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SOUND ENGINEERING Edited by Prof. Chandrabhanu Pattanayak Practical Sound Engineering Ear Training for Mix Engineers Live Sound Engineering Live Sound Mixing Sound System Engineering Shaping Lives... Empowering Communities... SOUND ENGINEERING THE AUDIO TECHNIQUES (Aligned to MES/ Q 3402 of Media and Entertainment Skills Council, India) INSTITUTE OF KNOWLEDGE SOCIETIES CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT Page 3 SOUND ENGINEERING This course has been developed with the support of the Commonwealth of Learning (COL). COL is an intergovernmental organisation created by Commonwealth Heads of Government to promote the development and sharing of open learning and distance education knowledge, resources and technologies. Centurion University of Technology and Management (CUTM) is a multicampus state private univesity in India offering liberal, professional and technical education in various dsciplines. The University focuses on ‗hands-on‘, ‗experience based‘, ‗practice oriented‘ learning. While promoting Nano, Mini and Micro Enterprises, the University works toward learning experiences that are ‗quantifiable‘, ‗sustainable‘, ‗scalable‘ and ‗replicable‘. CUTM is redefining the learning platform through: (i) skill integrated, domain linked, teaching and learning; (ii) industry and community partnerships; (iii) creating and co-creating enterprises; and (iv) an eco-system approach which includes community, enterprise, industry and educational institutes. © 2018 by the Commonwealth of Learning and Centurion University of Technology and Management. Except where otherwise noted, Digital Video Editing is made available under Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- sa/4.0/legalcode . For the avoidance of doubt, by applying this licence the Commonwealth of Learning does not waive any privileges or immunities from claims that it may be entitled to assert, nor does the Commonwealth of Learning submit itself to the jurisdiction, courts, legal processes or laws of any jurisdiction. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author/s; they are not necessarily those of Commonwealth of Learning and do not commit the organisation. Course Team: Chief Editor Prof. Chandrabhanu Pattanayak, Director, IKS Course Editor Ms. Vibha Sharma, Director, Gram Tarang Employability Training and Services Language Editor Ms. Jehanara Wasi, Editorial Consultant Course Writer Mr. Amardeep Singh, Broadcast Engineer, 93.5 Red FM, Amritsar Mr. Sanjeev Kumar, Redio-In-Charge, 107.8 FM, Himgiri Ki Awaaz Ms. Priyanka Goswami, Radio Jockey cum Producer Layout & Design Mr. Krishna Chandra Maharana, Senior Designer, Centurion University Photographs Mr. Paresh Kumar Mandal, Production Associate, C-Studios Video Mr. Siba Prasad Mohanty, Studio Manager, C-Studios Prof. Chandrabhanu Pattanayak, Director, IKS Mr. Paresh Mandal, Production Associate, C-Studios Instruction Designer Dr. Kris Murugan, Course Consultant, COL, Canada Course Coordinator Dr. Ambika Sankar Mishra, Asst. Professor, Centurion University Published by: Centurion University of Technology and Management Institute of Knowledge Societies At-Ramchandrapur, PO-Jatni, Bhubaneswar PIN-752050, Odisha Page 4 About This Sound Engineering Course The Sound Engineering Course has been produced by Institute of Knowledge Society. All materials produced by the Institute are structured in the same way, as outlined below. How This Sound Engineering Course is Structured The Course Overview The purpose of this overview is to provide you with a general introduction to the course and it will help you to understand: If the course is suitable for you What you can expect from the course Study skills you will need Where to go for help Course assignments The Course Content The course is divided into units, each comprising : An introduction to the unit Unit outcomes New terminologies Core content of the unit with various learning activities A Unit summary Assignments Page 5 CONTENTS Course Overview________________________________________________________ _____ Welcome to Sound Engineering 8 Sound Engineering 8 Course Objects 8 Course Outcomes 8 Timeframe 8 Study Skills 9 Assignments 9 Unit 1 _______________________________________________________________________ _____ Fundamentals of Sound 14 Introduction 14 1.1 What is Sound? 14 1.2 Stereophonic Recording/ Advances in Film Sound 22 1.3 Sound Principle 28 Unit Summary 36 Assignments 36 Unit 2 ______________________________________________________________________ _______ Acoustics and Soundproofing 37 Introduction 37 2.1 Soundproofing 37 2.2 Acoustic Treatment 44 Unit Summary 48 Assignments 48 Unit 3 _______________________________________________________________________ _____ Sound Equipment 49 Introduction 49 3.1 Audio Cables 49 3.2 Soldeing and Crimping 53 3.3 Audio Mixer 58 3.4 Microphones 68 3.5 Sound Card 80 3.6 Loud Speaker 85 3.7 Digital Audio Work Station 88 Unit Summary 90 Assignments 90 Page 6 Unit 4 _____________________________________________________________________ ______ Recording and Editing of Sound 91 Introduction 91 4.1 Audio Recording and Editing 91 4.2 Editing of Audio 98 4.3 Importing of Audio 105 Unit Summary 109 Assignments 109 Unit 5 _____________________________________________________________________ _______ Sound Mixing and Final Touches 110 Introduction 110 5.1 Audio Mixing 110 5.2 Dimension - Adding Effects 115 5.3 Mixing in Nuendo Software 117 5.4 How to Export 129 Unit Summary 133 Assignments 133 Unit 6 ____________________________________________________________________________ Safety and Measurement 134 Introduction 134 6.1 Safety and Measurement 134 6.2 Cables and Connectors Wiring 134 6.3 Sound Pressure 134 6.4 Fire Hazards 134 6.5 Risk Assessment 135 6.6 Hierarchy of Controls 136 6.7 Chemical Hazards 137 6.8 Biological Hazards 137 6.9 Physical Hazards 137 6.10 Visual Display Units 137 6.11 Fire 137 Unit Summary 138 Assignments 138 Page 7 Course Overview______________________________ Welcome to Sound Engineering This course will give you a detailed idea about sound, sound production and post production. We have introduced the recording, editing and mixing techniques with audio software tutorials, which will enhance the practical side of audio production. The course is designed keeping in mind the theoretical as well as the practical aspect of sound production. ____________________________________________________________ Sound Engineering The Audio Techniques: Is This Course For You? This course is intended for people who are studying sound and its various aspects. People who aspire to become a sound engineer, composer or editor can also refer to this course as it has audio recording, editing and mixing techniques. It is useful for you if you are dreaming of a career in any type of audio or audio–visual media. __________________________________________________________________ Course Objectives The objectives of this course are: To enhance an understanding about the concept of sound. To make students understand about the nature and use of sound. To teach the aspects and procedure of audio recording, editing and mixing. To provide practical knowledge about audio production and post- production. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Course Outcomes: Upon completion of Error! No text of specified style in document.: The audio techniques you will be able to: Understand what is sound? Understand the history and development of sound. Work on various audio softwares. Produce your own audio piece or show Edit and mix various audio projects. Understand the complexities and difficulties in audio production. ___________________________________________________________________________________ Timeframe Within the period of 3 months the course can be delivered thoroughly. Two months of formal study are required to understand and practise software. It is a practical course so you need to practice on software‘s till you get perfection. Page 8 __________________________________________________________________ Study Skills As an adult learner your approach to learning will be different from your school days: you will choose what you want to study, you will have professional and/or personal motivation for doing so and you will most likely fit your study activities around other professional or domestic responsibilities. Essentially you will take control of your learning environment. As a consequence, you will need to consider performance issues related to time management, goal setting, stress management, etc. Perhaps you will also need to reacquaint yourself in areas such as essay planning, coping with exams and using the web as a learning resource. Your most significant considerations will be time and space, i.e. the time you dedicate to your learning and the environment in which you engage in that learning. ___________________________________________________________________ Assignments Assignments including history of sound (different era) one edited music, one edited radio program, song mixing etc. The assignment needs to be submitted after end of each unit. Page 9 INDEX Pictures Page Fig 1: Sound ……………………..…………………………………….……….………..………… 15 Fig 2: Sound and Air …………………………………….…….……..……….……..…………… 15 Fig 3: Era of Sound …………………………………………………….….…………….………… 16 Fig 4: Thomas Edison ……………………………………………………………………..……… 17 Fig 5: Edison Records Human Voice …………………………………………..……….……… 17 Fig
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