1 Universidade Federal Da Paraiba Centro De Ciências Humanas, Letras E Artes Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Psicologia Social

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1 Universidade Federal Da Paraiba Centro De Ciências Humanas, Letras E Artes Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Psicologia Social UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAIBA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS, LETRAS E ARTES PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM PSICOLOGIA SOCIAL ATITUDES E VULNERABILIDADES FRENTE AO ABORTO PROVOCADO EM CONTEXTOS DE LEGALIDADE E ILEGALIDADE IRIA RAQUEL BORGES WIESE Núcleo de Pesquisa Vulnerabilidades e Promoção da Saúde JOÃO PESSOA-PB 2017 1 IRIA RAQUEL BORGES WIESE ATITUDES E VULNERABILIDADES FRENTE AO ABORTO PROVOCADO EM CONTEXTOS DE LEGALIDADE E ILEGALIDADE Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia Social da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB) como requisito para obtenção do título de doutora. Orientadora: Profª Draª Ana Alayde Werba Saldanha JOÃO PESSOA-PB 2017 2 W651a Wiese, Iria Raquel Borges. Atitudes e vulnerabilidades frente ao aborto provocado em contextos de legalidade e ilegalidade / Iria Raquel Borges Wiese. - João Pessoa, 2017. 333 f. : il. - Orientadora: Ana Alayde Werba Saldanha. Tese (Doutorado) - UFPB/PPGPS 1. Aborto provocado. 2. Legalidade - Aborto. 3. Ilegalidade - Aborto. I. UFPB/B Título. CDU – C 173.4(043) 3 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA PARAIBA CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS, LETRAS E ARTES PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM PSICOLOGIA SOCIAL – DOUTORADO ATITUDES E VULNERABILIDADES FRENTE AO ABORTO PROVOCADO EM CONTEXTOS DE LEGALIDADE E ILEGALIDADE Iria Raquel Borges Wiese BANCA AVALIADORA Profª Drª. Ana Alayde Werba Saldanha (Orientadora – Universidade Federal da Paraíba) Prof. Dr. Júlio Rique Neto (Membro interno à universidade – Universidade Federal da Paraíba) Prof. Dr. Eduardo Sérgio Soares Sousa (Membro interno à universidade – Universidade Federal da Paraíba) Prof. Dr. Degmar Francisco dos Anjos (Membro externo à universidade – Instituto Federal da Paraíba) Profª Drª. Josevânia da Silva (Membro externo à universidade – Universidade Estadual da Paraíba) 4 “A utopia está lá no horizonte. Me aproximo dois passos, ela se afasta dois passos. Caminho dez passos, e o horizonte corre dez passos. Por mais que eu caminhe, jamais alcançarei. Para que serve a utopia? Serve para isso: para que eu não deixe de caminhar.” (Eduardo Galeano) “(…) Elegí perdonarme si alguna parte de mí no estaba de acuerdo, antes que seguir castigándome.” (Emmeline Pankhurst, participante desta pesquisa) 5 AGRADECIMENTOS “Aquilo que é mais pessoal é o que há de mais geral”, já diria Carl Rogers. Eu poderia interpretar essa frase para o presente contexto de duas formas. A primeira delas remete ao fato de que no caminho por que passei, eu não passei sozinha. No caminho por que passei existe uma rede de laços sociais e afetivos que me constituem enquanto ser no mundo; alguns transeuntes, afinal, quatro anos e meio é tempo suficiente para que pessoas e acontecimentos atravessem suas avenidas. E, por falar em avenidas, a segunda maneira de compreender a referida citação, remonta a Edgar Morin e suas interrogações acerca das estruturas ideológicas e o enraizamento sociocultural inerentes à ciência. Em seu livro “Ciência com consciência”, este autor apontou problemas éticos e morais da ciência contemporânea, indicando algumas avenidas que conduzem ao “desafio da complexidade”. A oitava avenida da complexidade é o retorno do observador à sua observação. Nas ciências sociais, eliminar o observador, conforme preconiza a premissa da neutralidade da ciência positivista, constitui-se absolutamente ilusória. Isso quer dizer que todo cientista está implicado no fenômeno que pesquisa, a partir das suas escolhas políticas, teóricas e metodológicas. É, desse modo, que apresenta esta tese. Feitas tais considerações, gostaria de expressar minha gratidão a quem se atravessou em meu caminho e me possibilitou fazer algumas escolhas. Em primeiro lugar, gratidão à minha família (Vilma, Célio, Maíra e Dibs) pela dedicação, apoio e carinho em todos os momentos, de forma incondicional. À minha orientadora e amiga Ana Alayde, pelo companheirismo em todas as horas, sabedoria, orientações, compromisso ético com a ciência e o social e, sobretudo, por me ensinar que é possível ser leve em meio aos desafios que a academia nos apresenta. Gostaria de agradecer, ainda, aos professores Júlio Rique e Eduardo Sérgio pelas valorosas contribuições durante a qualificação, as quais foram consideradas na versão final da 6 presente tese, bem como aos professores Degmar, Regina e Josevânia por terem aceitado tão gentilmente o convite para participarem da (re) construção deste trabalho. Agradeço também a todos que compõem o Núcleo Vulnerabilidades e Promoção da Saúde (NPVPS), a todos os meus amigos (que são infinitos e não teria como citar todos por receio de esquecer alguém), à Manu, minha professora de espanhol, por toda ajuda; a todos que fazem a COPED/IFPB campus Cajazeiras e a Pablo, meu namorado, pela infinita atenção, carinho e colaboração com a tese. Agradeço também ao professor Leonel Briozzo, à direção do Hospital Pereira Rossell e à organização civil de profissionais da saúde Iniciativas Sanitárias, os quais me acolheram e me possibiliaram desenvolver parte da minha pesquisa no Uruguai. Por fim, mas não menos importante, a todos e todas os/as participantes desta pesquisa pela contribuição, por partilharem suas histórias, muitas vezes com lágrimas nos olhos, e pela confiança depositada em mim e em meu trabalho. 7 SUMÁRIO RESUMO ................................................................................................................................. 10 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. 11 LISTA DE ABREVIAÇÕES E SIGLAS ................................................................................. 12 LISTA DE TABELAS ............................................................................................................. 14 LISTA DE FIGURAS .............................................................................................................. 17 I – INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................. 18 1.1. MODELO TEÓRICO: VARIÁVEIS PREDITORAS DAS ATITUDES FRENTE AO DIREITO AO ABORTO PROVOCADO E VULNERABILIDADES ASSOCIADAS ......... 29 II – FUNDAMENTAÇÃO TEÓRICA ..................................................................................... 39 2.1. DELIMITAÇÃO DO OBJETO DE ESTUDO .................................................................. 39 2.1.1. Aborto segundo a medicina e as legislações brasileira e uruguaia 39 2.1.2. História do aborto: do privado ao público 52 2.1.3. Panorama legal e epidemiológico do aborto no mundo 58 2.2. REFERENCIAL TEÓRICO .............................................................................................. 62 2.2.1. Teorias sobre as crenças em Psicologia Social 62 2.2.2. Crenças essencialistas versus crenças construtivistas sobre os gêneros 70 2.2.2.1. Perspectivas teóricas sobre gênero 78 2.2.3. Teorias dos Valores Sociais 85 2.2.4. Teorias das Atitudes 96 2.2.4.1. Variáveis preditoras das atitudes frente ao direito ao aborto provocado: o que dizem as pesquisas? 103 2.2.5. Vulnerabilidades e Direitos Humanos 107 2.2.5.1. Mulheres que abortam: vulnerabilidades e vivências associadas 114 III – ESTUDOS EMPÍRICOS ......................................................................................... 121 3.1. Estudo 1: tradução, adaptação e validação do Gender Attitude Inventory (GAI) e do Questionário de Valores Psicossociais (QVP-24) 121 3.2. Estudo 2: Modelo preditivo das atitudes frente ao direito ao aborto provocado 161 8 3.3. Estudo 3: Vulnerabilidades associadas ao aborto provocado em contextos de legalidade e ilegalidade 208 IV – SUBJETIVIDADE SOCIAL E SUBJETIVIDADE INDIVIDUAL: ARTICULANDO OS ESTUDOS 2 E 3 ............................................................................................................... 285 V – CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS .......................................................................................... 294 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ................................................................................... 300 ANEXOS ................................................................................................................................ 324 9 RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os valores, crenças de gênero, atitudes e vulnerabilidades associados ao aborto provocado em contextos de ilegalidade (Brasil – Paraíba) e legalidade (Uruguai – Montevidéu). Tem-se como tese, a qual foi analisada a partir de um modelo teórico, que as atitudes frente ao direito ao aborto provocado podem ser explicadas pelos valores psicossociais e crenças de gênero de uma sociedade. Tais atitudes, contrárias ou favoráveis, demarcam contextos de ilegalidade e legalidade, respectivamente, os quais reduzem, reproduzem ou aumentam as situações de vulnerabilidades experimentadas pelas mulheres que praticam aborto, podendo influenciar na sua vivência e sentidos. A fim de responder a tese e o objetivo geral apresentados, foram realizados três estudos. O estudo 1 consistiu na tradução, adaptação e validação dos instrumentos de medida (Gender Attitude Inventory – GAI e Questionários de Valores Psicossociais – QVP-24) utilizados no estudo 2. Este, por sua vez, também de natureza quantitativa, teve como finalidade analisar um modelo preditivo das atitudes de estudantes universitários, em ambos os contextos, frente ao direito ao aborto provocado, tendo como variáveis explicativas os valores psicossociais e as crenças de gênero. Por fim, o estudo 3 (de natureza qualitativa) objetivou, de forma independente, identificar
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