM-LIT. 35' l'i', LOXG.72' 13'; ELEV.6,700'. A village in Zlfirikho on tl~eright bank of the river about 11alE-may between Drasan and KGsht. It only contailis about 30 houses, but in the valley btlh~ndit are several small hamlets, Cfardgim, Urdhul, Zani, Son6 which together coutain about 80 houses more. Vines and fruit trees are plentiful.-(Burrow.) NANPUR-LAT. 35" 56', Loxa. 74' 19'; EI,EV.5,400'. A small village on a plateau about two miles west of Gilgit fort and 500 above it, Its fields are watered by channels from the Shul;u or Nanphr stream, on the leEt bank of which about a mile south of the village is a large rock cut figure of Buddha. This figure IS about 10' high and over 30'al)ove the ground. There are all sorts of legends in connection with this figure. All round Ndnpfir on the plateau and on the hill sides are ruins of ancient villages and traces of much former cultivation. It is said Nanphr or Arnsal- as it \\.as then called was as big a place as Gilgit, It now contains less than 20 houses.-( BidduZph, Barrow.) NISIIKU-LAT. 5eG 25', LONG.72* 22'; ELEV. . A large village in Miirikho of Chitr~l.It is situated on the hill slopes high above the 'l'urikho river. It contains about 250 houses, a great dcal of wheat is grown, but fruit trees are very scarce.-(Sub-Surncyor Bh'd Jhdh.) NO-LAT. 36' 19', LONG.73' 25'; ET,EV.8,OoU'. A small hamlet on the right Lank ol' the Yasin ri-cr about hlfwal 1Jetween Gcndai and Yasfn. Tllcre is no ])ridge, nnrl in summer when the river is full it can only be re:lclied rjid Dumin.-(Uarrotu.) NLII~SANPAS~-~JA,I>. 36' 22' YO", LoY~:.71' 36' 0"; Ie]),nearly 5,OOU' 11:ive to be calimbetl ia the last 2 miles, which gives a gradient of very nearly 4. l'he P:NS is grnerally open for 6 months. In s~)it>tlof it,s diHicult,ic:s, it is sc.,lnt,ilncs preferred to tl~eDorih, as Leing more direct, a~ldou nccultnt oE its immunity iroln Kitir raids. From Chitrlil it is 70 miles to Zebil; this route, the stages being- Blilcs. 1. Shogoth ... 13 ... Fort and village. 2. Shali ... 11 ... IIatnlet,. * 1 3. Itllb6t ... / 5 ... 2 or 3 haroleis. 4. Wnn:~k:ch ... 10; ... Cnrnpinggro~rlrd. 6. Khana-i-Mohabat ... 9 ... Caulping ground. 6. I)eh (;6\ ... 10 ... Small villag(+. 7. ZebLk ...- 9 ... LYI.~~village. Total ...- 70 The above route will be found fully descrihecl in the Route Book (Part 111). To cave the trouble of reference, the following details of the sbgo across the actu:ll pass are here given. ".On leaving Vrun;l.kiich, up the valley. At 2 miles cross t,he Gazikistjn nala., 20' broad but sliall~w. At 3 miles enter a snowfield, the road now \~ecorncssteep and difficult. At 4 miles reach t.he junction of the Sulrhsin and Khatinza routes, tlie elev;~tionat this point is 11,640'. The next two miles :Ire very steep and difficult, tlze road a'scending nearly 5,000: the Jot& Lein; 16,560'. The descent on the I3adaksliin side is covered with snow. About 2 miles down the N~kheinand I

OTV~R-LAP.36' 17', LONO.71" 4.3'; ELEV.9,475'. A sin;~llvillage on the right hank of the Arkari river, in tlie fork betmeen it and tile Nawa Sin. lllle village ~ont~airisabout 15 houses, but it is n wretched looking place, devoid of trees. Tli~position of Owir is important, as up the Namasin is the route to the Agrarn pass, and ap the Arkari that to t,he Nul;hdn and Kllat~nza. There are britlgrs here across both rivers, but they are fit only for unladell animals.-(Sub-Sur~eyol' Bajli Jrirlli).

PANDLR LAICE-LAT. 37" 9') LONO.i2" 68'; ELEV.9,800'. A lake in DirdistLn situated in the Ghizar valley above Chashi. At its easbrn it is nearly a mile broad, but towards the west it tapers away. Its lengt,ll varies with the senson, bat the lake itself is not really mo1.e i,hak ~t miles lon~. TIIP ML~II;IIItallis of it as being O or 1.0 miles in lellgtll, but 11e mr~stlinve bclen tle111dl.d Ly tlle overflow from the riwr ;LS xreII as that from the lalie. TI1e short: at t11~S. \V. end oE the I:~lie is quite Hat alld snl~jtlrtto inu~~tlat~o~i.'l1lip (il~izarriver ~IOWS thron~lithe ICrke, leaving it by :L narrow gory?. Tile monnt,~inson tl~eno1 t11 side of tl~e1:lke are strt.1) cloivn to tl~i.w:iter's etlqe, b~it011 the sollth side the mountains end in z pl:~teauwl~icll lies :I. 11~11rtl1etlfeet or so :ibovc the levcl of the lal~s. lllle water is clt>:~ralicl s\vrrt, :itid 111e Inlw is much fl.eqnrntet1 I)y wild fowl. The Bnrlioti >treanl cntcrs the lake at its S. IV. cor~~er.-~/j~~~~~,ozo.) PARABZCK-LIT. 3j0 5Y1, LOSG.'i1° 3:)' ; Er.sv. 7,800'. A fort in 111jgilnof Cl~itril,on the right bank of the Liltkh river allout 6 1nilc.s above 1)rlishp. Tlie fort IS ol' tho usual type, a scloale oE about 40 ~rnrtlsside, wit11 to\~ersat the angles. The valley i: here pretty open and ?airly well cultivated. It is knowb as the Pala1,clc pliliu and is about ) of a mile broad and 2 or 3 1 In=. Tl~e illag ages in this l~lainare Barzin (q. /I.) and Gufti on tlie right banli, and Ughat and Gistirnli on the left. The total popnli~tionincluding these villages may be about 400.-(Ut~r1.0~.) PARG, OIL DROK-I~AT. 3G0 6', LOSO.72' 30'; ELEV.9,500'. A \-ill:~gt, in the LAsl16r valley of D61disti11about a couple of miles al~ovo Ilarchin on the right bank of tlie river. It cont:iins al~outYO houses and there are a few fruit trees about the village. A little above E'arg there is n bridge Ly which Rahmin can be reaclietl. Br66 seems to be the more coinmonly used name for this village.-(Ra~.row.) PlillPf S [<-~JAT. 36' 8' :jot', TJOXG. 72' 6' ON ; ~I,EV. 6,250'. A small villnge on an elevated l~l,~teanin the angle between the Chitril river and the O~virGol, al:d on the right Lank of the former. It does not contain more tlian :~l)out20 l~onqes. 'l'he posit,ion is a co~nmandingone, as it not oi~lycloses the r,atl along tlic right Lanlc, but clorniuates tl~:tt along the opposite bank of the Cliitril ri~el..-( Ua~.l.ow.) PASICORAH-L.w. 3G3 10', T>OSG. 72' 10' ; EI,EV. I A village in hliirikho of C1iitr:il on the rigllt Lank of the T6rikho river, about n couple of miles above DrAsan. It contains about 60 houses.- (dill-Snrvpyur Uhprl J(.,li.) PAMTAR- LA*^. 36" 3k1,LONG. 72" 51'; RI,EV. 8,600'. Thp highest village of any size in YArk116n Pain. It is situated on the right bank at thc ~noilthof a consi(1eral)le stream. There are no villages above it on the rigl~tbank. Two m~lesabove Pawar there is a rope-bridge whiclr leads to Donich I'nwar is tlie first place at which fruit trees are corn~nooin the YQrkhlin valley. There is a difficult footpath leading from Pltwar to Rich in Ti5rikho.-(finrrow.) PESIl GOL, OR PESH DARA- The name of tlie ravine down which comes the road from the Lmarai pass to Rlirkani on the left bank of the Cliitrd river, into which the P~shGo1 drains. The valley is speaking very narrow, the hills on each side sloping and well covered with deodar and oak. Ashrath or Amrath is the only village in the valley.-(Uurrou~.) PINGAL-LAT. 3G0 8' 30'' LONG.73O 9'; EI,EV.0,600' (?). A village of 30 houses, situated on both banks of the Ghizar river. A rop~-Li.kl

RAGH-LAT. 3.7,O 56", LONG.7 lo 53' ; ELEV.5,300'. A village of 40 or 50 lio~lseson the left bank of the llnstilj or Cl~itril river about 4 miles below Kogazi. Fruit trecs :ire 1:lellI ifill.-(Barrow.) RAII&!!AN-LAT. 36" 8', Losc. 72' 20'; EI,EV.9,300'. A large scattered village ill tlie S'lr Lispilr \rallt.y of Diirtlist5n. It lies on the right bar~k of the river opl)osite I-I:~rc.l~iu.It eol~t:~i~~snbo~~t 90 houses, in half a dozen separate 11:lmlets. There is n c~~r~siclrral~leamount of cultivation about these hamlets, bnt fruit trees ar:l somt~whatsc:lrcc, willows taking their placc. E'roln lial~lninthere is a dificlrlt route over the mountains to the (hli~ndGo1 (z.c.), Ly which ruute Cl~itrril lnny be reached 111 three days.-(Burro~u.) RAIAN-L.r,r. 3.;" 2.i1, Losc.. 72' 23'; Er.lrv. I A village on the l~ftbank of tl~eTilril

RICH OR JANALI PASS-LAT. 36" 51') Low. 7.2" 47'; Ecev. 1G,960f. A pass 1eadi11~from Turikho of ChitrL1 to Icila l'anjih in WsLhin. Start- ing from Ricli the road lies for 8 miles or .QO up a narrow stony valley, at the head of w!.ich there is s camping ground know11 as Shih Janali wllcre travellers usnallr pass the nigllt before crossing the pass. The road then afkr crassing a sterp and lligli spur, goes np a narrow roclry ravine for about 7 miles, and then crossing the crest, descends into Wakhjn. It :s usually reckonecl three marches froin Rich to Kila Panjah. 1'h~Rich pass is open for about 4 months to men on foot, but animals can only Ije taken over for about one month. It is generally used in preference to th Ucbli.-(S?~6-8?crvcyo1~ Jdcdh.) ROSHL4N-Ls~.36' 1:;' 30", LONG.7:303S1 ; ELEV.7,050'. . A village fort on the right bank of the Yasin or Gilgit river, about half- way between Hiipar and Yasin, and between two streams from the south. The fort is built at the end of a ridge jutting out towards the river, the nrall facing the river resting on a large rock which rises out of tlie water. Tlie fort contains 18 houses; a nza:ji~lclose to the gate being the ooly build- ing outside. The gate is on tlie south side. Iiorses can ford the river 2 miles above Roshnn in the minter. A few hundred prds below tlie fort where the river enters a gorge, there is a rope-bridge, which in summer is used by those going either to Sam2 or to I'a~in. At Roshan fruit trees arc plentiful, ample space for encamping west of the fort. The people speak the Sliina dialect.-(Mahumarl Shah, NclVrl ir, Barru w.) XOSH GOL- A ravine in Chitril cast of Tirich Mil., which comes down from the Khotgnz glacier to tlie Tiricli v:~llep. It is about 10 miles in length and up it l~es the route to the Sad Islitrigb Pass. There are 110 habitations in tlie valley, but it is much 11sec.l as a grazing ground by the people of Tiricll. The ltosh Go1 at its mouth is 8,560' above the sea, and at its head about 11,180'.- (Sub-Surveyor Bdpi Ju'dz'i.) RABAT-LAT. 36" 13' O", LONG.71" 45' ?ol'; ELEV.g,020'. A group of hamlets on the left bank of tlie Arkari river, about IS miles above its mouth. There are three hamlets so called which together contain about 20 houses. Fruit trees are plent~ful. Rubit would for troops be the third stage from Chitrd. Ahout a mlle north of it is the arba and-i-Arkari where some rude stone walls close the defile. The position though is a poor one.-(Sub-Surveyor Bdpd Jddzi.) ICfI-LAT. 356 59') LONG.1 lo 34' ; Er,ev. 7,900'. A vil1:lfi.e on the left bank of the L6tk6 river in Tnjgirn of Chitril. It contai~lsabout, 40 houses. Trees her^ are scarce, :~l)crut here the offt~rsa very drfen.sil)le position for the defence ol the Dorih Pass roote. Spul.s on botli sides come right down to the river and form an excellent position commanding the 1'araLek plain to the \vest.-(Blr~.ro~.) I ~~~B~R-LAT.35' S5', LONG. 71' 43'; ET,F:v.6,200' (?) . A Kalisll ~ettlementin KQlish gnm of ChitrAI. It con~idsof sev~r:ll l~alnletsclose together about 2 miles above the junc1,ion of Bilmboret and Rtiml)&r valleys. Up the latter is the route to tlie Gangalwat Pass - (BuI-I.OW.) RUPAL- A considerable torrent coming down from the glacic~.s of Nanga Parbnt and joining the Kamri Dara between ChligQtn atlrl C;urilcot. It is bridged close to its mouth. Tarshing (p.v.) is the only village of any size in the valley. Up this valley lies the route to the Mazeuo Pass (p.o.).-(Burrow.)

SAD ISTRAGH OR KOTGAZ PASS-LAT. 36" 3Yf, LOXG.72" 3'; Erasv. 19,870'. A pass over the Hind6 KGsh, which leads from the Ti~ichvalley of Cllitri] to Sad Ist~aqhin WakhBn. Starting from I-Iarch;~ln(8,560') in the ?'irich valley the road goes up tlie right bank of the Itosh (;ul ravine, for 10 miles tl~epath being only practicable for inen on foot. It then reaches the I

road up the valley into Ilir by tlie Tal Pass ('1.19.). The total length of tl~evalley may be estimated at 40 miles, 22 of mhicll are above the vi1l;lge of Lispfir and represent an uncultivated tract, the breadtli of the vall(~y varies from of a mile to over two. The villages in the valley are Sar LBspilr or LQspGr Biilim, Pdrg or Brok. Eahmiin, Harchin Gaslit and Gramuli. About Rah~llinand Harcliin, there is a very considerable amount of cultivation, and tlie valley is altogether considered very productive. Below Harcllin however the valley is one long sterile stony waste except jnst, around Gadit and Gramuli. Tlle mountains which bound it are lofty, rocky and precipitous, tlie only roads leading over them and out of the valley on eitlier side are the ShandGr Pass (q.v.) to the Gliizar valley, and a dificult route from Ralrnlin into the (3uland valley, tllis latter is a short cut to Chitril or the Shislii K& (Shushai) Dara of the old maps). Accord- ing to McXair, the valley is snicl to contain 10,000 penple, but I shoul(1 estimate it at not rnore tlrau 2,000. Marlthor and deer allound, while @beep and cattle are plentiful. The blankets manufactilred here have a gl~treputation; they are generally white of fine texture. Traders horn Swat and Dir frequently visit the valley in order to purcl~aseblankets and musk. The cnmmonest tree in the valley, is the willow, there are also a certain amount of fruit trees. The valley is under a Rdkim who is subordinate to the governor of Mast6j.-( MciVair, Barrow.) SARWAT-LAT. $60 271, LONG. 720 2:~;ELEV. 7,180: A Itamlet at the junction of tlt~'l'irich river with the Tlirikho. It only contains h;tlf :I dozen hnuses, and much of its 1 inds ,have been inundated ant1 tlestroywl l)y tlie TBriklio river. Sarwat marks the termiuation of the Tli~ilili~district on the right bank of that river.-(Sub-Szhruepr B& Jtldl; .) SIIAII JAhTBLI-LAT. 36" 47' ON, LONG.72' 38' 20"; ECEV.11,440'. A campi~gground at the head of the Tlirikho valley about 8 m~le~north of Itich. IIere there is forage and low scrub jungle, willow, birch, kc., which affords firr\vood. Travellers generally bivouac here before crossing the ltich and Uch~lpasses into TTakhin. According to Hiddnlph, Shah Jana!i, is "the spur from the Hind6 Khh, which forms the ~at~ershedbetween the Tlirikho valley and that of the Mastlij (Cltitril) river. There is a route across it, leacl~ng from the Tlirikho valley to Baroghil. It is practicable for horses, and is generally used in summer, when tlie Yirkh6n valley route is most dificult." There is another place of this nlme on tho Tui Pass road (p. v.).-(Bclpi JclZzi, Uzdd~c?~~'l,l.) SHAH SXL~AI-LAT. 36" 4' 30N, LONG.710 ELEV.10,soo'. A camping ground on the Dorrih Pass route about 410 miles from Chitril. It lies on tlie left bank df the stream just below the juu~tiotiof the Utti valley. Forage a~~dfirewood are plt~~tiful.There is also ample room for encaml)i~,g, Shih Sali~nis famous for its springs, wl~ichgush out of the rock. Tl~e water in these springs is strongly impregnated with su1phar.-(Burrow.) SHAITAN NARA- Vide I' Ri~nghit." SHALI-LAT. 36" 9' , LONG.71° 43' ; ELEV.7,800.' A hamlet of 8 or 9 houses on the right bank of the Arliari river. This place is generally made the secoud stage from Chltril on tlie road to the pnsses. It is a miserable ~~l;~ce,devoid of trees. About a mile below SIlilj on the opposite side is a hot spring.-(8116-S~lr1~e,~orB&')L JrMi.) There is another Shili on the road between Chitril and Shogotll, a small hamlet of no accouut.- (Barrow.) SHANDOR LBKE-LAT. 3Ge 3', LONG.72' 33' ; ELEV.12,200'. A lake in DjrdistCn, at the head of the Ghizar district, and about a conple of rnilps east of the pass. It is about two miles ~n length, and over half a mile wide. It is surrounded by a belt of level ground nowhere less than 200 yards broad. In summer the grazing here 1s excelleut. There are no trees.- (Barrow.) SHANJ~~RPASS-L~T. 36' 2', LONG.72' 31'; Elm. 12,2.'301. A paSS in D&r,-jistin leading from thp Ghizar valley to sar Ldspir and thence to Mast&j. The Mullah thus desclibes it : I ~t be seen that the Shandlir pass crosses over a plateau at point where there is no well-dotined watcrsLed. The summits of the mountains to the right and left were at the time covered with snow, Lut litter 011 in the summer the snow melts away. Tlie slopes and pl:~insof tl~r1>;1ssafforCI good ~~asttnre,a,nd thousands of mares, yaks, cows, kc., from Lisp,ir Kr;Ize tl\clreon during July and August. On the lakes there are al)nutl:lnce of I\-ater-fowl. Tlie pass is used tl~roughoutthe year, but with solne danger during winter, owing to the heavy snowfall. After a gradual dt.scrnt of :~l,o~lt4 il-riles through a valley about 200 yards broad, the road rr;~c~liesSar Lisplir." Ridtll~lyl~rcfers to it thus : "Thirteen miles above Ghizar, the road Ic;~vesthe \ nl!~y ant1 asceuds for 3 miles tl~ron~liLroad grassy slopes lo the Sh:lnrlGr platr:~~,whii.11 at the height of about 12,000 feet is 6 miles bl-oad an 1 11e1,l'ectlylev~l. There are two pieces of water on it, the largest of n hich is 24 miles long and 2 mile broad. There is no surface drainage fr~meithrr I:~ke. Acloss tl~eSllantllir platean lies the principal thorough- f:ll.e Letween tllp Knsl~k+rvalley and the valleys to tlie eastward, and it is q'en to tr;~Iticof all ki~~dsthrougl~ont the year. The pealis overloolting it on the nortli and soutl, rise to a height of some 2,000 feet above the level of tlie plateau. On the wester11 side the descent is somewhat abrupt into tlte narrow but f~rtileLi~phr valley." These accounts are fairly accurate. The ascent on the east side is certainly very easy and gradual, and the descent, though abrupt with reference to the Sl~andGrplateau, is 1)y no menus steel) or difficult for laden animals. It is by far the easiest route between Chitlil and Gi1git.-('/'he fllullah, Biddli/ph, B/o,row.) S1IANIi.-1RGARH-LAT. 3s0 1' ON, LONG.7'4' 5Q1, ELEV,9,600.' A miserable ha~nletin the Kamri or KCla Pini valley of Astor, standing in a fine open plain, which forms a first-rate encamping round. Forage and water abundant. Fn)m here branches off what is known as tlie Guglti route to Kanza1wrin.- (Barrow.) SIIAPIRAN-LAT. 36" 41' (?), LONG.7'2' 55'; ELEV.9,600' (?). 'l'his is apparently the name of the defile between Garm Cl~ashmaand the l)al.b<l-i-Yirk111111. The vallr>yof the 1-8rklihn river is here a mere gorge about 80 vards wide, with cliffs towering above for several thousand feet. The river here is a roaring rapid, while the path, wliich is as the left hank, is mucli encumbered by huge boulilers and other obstructions. An excellent place to oppose an enemy.-(Bu~.~ow.) SIIXI\'ATJ-LAT. 35' 37', LONG.71" 33' 30"; ELF:V14,030'. 11 pxslea(1ing from the Cllitd valley through B6mburet to Lucldeh in the Aru~vaivnllcy of Kafiristjn. From Uli~rlburetto Ltiddeh it is 25 miles. The first nine miles to Utrrsllish, a camping ground, lie up the main valley of the l3hn1Lurctstream, and are on the whole fairly easy, the ascent Leing on au average about -150' a mile. At first the road lies through deodar forest, but the last three miles to Otershish are very rough and stony. 'I'he road now quits the valley, and in the next mile and a quarter there is a sliff ascent of nearly 2,000'. Two more miles of ascent over rock and shale bring one to the Kotal (14,0Y01), the west side of whicli is always covered wit11 snow. The descent is by a series of rocky plateaux, each with its little lake, and then down a rocky ravine, which at seven mibs from the crest joins a grassy well-wooded valley flowing west 60- wards Ludileh, 58 miles distant. This valley is apparently the Shawal par cxcc Zlcncc.-(BUI TOW.) sHIDGOL-LAT. 35" 40' ON, IIONO.71' 24' ; ELEV.6,900'. A village of tlie Ki~mtozc~f section the Basligal KGfirs, situated on the ri~htLal~Ii of the Almawai river. It contaius about 1,000 i~~li:~Litants,tl~e head m:Ln in lb83 being Gotu5ra. (;ral~e cultivation couuue~iceuat Shid- go1.-( Bart.ozo). 31-IOGOTH-LAT. 38" 0' 30") Lava. 71' 49' ; EI,EV.6,200'. A village? in CliitrQ1at the ji~nctionof the Ltitlkl~o, Uj:~h, and Ami rivers. Jt consists of a village of nbol~t30 Iiol~scsand n sqt1nl.e mud fort, of bout 60 yards side, witli n-ails 211' liigh and toa ers at tlie nng1e.q. Tlie village and fort lie on a, gcutly sloping patcli of groun11 about b0 or 60 acres in extent which is cultivatcd ant1 ador~~cdby Inauy fine trees, chiefly walnut and c/Lli.~ar. Vlncs and ap~icotsare also plentiful. l'his cultivatetl patch of gro~udoc~upies the wl~olelevel space Letmectr the LGdkho and Ujah river at their co~llluencr,ant1 is consequently on tlie lcft balib: of the former. From its sitoation, betwren four funnels :~tright angles to each other, it is natural- ly a cold windy pl:~ce,but the position is a most excellent one from a mili- tary point of view. Stratrgically it conin~a~~dsall the routes from Baclak- shBn into ChitrL1, while tactically it is a position of I-emarkable strength. It cannot be t~rncdlot.ally and from it a converging are of fire can he blvught to bear with great effect on a narrow goye 1,000 yards distant. A ricketty pole bridge connects Sl~ogothwitli Awl, and 60U ya~dslower down there is atlother similar bridge on the road to Chitrfil.*-( Harrozo) . SHUGRAM-LAT. 36' 30', LONG.72" 20'; ELEV.7,520'. A village in T6rikh0 of Cliitriil. It is a large village and contains in all about 200 houces. It lies in flat open ground and fruit trees abonntl. Sirdar Niz:in1-hl-M6lk resides here for part of tlie sumrner. Tlie village really consists of several detached hamlets, viz., Wasich on the right Gnnk, and Sliugrtim, Shulgol, Bujand, and Miil, on the left bbanlr, of the 'I'61il;ho river. At M~irtlie Kluit rlver debouches into the Tliriklio. About Shugrlim the river is bridged in two places-tlie upper one being a rope blidge. (Sub-Szc~veyorBdpu' J&u'). SHUGRAM-LAT. 3''V 11', LONG.72" 8' b0"; ELEV.6,500'. A small village on the rigllt bank of the Chitrfil river, about 5 miles bc]ow the junctioll of the TGrilcho river. It contains about 30 or 40 houses, lies on both sides of the Cfnkir Gol, a stream which comes domll from Guliir. Fruit trees plentiful.-(Bar~~o~). SHBI OR PSHUR-I,AT. 35" 48', LONG.71' 25'; ELEV.7,830'. Tile highest villaye in the Arnawai valley of KafiristAn. It is situated on the left bank of the river, and contains about 6OU inhabitants belonging to the Kamtoz section of the Rashgal olan. The head man in 188; was ' Gini.' The village is built in one block of three stories round a square enclosure. There is a fair amount of cultivation, a~dexcellent grazing grounds in the VJley above the village. From ShCi there is a route practical)le for horses, leading to lzh near Drlishp in Injgim. Sh6i is apparently the Chitrhli name) Pshur the Khfir.-(Barruw). I SHUI PASSLLAT. , LONG. ; ELEV. A pass leading from the BagJsht Go1 of Injgim to the village of ShGi in the Arnawai valley of KafiristAn. It is practicable for horses, and is

* A plan and rpecisl report of this pvsitiuu is filed iu the IuteUigence BnucL considrrcrl the hest of t,he routes leading to the northern pn,rt of that, v:tllrr. Fro111 Izh on the Llitlrli river to Shlii it is ,three inarclies. Its elevation is probably abont 14,000.'-(Ba1.ro./i).) sfN-T,\T. 35" 55') LONG.71' 52'; ELEV.5,500'. A vill:lSe of '1.0 hou~eson the left bank of tlle L6tlili river, about 3a mileR Chitriil. 0pl)osite it lies Shdli with which it is counected by a bridge 20' long aud 3' broad.-(Barlaow.) ~fl\J($r\L-1,\~.36" 7', LONG.73' 57' ; ELEV.G,%OOf. A vill;~geand fort in Pu~iiilon tlie right bank of tl~eGilgit river at its jlluction with the Singal stream up which is th~route to the Uodnrgali Puss lending into Darel. There is a considerable amount of cultivatiou at Siugal, and fruit trees are numerous. The fort is of no strength:-(Ual-row).

SOWAR SI-101 PASS-LAT. 3(j0 44.5' JO", Lo~a.73O 28' ; 13~1~~.14,600'. A ])ass lending from the north side of Darkot Icrdrrl (q. v.) to Wakhjn, now (7onstantly used in preference to the barogliil route, in consecluence of the bridge on that route being broken. It is practicable for laden animals and is only closed for 7 or 8 months. Forsa sliort dist,ance after leaving the ihrlrot Pass the road goes over a snow field ant1 then along t,he edge of a glacier by a very rocky pat11 wliich is ditlicult for horses. Tlie Yailihlin river is forded about a day's journey east of the Barogh~l bridge, the road then sweeps round to Sarhad.- (U,rrl~o~u,from native inform:~tiou.) SPAL-4SHT-LAT. 55" 41') LONG.71' 49' 30"; EI.EV.4,450'. A fort on the left bank of the Chitril river about a dozen miles below Chitril. 'l'he v~llagelands, which were once extensive, have of late years been almost entirely swept away by the river, and there is now little left, but the fort with its half a dozen families. The bed of the river is here more than lialf a mile broad.-(Barrow.) ~l;'hlh-L~~.36" 15', LONG.73' 36'; ELEV.6,850'. A vilI;ige on tile left Lauk of the Gilgit river between Roshan and Hupar. It cor~tainsabout 15 or PO houses. There is a good deal of cultivation about, the place and fruit trees are plentiful. In slimmer the village is diljjcnlt of access, but in winter the river is fordable, besides wliicll it is then ljridged. Snow seldom falls in the valley of tl~eGilgit river below Sum&.- (Burrow.) S~TW~R-L.%T.Q5O 311, LONG.71' 448'; ELEV. I A sn-rall village on the right bank of the Cliitril river, about 4 miles below DrGs. It is considered part of Kalashghm, but tlie inhabitants are Rialio- medaus.- (Barrow .)

TERU-LAT. 36" 9', LONG.72' 47"; ELEV.10,700'. A village in DBrdistin, situated ou a plateau on the left bank of the Ghi- zar river, allout 4 miles above Ghizar. It conta,ins about 60 honses. There are few trees of any sort. TerG is the highest village in the Gllizar valley. -(~~U~TOW .) TIRICII- A valley of Cl~itrillying south of the backbone of the IIincl6 KGsh and east of the creat Tirich Mirmountain. It forms part of the DrBsan district ~ndis therefore under tho rule of Afzal-61-Milk. From the foot of Tirlch hljr tho Tirich valley runs no1 th-east for about 25 miles, it then ctlrves rollncl to the east till it joins the Tliril

TORIGR~M-LAT.36O 33', LONG.72" 26'; ELEV.7,780'. A village in 'l'irilrho on ihe right bank of the river, it contains about 30 houses.-(81th-SHrveyo~ Bd$d Ja'dd.)

I Toi-LAT. , LONG. ; ELEV. A vill:rge or group of hamlets along the banks of the T6i Nadi in Yarin. The &lullall says : " The first houses met within the valley are abont, 23 miles from Llle pass, and they extend along the right bank of the river in ones and twos, numbering alt~getherabout 80 houses, for about 5 miles tbe whole receiving the general name of T6i. The crops, consisting of wheat and bnrl~ychiefly, are raised by irrigntion ; the apricot,, apple, and mulberry grow in profusion. The climate of the place is Ilealtliy, deli~l~t~fulduring srlmmer, b~ltcold during winter. NO epidemic is k-nowu, and the deaths t,h;lt do occur nre in the ordinary course of nature, or in single cases froln ordinary complaints. The JItlllah apparently groups all the hamlets of the vnllny under one name. JIcNair mentions Nalti, Ha,rpli and Wesal. From Wesal wIlicll is the lowest of tlie three, tl~ereis a ronte up the 14TesnlGo1 and over the hills to l-asin which saves several miles.--(?'he JlulluA, 1llcNair.)

TO1 on JIOSH ABAR KOTAL-LAT. 36' 38'; LOXQ.73O 71' ;EI.EV. 14,800'. A pass over tlip nratershed between Yasin and Rlastlij. The Mullah thus descoribes it : " The road on leaving Gazau crosses the river by a wooden bridge, admitting of the passage of cattle, and meets with two small stdreamson tile right bank; at 7 miles it comes ou to a nalrow strip of level ground abont linlf a mile in length, and between 300 and 300 yards iu width, called SliAh Ja~il~li(the princess' plain), which it traverses. The river is recrossed to the left bank, 14 miles fn)m tlie plain, near the junction of a stream from tlie east, and a little below the place where the river issues from a glacier. 'l'hr ascent to the pass, mhiclileads to the Tlii Valley, now begins. This pass is called the Tlii Kotal by tlie people of the villages nearest it, but I heard it spoken of at Yasin as the lloshabar Kotal. The firat mile of the asccnt fro111 tlie west is grncluai and wlnding, the remaining 3 4 miles is st~ifand straight. At t8hetime T crossed, 29th July, there were 2 feet of freshly fallen snow coveriug the pass and ridge, but to the left could be plai~lly made out, by their crevasses, the glacier from which the G:izan Stream issues, and another glacier on the eastern slope of the ridp, under tile end of which the road paLsps, after a steep, but not difficult, descent of 3 miles. The pass is not a deep cutting in the ridge, and is, I believe, only slightly lower than the peaks on ~itllerside, but, as they were enveloped in clotlds at tlie time I crossed, I could not see them. During July and fi~sthalf of Angust, the pass is most free from snow, and it is then practicable for horses arid nloet frequented by travellers; t)nt the people of the neighbouring \il- Iages cross it on foot as early as March and as late as Stbptember. On reaching the terlninus of the glacier at the foot of the pass, the road crosses tlie stream caller1 the Tlii Nadi, wl~ichissues from the glacier, and following its left bank at 1: miles comes on to, a~ldtraverses, the lower edge of the glacier wl~ichtakes its rise to the south, and abuts :)gainst the opposite slope of ille hill and coiers the chdnuel of t,he rirer for a distance of 8 miles in an easterly direction. Derp crevasscs are frequent, ancl have to be avoided, but with care horses can be talien over the glacier. Where the river, uo\v a for- midable stream emerges into daylight, the road follows its left bank, which at 38 milts bends fl-om a south-east direction to the south, and receives at tlie Lel~da large glacier-fed stream from the north, which could not be forded and had to be crossed by s snow bridge some distance above the junction. The course of the stream is southerly for above 3% miles, at the third of wliich it receives a large stream from the west,; then, it has a south-south- east directiou for 2$ m~les,after wlllcll a general enst-soutli-east direction to its junction wit11 the Yasin river. There are birch forests on the western and southern slopes, extending to the river for about 8 miles of its course froin' n,hete it leatcs the 4~0nndcln~ier. Tlre fil,t~t,o l1ii stream, a litlle over 4 lnilcs, l'ricl~tf~~l, olzihra gl ~cic:~..Nirre ~nilrls Purll~el.e:~st is tl~efil,st vill:~.~llN.rlti. Tlle I~:lthItO\\- very fail., grass and wood on hill slopes. Keel) t,o tIi(? ~.i~llt1,alrk :In- 0t~I11.r3 miles, when the main vallcy is rea.chc.tl. (loi11~iha7h-west. 'l'he river is o111y fortlnl~lcill \\linter. In sllln- mrr it is s deep aud rapid stream. 'l'here are se\re~.albridges I,.v mIlir.lr tile river may Le crossetl. Villages are nnn1crons. The only fort :llong its 6.n- tis is I (7. ) 111~IIP ~ll,l)rr part ol' it.: colirse tllr nlo~~ntai~~ are ~)~.eeil)ito~lsa~~d of1e11 come right do\\r11 t,n th~~'i\~c~r's ed:~. In i\lfi~~il~I~~ thr slopt~~nlegentle and tlie llills covered with enrtll.-(S~~b-Su~vcy~r h'ipti JuJt;.)

UCIITATPASS-T~4.r. 3dGZO' Lnxrr. 72' 2' ; Er.ev 18,4,10'. rilhis IM~S,\vt~ic:h is :llso r:lllrrl the Ishlnnrg, Il~arlsI'ro11.r Itich in T61,ilcho to linl:~l'i~nj:rli in N':i.l<]]:in, \vliic.h is usu:~lly cst.il~int~~rl2s I,eing :I m:lrcl~e.q Prorn Hic.h. TI, is ol)rll for n.l~otit:5 nio~~t~lis,:rntl is only lit for mcln on foot. It is a.l\v:~y~coverrtl will1 sncjw. After l~i~\ri~tgEich the roatl goes for 8 IO~IFP or so 111) :I. 1iarro~stony ravine, at the heat1 oi rvhich t,~.;~vellers u~u:~llyeuc:Lmp before crossing. the pass, there is low FCI.U~) jungle ant1 a, lit,tle (vide Shjh Janali) fom.~e. 171.0rn here t,he road after croes- ing a steep and high spur goes n.lnng the Iel't side (1)roper right) of a lollg rial-row g1;icier for G miles, and then t,here is a stecp rocky ascent of 2 or S miles to the kotd. 'l'he elevation of t.he gl;rcier at its foot is nearly l!!,OnO1, so that there is a tc ttill ascent of more th:~n 6,000' from the last camping ground as the Tiiriliho side.- (8116-Surv~y0,rBbPzi Jddri.)

U~TIIARGOL, OIL UZAR DARA- A v:~lleyin Chitril draining from the Tiricll Nir range into the Ltitkfi va.11~~ at Sltogl th, forming at the junction n, broiid stoi~ydelta. 'l'lie path from S hogotl~111) t,lln va.1lt.y lea(ls at filast ovrr this delta 1,nt soo~~enters a narrow delile wit,ll 111-ecipit,ous cliffs on eitller side. At 2 miles Shiwat is re:~chcdon tile leit I):lnli, ant1 hvre the valley opens out ii. lit,tle. Has:lnli- 1)itl is on tl~eriglr~ I>;ink 01)posite Shin;~t,. ALovc these villages the va1lc.y agil,in n:\.rrows arid the pa'th climbs st.eoply up and along the rpnrs on t,lle IrSt I,~III< for anot.her 3 miles, whe11the upper slopes open out into fine rolliug ul)l;~ncls,we11 cultiv:~ted,and st,~ldril \v1t.11tlle ca.uses of I161.nlil a.ntl I.011 the right l):~~lk\\.here t,l~egl-out~d is favouralle is the vill:~ce of 13cbshgr5rn. Heyond t,hese villages t,het-e is no c~~ltivat,ioua,nd t,he hillsides become strep end ditfic-ult,,and small glaci~rsare visible at the lieiid of t,lle valley. Tlle path contillues along tlir left bank alld crossing the watrrsl~ed d~ace~~dsto Oivirand Ilfin. As f;~ras (;iri the path is very good gel~erally. 'l'l~t.total length of the valley is al)out 15 miles, and the aver:lge elevat,ion of the tields of Giri a,nd BeshgrQrn about 8,50U feet above sea level. Tlie ' pol,nlation can hardly he more than 2,000, althongh McN:~ir puts it at 0 I-le, howewr, never visitrd the valley. The chief villages in the val1r.y are Shiw:~t~,Iii~san:il,iid, DGrnlil, Giri ant1 Bt.shgram. There are said to br lrutl n1inc.s in the lljhar Go1.-(lI.~oodthoiye.) UJN~~-TJAT.36' 3i', T~os(:. 72" 29'; I~T.Rv.8,OjO'. A vill;~geill Turil

Ull:iK GOL -Ln.r. , IIOZG. ; RT,EV. I t\ t\ l);~ssleibdiug frotn T<:I.~.,~~~I!IIIof Chit1.61 to I\:~mdesl~:LIIC~ Rlildo~ilin 1:lrstn. It If~;~vrstllp 1~611llmri~thV;~III?,Y nl~olit~Ili~Iil \v:I,~111) 11,t111, iiIS. It, is s:~i~lto ~):IY.; o\rel. an est.t:nsive plat,r.a~~.Tl~is l.o(ltr is 1nuc~1111.ed I),v llte Ui~~llg;tIi~for riridillg ~/I:I~~OSL'S.-(U~L~~I.OIC,fro111 IIP~~YY iulur~~latiur~.)

VI RAY-T,AT. , T,oY(I. ; I

WANATCACEI-LAT. 36" ZF', LONQ. 710 4.2'; ET,EV. s,!jnof. A ,j~~i~~l~ill (.lie Arkari valley on the road to the S11l.-lrs6111'"~. The tl.eas :Ire only cl\v:lrf willmv, arid birch, bl~t,as both Enrage and firrivolrl arc pl,.lltiflll, t,laVC/lers11su~lIy encamp here bcfo1.a cl~ossili~over io,to l<:t{I::k- slin, It is ill~lvurtIl 1n.lrch from Cllitri1.-(S(1.C- Ylc,.ai:yo/. Bt;/,L dirit:.] \\':\RKITP-TJ,LT. 36" I!)' nor', TJ~NO.72' 2.3' ; EI,RV.7,150'. A village in 'J'ljriliho of (!l~itriil 011 LIIP 11:St I~;LII~; ~IIIILI~,2 lilil(b.9 Astari. It clltlt,:~i~~.qal~olit 30 nr 10 house$, :\II~ is SIII-I*I~IIII(~I!I~F1.11it t,~.(:(~~, l'llere is n I~ritlgc!vv~r the Thriltlro river :~tWarblip which collllects it wl~li lln~]:tk.-(St~h-Surt~,,yorl?iph Jckl~i.) ~VA1{S I JM-I,~T. 3(i0 55', Love.. 72" 55' ; l?r.b:v. 8,700'. A s~~~;lllllntnlrt in l'irlil1611 E'iin 011 the le!'t It;llrlc OF the Y:irlrllGn river. It, st:~ncls :it tl~c~noutli of 3 COIIS~~I~~:L~)IL'S~.I'I~;LIII frunl tllu scjut[l. 'l'lliG struam ie Irnv\vll as the k\'arsilm Go1.-(Utrr~.uw.)

YARKHQN- 'l'htr name given to the Chitd river from its source to Mnstilj. Tllc cxl)l~- riations of hlallamad Sllill sllow tllnt t,l~isriver rises ill (;hi~zl

tile (.;:!Y,LLII(; 11 :IIII~ SIII. It is cro!<::cd It$ t.11rec rop.2 I)l-itlg,.r.s (I) JIC?:I~t.Ile IIIOIIL.~~01' the li~)lisl~~i;(~l, (2) Lety;venn Uunicll and ~?.L\V;I~, (4) Lct wect~~1)iag :LII~IsL+~.chi.-(U,l~.~~otc;.) Y:\I~I.). Illlit. Is! :II.CII~. 31 i~.:rg!hn(2.v.). I)i~v:r~rg~'tl. 1hsI1. li~L11(Y.V.). Slr icl, Y:iali. Tiiku111. Blt.11 (g.r.). r 1- ~IIIII:I. ZI-III~II~~~~.

>'AS~X-TA\~I~.:)'I" 2%', 1.osr:. 73" 23' ; Er.~.v.8,r2.201. )\ vill;~g~+:IIIII Sort \vIli(~l~t[)getIler ror111 t,I~e~II~IA~ 111:1c~ in t,1le Y:lsfIl v:L],lvb.y I I IIIof l I~I.'J'!le fort, is a Pcln:il*e of al,orlt ]or) Taras slrle wi~ht,o\ye~'s :lt tllc. ~!O~II(:I'S,it is \vitl~i~la. lli~lltlretl y:~r(l$of tJle #ivel.. .'l'lle w:rlls :u.c: I~~ol~c~r~tlo\~.tlin s(.vr~.:c.lpl:tcvs, Il:lvirlg I)eelr p~~ll,~rl(lowlb I,y t he t,~.~lops(IF tile i\/l:~l~:l~*:~,ja.of Iiasl~lnir when y:~.sirl mansill \,atlet1 I,?. t.helll ~III St;:\. lt, is :L ~)I;IC~> of 110 51yu11gt.ll:lt~d is co~~~ni:~nde(lt,11c c-IiiTF 11:~~ol)l)L>si((? ~ide 01. 1 11e ~.ivel-. '1'11~ i'o1.t c-onl:~i.t~,s:L 111as.iid ;I~I[I OII~+ 0,. !,\\ o, \\.(~IIs, Oc~sirl,:,~!ly~cblli~~g 11:)11.*es for the sir1l:ir atltl his retainers. '1'11~~ilb~~~ ,111I I 0 I I LOI n I.'Jllc.Are i.s a ;;,,,1:1 (1H:l.l oI' (:llltiv:~tio~lchie:l? wlleat n,llcl hlrlej-, alld P~uittrees are abrhx- d;~1)1,~ypcci;~Ily 111e :11~1,icot.- (h~t~i~fi~~.) T.lsf N- i\ v:~ll,~yit~ D6rdistiill 1)c'longing to Cllitril, 311d ]>.ing t~stwernJJ:l.sifij or I 1;01 I \ I I I I!I-st. It is I,oli~ic;rlly tllc? c8;lstrrli di\-isio~~of IT~I~wBCl~it.l,iil, I\I:lstlij b,.il~gthe \\.cstel.n. '1 h,, t,\vo tl~visi,lns:Ire sel)al.:lted I,y tlle AItis11dl):lr nlol~nt.i~ins,and C,IIIII~~~,!(I ovr.1. ill(: 1':tl~r1))- t11c Trli, Ci~:~mnrlhlrilnscc(,iun, I)II~thrre a,rc ot.llcr scctious rel~resented ~Inlollxtllc inh:l~jt;ill!s. 'J'llo I:111gu;lgt:sl~~kcn is lhc Hilrishlie dialect (called kll:ljhn;l ljy Dr. Tlci(,llol). 'I'llr l)c~r>l)lcarc? so~nt~timr~sst,pled Ly their ,eustcrl, ,lcigllbuurr p&d, aficl tlleir CIJLIII~~l'ciriuli6 from ' Ilbl., ' a word mraniny ' mrsl,.' TII ITl1nz5, Nig:tr a,nd (:ilgi(., the Y:ls{n polrntyy is so~~~t~ti~~~esc:~IIed.Az:~ir, wl~i(:h n~:ay 1~0wil)ly1,e tile a,llcient nanle t,lle v;tll,hg, 1)111.is n1nl.e liltely a, c-oi-~~r~l~lionoF the nnlne Ghizar. U,:l~,\v(:cbnrlai tl~c.\-:isill V:I~~CYis rO('li~:lnd st,~l.ile,a. sllcccssion of s(,o,,v ~:IIISslol~in~ down fro111t,lle 11:l.r~pl.ecipit>c)us rnorlut~insitl(1s wlric:h heln in I I.1jho11t. (;rlirl:~.i :III~ Nil, howevcr, t,here is a gootl (leal of c.ll]t,i- ~nt.ioiii~rld nft4.r p:~ssi~lgthe srcontl l)l.itlg~,t8h:lt nc?;lr I)um6ll, t,lle vnll(,y opens OII~,i111i1 i~,R(:~~erzI1~v ~1?~:~lcing, nl~out a mile in witlth, I,c~ir,~lIonnlletl :t.s usunl 1)y rocky prcc:il)it.ous r~ior~nt;l.ilis'risin,. right or nine t,hl,us:llld fcnct nln)rc tl~evi~ll~y. 1.'rt)111 Dlllniin to tile ~iasr~r001, just IIC~~OI~~Y:isill, cwI tiv:~tinu is a,llnost cont,inuolls long t l~eri?!lt banli of tlre rivrr \vIIioll I~cre11up t,llt! nio~tnt~;lir~s011 the l~ftLo.nlr. 011 (!rossillg tl~,?3:1,sl)Ar (;(,I c~c?~~r.;~c*Iirs t.11~ 1)asht-i-T5ns ('1. v.), an elevated all~lvinl11lai11 allout :I milns lor^^ an11 1 wid(+,no\\. prrl'ect desvrt 1)11t o1rc.e evidel~tl~under c~lCivati,)~~. From hfw nc~rt,:~\ci~r:Is:IS far as Alir M'aliJs fort cultivntlon is cllieHy to be i'onnrl on t3he lel't Lnuk, Lrtwc?en Ynj:~lli and M~lnd~iriit is :~lnlo+t ti^. At Sil.ndi t,he rivtlr (led eurldenlv widens from sl)out 30 y:lr,Is to over n t,l~n~is:~nd,bl~t ;rt h,lir \\':tlils fort the va:lev a.ga.in c*loses i'n ;LII~is 1101, morr! thall I1:1lf :I. mile \vide, tile rivc~rLring corl(in(:d to n n;tI.row I;ptl. C'ulti\.nt.ioli is 11ow as inr as Il:~~ld;lrco~~li~ed ;111nost elltirc:ly to t,he rigIlt I);111li;n-l~ilc 1)11y011rl 11:111(lh thclre is no (-~~ltiv:~t,io~~on the rigl~t, l):111li, :III(~ 011 t.hc Itnl't only tll:~tsl~o~~t Um;~lcl~:~t. 'l'h1.r~ miles I)tbyond t,lw wholr? levr.1 :rrra of t,he valley is only ;kl~u~~t,400 y;ll~ls \vic.l(., :i.ntl tjllis level sl):~c~eis ;ill c)c.cnl,ied I,y a s\\~:LIII~)~j1111glr of lo\v sc1.111)WII~OW i1.11d bircli which con^ i~~llvs :111 tllc \vny tn l,lle vill:~~eof I)al.lii,t,. At l);lr)i~>till(: nhrr,,w v:lllry sr-~clderlly c~lxtlsSO" and one elltors i~ sort of ~II~Pa~npl~itllt::~lre snrrouudcd by gi- ~:.:LII~i~' s~~o\v-cI:~rl rno~llli:~,i~ls ;ind \\-:~t.rr~.d1~y tliree imyort;~ntstrc~arns 1vhic.11 wIlc~11unit,erI forln tShc Y:L~i~lriv(r. Out of tl~isi~~nl)hit~he;~tre t h..ril :11.r! OIII,V 1 wo csists I),~sidosthe l'asin rivc?r valley, namely, that by tile L);~rl;tit 1~15s(7. v.) ;IIII~tIl;tt, by 1):1(1;111~13:lIsi (q. 17.) illto the ~\Y~I~c?yo~~dt.l1(. jl~r~c- tioil is tl~cvill:lXe OF Y:i?-in. '~~ilev:tlley Ilrlt o1)en.c;oul; to nloro th:rn :L rnile it1 \rid1 h, and t,he n~ount.ainson 1,1,t,llsides Iosr t,l~cir~)recsil)itons ~~)~P:II-~II(:P. n~ilesfurl her on the v:lllry ag;iin c,)nt.l.acts, ctlltl at a,l)out 25 miles from Y:tsil~tllr fo~~t,of t.llc> T):1.1,lic;t,II~~S is reacTied, mtrence Ssrhati, 011 thc rigllt L:III~\of the Osnr, is at a. dist:~nc.e of o111y two days' journey." r1 8 lie vill:lgcbs ill tile Y:win valley gene~.ally consist of sca.tt,cred groups of ~OII~PP,n.l~i(*ll ;trr as a, rt110 llladc of l)o~ll~lrrsnlltl lnnd, wit'h flat roofs coln- 1)osecl of beams at~(I1.aft.p~~ cov~r~d \\'it11 stone SI:I 11s I,Insterc?tI over with rll~l(l. 'I'herc are olily two forts in the v,llley, Ya.in, and th:~tca'led Mil- il'ali'~, near ll;~rlililii, the t'orrrler is in v~1.y bat1 repair, the latter in excellent urtler. Tbc~sefo1.t~ will he found descriljtd under their propcJr he:~dings. The soil ia pn,rticr~larlyrich and fcrtilc, although the clllnate will not pennit of it.$ y icltlil~g morr th:~n ollc crop in the year ; wheat,, l)a,rley and millet are tile 1,l~illcipnltrolls. E'ruit trees grow in t,he greatest p~~fusi~n :IS Ili~hup as ITrnalchat, apricot, apple, mulberry, alld walnut, being the princrp~ltrees. TII the Wlrrshiqfirn 3nrl Kl~ovnllby, s nurnl,~r nf r~marliallle done tnl)le:: of great aut.~c~uit~:ire fountl. 'I'hey are :lho~~t30 fept in di:lrnrtc~r, alld are fornlrd of 1111geboli~tle~.w, arranged with grcaat ~~~.e(:ision,with a fl:~t side outwards, so placed as to form a p~rfectcircle ahout feet I~igh. On these are pl:~c~da 11nrnl)er of flut,t.ish 1)oulders of newly equ:tl size, ~)l.oj~ctio,~ a Frw i11c.llc.s 1)eyond the edge of the circle a11 rountl. 'J he cetitre is filled wi~h small stones am1 r~il)hisl~,which may or may not have 1,crnn as originally it~tc*ntlrd. Thp la1)our of tra~~spo~.t,i~~gn.od pl;~cing in po~itions~~ch lllrge Lloc~ksmu~t Iuve heell itnmer~st.. Tl~elo:.nl txtdition is that they wcBre tl~e work pf giants in old dn.yr. At Chi~shia.nd Ya,sin tdhere arc collect.ions of sever:tl of thew tal)les 1)laced close togetller, arid in srveri1.1 pl:lces 1,etwec.n these points :III~ tlie upper part of the WGrshighrn valley there are single taljles scatter~da1)out.'' Owing to oppression and misgovernment thp fixed popnl:~t,ion is very small, prol:rbly not exceeding 3,000 souls, tho11g11 McN:tir puts it at 0,000 (pnwil)ly becal~se13iddulph cornput~.sthe numl-)rroE ho~~sesin the \.alley at 1,200)., whilv in another report 11e puts it at 20,000. 1 have myself see11 neal.ly evrrv villnge in the val,ley and I sl~oultl cornj)ute t,he nr~rnlerof houses :~t600, cer~a.inlynot more than 800, and this estilna'te includes the sitle valleys of tlre 'I'lii and Uadang I3alli. Yasin caertainlg cannot fllrnish a tl~c.usnndfighting mchn,a,ncl thcse are badly armed. S~vords,shields, an11 rl~atolilocksare t,he principal arms. 'L'l~ereare also a few rifles which ha\,@ Lern pl.ese~~tedby tlie British govcrument to the Sirtlar. Swoi.rls are r11atle in t,he conntry. Lrad and matjcl~locksare imported from (:hitr:il. TIIP favorite season for warfare is Arlgust wlien the crops are nenrly ripe. ar~lhe attacking force can then depend on the standing corn and fruit for sul,sistence, while the stores in the forts are at tht~irlowest. l'lie country has hitllerto been s1i;imcf ullv adrninist~rerl; great oppression exercised, aud Inen sold ruthlessly into slilvery I'or tile slightest ofl'erlce, a.n,y man bring liable to have his children torn from him and sent as presrl~tsto neighbouring ~.ulera. Slavery is tlle cnrse of t,he count,ry. In spite of thi.i, however, the people scem f:~irlvwell to do, thc fact is t,hc clin~;~t,~is excellvnt and the peol)le are Ilcalt,Iig. Tht~~have few wants, salt, and a. little sag:lr, being p~.nct,ic:allythe otlly import,^. As regards routrs, t,l~road up the volley is of conrse only n pxtl~,l)i~t.it is fairly level, and good throngllout for laden animals, tllougli stony i~i pI:~c.es. Tile only rbads out of the valley are- (I) The foot path to the rope bridge at Roshan, impracticable for hnrsrs. (:l) The path to li11alt.a on the Ghizar river, pra.ctical,le for uliladrn I~orses,but very Latl indeed. 'I'his 1e:lds to the ronte by t,he Gl~izar va.lIc.y and Ssr Lispilr to Mastlij, ~\.llicliis open all the year rou~~d. This route is also called the Shauclhr pass route. Tl~eChamarkand Paes, to which rafercnce has been made above, is merely a bifurcation from the Gliizar route. (fi'Jc Shandlir pass,. and Chamarkallrl.) (3) In minter, the ford at Oupis, which is tlie only route for l'den ani- . , mxls. (4) TIle T6i pass (rl.v.) route, praetieahle for onladen.horses, but ditficult : this route is only oyPn for ahout 5 months. (5) The Dark& pars (q.v.) route, to the YirkhGn valley and WakLin. This is a very difficult road but is used by laden animals. (8) T\vn cliRic:nlt pnth* ftnrh f hc ~slo~~t 32 miles. From DitrkGt to lIancl6r the bed of the river lles in a deep narrow valley. At Handfir it begins to open ollt, and tlie valley as f:~ras Inis a nil or toI. It thvn closes in aqain :tnd 1)ecomc.s :I narrow defile. The actual river channel is from 30 to fiO yards LroaJ. Bctmeen I3al.klilti and SClndithe I)ed of tl~eriver spreads out consitlerat~lp, Leing nearly a mile wide. It is liere of course a waste of sand and slliugl~. rilhe depth of the river varies consir1ernl)ly wi1,li 1l1e se:r.;on. 111 sulnmcr it is nowhere fordable, while in wint~rit is lorda1)le almost everywherr, though below Yasin it is only forda1)le for men 011 horse-t)ncl; owing to the strength of the current. The river is too rapid for boats to be eml)loyed with advantage, arld there is not a Loat in the counls~. It is Lridged 14 miles above Handir, (2) just above 13arlililti, (9) st Mir Wali s fort, (4) at Sandi, (5) just ))elow Damjn, (6) two miles al~ovu its junction with the Ghizar. These bridges are consitlered pructic::~l~le for laden animals but they are all very narrow and some of thern vc1.y ricketty. 'l'hey each consist of a couple of poles thrown across the rivcr with short chesses. or hurdles laid over them. The principal affluents on the right hank are the Tlii and Naslhr Go], while on the left bank there is the streamwhich joins it just below MandGri. Eish abouud in the river.-(Barroiu.) z ZARDI-LAT. 36" %1',LONG. 72"211; ET.EV. / A village in Mlirikho of Chitdl about 8 miles above Drbsan. It 15 3 scattered village containing about 80 houses.-(8164-Snri~e~or U4pu .TtlrIli.) ZIDIG PASS-LAT. 35" 66', LONG.71" 25' 30"; ELEV.14,850'. A pass leading from Gabar on the Dorih route in ChitrR1 to Allmet1 Dew61ln in Kafiristin. At Gabar the L6tk6 river is crossed by n bridgr, or it may be forded ; the road then goes up the left hank of the Zirlig strcam. At 54 miles there is a small summer grazing ground of the Kfifirs called Samamk; 4 miles beyond this is thc Kotul, the last 2 milcs up to whicll are very stiff, mostly ovcr snow which is perennial. From tlle kodnl tl~~reis a tl~scent of 6 miles to Ahmed Dewina (Elev. 8,GYO'). The first two thous:~nd feet of the descent are terribly steep. At tlre Po/nl there is a rich vein of lend ore. Badakshi traders, with salt carried on dunkeys, use this routc illto K6firistin.-(Barrow.)