The Enneagram and Its Implications
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Journal of Business Diversity North American Business Press Atlanta – Seattle – South Florida - Toronto Journal of Business Diversity Dr. Sandra Williams Editor Dr. David Smith Editor-In-Chief NORTH AMERICAN BUSINESS PRESS EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Andy Bertsch - MINOT STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Jacob Bikker - UTRECHT UNIVERSITY, NETHERLANDS Dr. Bill Bommer - CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, FRESNO Dr. Michael Bond - UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA Dr. Charles Butler - COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Jon Carrick - STETSON UNIVERSITY Dr. Mondher Cherif - REIMS, FRANCE Dr. Daniel Condon - DOMINICAN UNIVERSITY, CHICAGO Dr. Bahram Dadgostar - LAKEHEAD UNIVERSITY, CANADA Dr. Deborah Erdos-Knapp - KENT STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Bruce Forster - UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, KEARNEY Dr. Nancy Furlow - MARYMOUNT UNIVERSITY Dr. Mark Gershon - TEMPLE UNIVERSITY Dr. Philippe Gregoire - UNIVERSITY OF LAVAL, CANADA Dr. Donald Grunewald - IONA COLLEGE Dr. Samanthala Hettihewa - UNIVERSITY OF BALLARAT, AUSTRALIA Dr. Russell Kashian - UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, WHITEWATER Dr. Jeffrey Kennedy - PALM BEACH ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY Dr. Jerry Knutson - AG EDWARDS Dr. Dean Koutramanis - UNIVERSITY OF TAMPA Dr. Malek Lashgari - UNIVERSITY OF HARTFORD Dr. Priscilla Liang - CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, CHANNEL ISLANDS Dr. Tony Matias - MATIAS AND ASSOCIATES Dr. Patti Meglich - UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, OMAHA Dr. Robert Metts - UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO Dr. Adil Mouhammed - UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, SPRINGFIELD Dr. Roy Pearson - COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY Dr. Sergiy Rakhmayil - RYERSON UNIVERSITY, CANADA Dr. Robert Scherer - CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Ira Sohn - MONTCLAIR STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Reginal Sheppard - UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA Dr. Carlos Spaht - LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY, SHREVEPORT Dr. Walter Amedzro ST-Hilaire - HEC, MONTREAL, CANADA Dr. Ken Thorpe - EMORY UNIVERSITY Dr. Robert Tian - MEDIALLE COLLEGE Dr. Calin Valsan - BISHOP'S UNIVERSITY, CANADA Dr. Anne Walsh - LA SALLE UNIVERSITY Dr. Thomas Verney - SHIPPENSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY Dr. Christopher Wright - UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA Volume – 13(1/2) ISSN 2158-3889 Authors have granted copyright consent to allow that copies of their article may be made for personal or internal use. This does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Any consent for republication, other than noted, must be granted through the publisher: North American Business Press, Inc. Atlanta - Seattle – South Florida - Toronto ©Journal of Business Diversity 2013 For submission, subscription or copyright information, contact the editor at: [email protected] or [email protected] Subscription Price: US$ 305 per year Our journals are indexed by UMI-Proquest-ABI Inform, EBSCOHost, GoogleScholar, and listed with Cabell's Directory of Periodicals, Ulrich's Listing of Periodicals, Bowkers Publishing Resources, the Library of Congress, the National Library of Canada, and Australia's Department of Education Science and Training. Furthermore, our journals have been used to support the Academically Qualified (AQ) faculty classification by all recognized business school accrediting bodies. This Issue Understanding the Complexities of the Arizona Immigration Act: A Midwestern Business Student Perspective ............................................................................................ 9 Nancy J. Hanson-Rasmussen Immigration policy and law have a history of being controversial and emotional issues in the United States. While a bipartisan effort to create an amenable immigration policy continues, states have proposed their own immigration laws. This study investigates the opinion of Midwestern university students in regard to the proposed 2010 Arizona Immigration Act. Specifically, it looks at student awareness of the Act and whether Midwestern students have the same views toward the Act as the general population. Comparisons are drawn using nationally recognized public opinion polls and student surveys conducted at the time of the Act’s proposal. Organizational Perspectives on Stained Glass Ceilings for Female Bishops in the Anglican Communion: A Case Study of the Church of England .............................................................................................................. 23 Judy Rois, Daphne Rixon, Alex Faseruk The purpose of this study is to document how glass ceilings, known in an ecclesiastical setting as stained glass ceilings, are being encountered by female clergy within the Anglican Communion. The study applies the stained glass ceiling approach developed by Cotter et al. (2001) to examine the organizational structures and ordination practices in not only the Anglican Communion but various other Christian denominations. The study provides an in depth examination of the history of female ordination within the Church of England through the application of managerial paradigms as the focal point of this research. The Entrepreneurial Experiences of 1st Generation Migrant Black African Female Entrepreneurs in Britain ............................................................................................................. 40 Thomas T. Domboka This paper explores the experiences of 1st generation black African women who have settled and started business in Britain and the impact those experiences have had and are likely to have on the success for new migrants in starting their own businesses. This qualitative study was carried out using semi- structured interviews with 35 female entrepreneurs based in the West Midlands County of Britain. Findings suggest that these women are motivated by various pull factors; they have limited access to finance, while having high levels of human capital which they do not seem to benefit from due to its irrelevance to the businesses they started. Effects of Leader Race and Leader Mistake on Patronizing Behaviors .............................................. 52 Sarah Singletary Walker, Juan M. Madera, Michelle R. Hebl This study examined the extent to which perceptions of leadership vary as a function of leader race. Using experimental methods, results suggest that Black managers experience patronizing discrimination that consists of differential allocation of limited, but not unlimited resources. Specifically results revealed that under conditions of mistakes, evaluations of the leadership capability for Black and White managers are similar, however, salary differences emerged. More specifically, participants assigned lower salaries to Black managers when mistakes were made. We discuss implications of these findings and directions for future research. Multigenerational Differences in the Puerto Rican Workforce ............................................................ 65 Maritza Yvette Soto, Maria V. Lugo This study examines the perception of intergenerational differences among workers in Puerto Rico. An adaptation of the Intergenerational Tension Questionnaire (ITQ) (Choo, 2002) was administered to human resources managers of approximately 500 companies of a variety of types of businesses: manufacturing, service, educational, in Puerto Rico. Results found that there is no difference between younger/older workers in the different aspects related to their jobs and that organizational practices, particularly those associated with recruitment, training, promotions and transfer systems, could alienate older workers to a greater extent than they would younger workers. What Lies Ahead: Emerging Trends in the Diversity Pipeline Among New Entrants in the Workforce ............................................................................................................... 83 Arlise P. McKinney This paper reviews the changing demographics in the US population and workforce that have implications for the diversity pipeline into the workforce. The diversity pipeline represents the anticipated new entrants into the workforce from both population trends but also the increasing number of women and ethnic minority college graduates. To examine the outcomes associated with higher college enrollment for women, this study examined gender and race differences in academic measures from nearly 4,000 students and discusses anticipated challenges for managing workforce diversity. The findings are discussed with recommendations for diversity management practices. The Role of Gender in Explaining Motives for Business Informality and Formalization.................. 96 Justina Lucas Utouh This research work sought to explain how motives for business informality and formalization are explained by gender. Data was collected through plain interviews, in-depth interviews, interviewee triangulation, participant observation, and documentary analysis. Data was analyzed using open, axial and selective coding Straussian grounded theory procedures. Findings suggest that access to education and subsequent positive perception of formalization whether it is worth doing or not are crucial in determining motives for business informality and formalization. It is necessary therefore, to ensure equitable access to education and to address simultaneously awareness, capacity, regulatory and gender issues in fostering formalization of businesses in developing countries. Family Business Succession: The Impact of Customer Relationship Management and Customer Based Brand Equity on Firm Success or Failure ...................................................................................................