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Abortion Issue in Croatia

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Abortion Issue in Croatia “GREY AREA”: ABORTION ISSUE IN CROATIA ABSTRACT: This paper involves analysis and mapping of relevant stakeholders, legislation, policy and practice of the issue of abortion on demand in the Republic of Croatia in year 2014, with the aim of obtai- ning better insights and contributing to the understanding of the overall situation. Data collection methods that were used included focus group discussion, individual semi-structured interviews, written submissions and statements. Questions and problems related to the abortion issue belong to the “grey area”, thus characterized by: inadequate state regulation, deficiencies in the aborti- on records, cases of medical corruption and official misconduct, variability of medical treatment (high) cost on regional and hospital level and the incidence of conscientious objection. With all of the above, as well as with traditional, patriarchal stigmatization of women who voluntarily termi- nate pregnancy, along with current neoconservative threats - the accessibility and safety of legal abortions in Croatia is difficult. Further difficulties are the result of the indifference of managing structures of the health care system that do not accept responsibility for the failures in regulation and supervision. In the current situation, it is essential that the Ministry of Health and other rele- vant stakeholders in the health sector take affirmative actions to promote the options for materia- lisation of women’s reproductive rights. Given the findings of this study, with the aim of achieving the accessibility and safety of abortion on demand, it is necessary to ensure the accessibility of the procedure in all qualified institutions - regulate cases of conscientious objection, sanction abortion procedures in private gynaecological practices, standardize procedures and costs, and make all information (on procedures, costs ...) available on the Internet. This report is a part of the project #IntheNameof Love carried out by Zagreb Pride Organization and CESI. It is supported by a grant from Open Society Foundations. English translation by: Alina Čabraja CESI, 2014. 2 INTRODUCTION According to the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases of the World INTRODUCTION Health Organization, code O04 indicates legally induced termination of pregnancy or medical abortion. In the Republic of Croatia, according to the Croatian National Institute of Public Health (CNIPH) for the year 2013, there were 3816 medical terminations of pregnancies under that desi- gnation, representing 35% of the total reported abortions1. If this information is put in relation to the number of births in the same year, the resulting rate of 105 legally induced abortions per 1,000 births, positions Croatia among the states of the European Union (EU) with the currently lowest such ratio2. In contrast, according to reports from gynaecological primary health care practices in the Republic of Croatia in the year 2013, 89.928 visits were recorded requiring services for family planning and prescription contraceptives3, representing about 9% of the total number of women of child-bearing age (972.948). With a steadily decreasing number of births in the last five years (from 43.776 (2008) to 39.962 (in 2013)), the official state statistics illustrate a rather confusing picture of women’s reproductive health in Croatia - a very low rate of induced abortion, assumed low frequency of use of contraception4, with a negative trend of the birth rate. Such discrepancies in official data, along with the notorious case “Practice” (“Ordinacija”) that exposed corruption, falsification of documents and abuse of office of a group of gynaecolo- gists in Varaždin hospital (Špac, 2013) in addition to two cases of conscientious objection related to women’s right to decide on their reproductive health (listed in the report of the Office Ombuds- person for Gender Equality in 2013), have prompted this analysis and mapping of relevant stake- holders, legislation, policies and practices regarding issues of induced abortions. This was led by the aim of obtaining better insights and contributing to the understanding of the overall situation. The study was conducted by the Centre for Education, Counselling and Research (CESI) team, within the project “#InTheNameOfLove”, carried out in partnership with Zagreb Pride Organization, with financial support from Open Society Foundations. Results presented in this paper stem from an analysis of existing relevant documents, articles from the media and data gathered from the consulted stakeholders. Methods of data collection included focus group discussion, individual semi-structured interviews and written submissions and statements. This study was designed in the beginning of 2014 and carried out in the first half of the year, during a period of intense imposing of neoconservative groups and initiatives in Croatia to set the “problem” of legally available medical abortion on the public agenda. Above mentioned groups, which 1 20% of spontaneous abortions/miscarriages were recorded, while other types of abortion amounted to 45% (Poljičanin&Benjak, 2014). 2 For the year 2012 an average rate for EU countries amounts to 216, after Croatia, the lowest rate was re- corded in Belgium and the Netherlands (152 and 154), while at the other end of the scale there were Romania, Bulgaria, Estonia and Hungary with rates higher than 400 (World Health Organization, 2014). 3 The most commonly used contraceptives are oral (86%) and intrauterine (8%) (Poljičanin&Benjak, 2014). 4 Croatia is, along with Cyprus and Fiji, the only country with more than 100,000 women of childbearing age (15-49 years) married or in partnership, where there is no data available for indicators of the frequency of use of contraception in order to monitor the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal 5B - Universal access to reproductive health (United Nations, 2013). 3 have in the last couple of years been actively working on preventing the introduction of health and civic education in schools, and have managed to introduce, via a referendum, a discriminatory consti- tutional provision that defines marriage as a bond between a man and a woman, have now directed the implementation of their ideology of “family, life and religious freedom” in an attempt to deny legal termination of pregnancy. Strategies of their actions tend to display individual rights of the citizens INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION of Croatia, (such as the right to information and sexual and gender equality education, the equal right to marriage, the right to free and autonomous decisions about one’s own body and reproductive he- alth), as a matter of choice justified by “freedom of religious belief”, around which then, they create a discourse of cultural and ideological conflict and deep divisions within Croatian society. Threats to legally regulated, accessible and safe medical abortion in Croatia began in early 1991, when Ružica Ćavar, president of the Croatian Movement for Life and Family, filed a motion to review the constitutionality of the Act on health measures for the realization of the right to freely decide on the childbirth, dating from the year 1978, a legal document still relevant and regulating the issue of legal abortion5. Over the next two decades, efforts to ban or hinder the availability of medical abortion in Croatian hospitals were characterized by requests of the Croatian Bishops’ Conference (CBC), the Croatian Party of Rights (HSP), pamphlets and leaflets by Antun Lisec to be found in the hospital waiting rooms and student clinics, plus the case of screening (and subsequent ban) of an explicit film “Silent Scream” in high school religious education classes6. Likewise, even the visits of the pontiff of the Catholic Church and the Holy Seat were used for media exposure of the messages on “the inviolability of human life from conception” as well as for the demands for revision of the law. In recent years, the neoconservative groups largely expand their activities to the area of the Internet. Consequently, in year 2012 an online portal “Abortion Clinic” appears, featuring visu- ally and textually manipulated sources of objective data related to the termination of pregnancy, thus providing selective information for the purpose of public intimidation. The following year, a profile “Pro-life Croatia”7 appears on the social network Facebook. With the Croatian accession to the EU, local groups become more directly involved in similar initiatives at the European level, so, in the period of July to November 2013 Croatian Association for Life “CRO-VITA” organized public collection of signatures for a European initiative “One of Us”8 that was supported by CBC by open call to members of the Church to get actively involved and sign this initiative9. In December of the same year, in a joint interview for one of the national weekly newspapers, Stjepo Bartulica, presi- dent of the association Centre for the Renewal of Culture and Vice John Batarelo president of the 5 To date, a decision at the request has not been made. However, in 2009, the Constitutional Court in relation to this request, sent a query to University Hospital Centre Zagreb requesting the opinion of the medical pro- fession about abortion and the answer to the question “when does the life begin?”. The opinion of the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital Centre Zagreb was that life begins with the joining of male and female reproductive cells”, i.e. conception. This argument was later used by the initiative
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