Report on the Distribution of BME Populations in Greater Manchester
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Report on the distribution of BME populations in Greater Manchester William Shankley Sociology, Centre of Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) University of Manchester Aim The aim of this report is to consider ethnic residential settlement across Greater Manchester. This is in order to support the investigation of the Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Education Trust: does the archival material on ethnic minorities across Greater Manchester libraries, archives and museums reflect the residential settlement patterns and diversity of ethnic groups living in the area? The project’s aim was to provide an up-to-date analysis of the residential settlement patterns of the major ethnic minority groups across Greater Manchester at district and ward levels of geography. The project additionally aimed to examine the percentage change of the major ethnic groups between 2001 and 2011 at district level across Greater Manchester. 1. Background Studies such as Brown and Cunningham (2016) have highlighted that Greater Manchester; particularly wards such as Moss Side and Hulme have been significant sites of immigration, both locally and nationally. Britain has experienced large-scale migration throughout the past decades, which Vertovec (2007) has claimed has led to the country becoming super-diverse. This is where the sending countries of migrants has diversified and expanded beyond the traditional patterns of migrants that linked to Britain’s colonial legacy, position in Western Europe and ties with the Commonwealth. One significant change that has affected British migration patterns has been the result of the expansion of the European Union (EU) in 2004 and again in 2007. Eight countries (Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, and Slovenia) predominantly from Central and Eastern Europe were admitted into the European project in 2004 (Burrell, 2009). This was followed by the additional accession of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007. At the same time as Britain’s migration patterns were diversifying, the country also experienced an increase of immigration along its asylum and refugee pathway. Greater Manchester was part of the Home Office’s refugee dispersal mechanism and the Gateway project and more recent Syrian Resettlement Scheme. These have arguably changed the dimensions of ethnic diversity in the region. New migration has challenged our understanding of ethnic residential settlement in the local area and raises the question of whether the public archival material reflects the current diversity of the region. 2. Method and Data There has been a recent move across academic disciplines to harness the power of geographic information systems (GIS) for multiple uses. These uses include mapping community needs, increase community engagement and participation, and mapping the geographies of disease and illness (Beyer and Ruston, 2009; Brown and Kyttä, 2014). Advances in the use of GIS have resulted in the current study taking a quantitative approach to the residential mapping of ethnic minorities in Greater Manchester. Due to ethnicity and the spatial aims of the projects it was deemed the Census 2001 & 2011 England and Wales were the most appropriate data to map the ethnic minorities across Greater Manchester given the censuses total population coverage, ethnicity questions, and geographical dimensions. I. Ethnic Minority Group Residential Settlement Mapping To permit the mapping of the residential settlement of ethnic minority groups across Greater Manchester, the self-reported ethnicity write-in data was used from the Census 2011 to analyse the 1 residential patterns of established and newer immigrant and ethnic minority groups. 1 Sixteen ethnic groups were chosen to visually map their residential settlement across districts and wards in Greater Manchester. These groups were; Pakistani, Indian, Bangladeshi, Chinese, African, Caribbean, Iranian, Irish, Baltic States, Polish, Sri Lanka, Somali, Arab, Turkish and Gypsy Traveller. II. Ethnic Minority Percentage Change To analyse the percentage change in ethnic groups’ population over the decennial censuses, the prescribed ethnicity question was used to measure the percentage change in population between 2001 and 2011. This was conducted for all eight of the established ethnic minority groups (Irish, White Other, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese, African, & Caribbean). The Census tables that were used included the KS006 and KS201EW tables. Table KS006 was used for data on ethnic group for 2001 at local authority district level for England and Wales; whereas table KS201EW was used for data on ethnic group for 2011 at local authority district level for England and Wales. Descriptive methods were then used to calculate the percentage change for each ethnic minority group over the decade interval for each district in Greater Manchester. (See section 4 & appendix table 1) 3. Ethnic Group Residential Settlement in Greater Manchester To get an insight into the total number of ethnic minorities in Greater Manchester prior to mapping the following table provides a breakdown of the ethnic populations for Greater Manchester and their percentage of the total population in 2011. Table 1: Raw Count of Ethnic Minorities in Greater Manchester Order Ethnic group Frequency Percentage of by Greater Populat Manchester ion Size Population (%) 1 Pakistani 130265 4.86 2 Indian 53655 2.00 3 African 46353 1.73 4 Irish 34710 1.29 5 Bangladeshi 34231 1.28 6 Chinese 26422 0.98 7 Polish 20433 0.76 8 Caribbean 18107 0.67 9 Arab 15616 0.58 10 Iranian 5701 0.21 11 Baltic States 2678 0.10 12 Somali 1811 0.07 13 Sri Lankan 1781 0.07 14 Turkish 1610 0.06 15 Gypsy or Irish 1541 0.06 Traveller 1 Where an individual ticks a broad category (eg Black-Other) the self-reported ethnicity allows further definition. 2 Understanding the Census Residential Settlement Map The following explanation assists understanding of the mapping of the Census 2011 data for ethnic minority groups across wards in Greater Manchester. It is important to understand that the ethnic minority groups size for each of the fifteen groups varies in size – with the ethnic Pakistani group being the most numerous and the ethnic Gypsy/Traveller group being the most scarce across Greater Manchester. In order to create a map that illustrated the wards with the largest concentration of an ethnic group and to overcome issues associated with different population sizes, it was decided that the ‘exposure’ of the group would be a useful indicator. This calculated the difference in size of a groups’ population for a ward compared to their population if it was spread evenly between all the wards (of equal) size in Greater Manchester. This follows the technique used in demographic work on ethnic minority population settlement by Liberson (1981) and Simpson (2007). This statistics was calculated for each ethnic minority group and for each ward in Greater Manchester. The data was then, using ArcGIS mapping software, linked to a visual representation (or shapefile) of Greater Manchester. To gain an insight into the residential concentration of a particular group ‘black’ was used to show wards with high residential concentration. This was where a specific ethnic minority group was ≥ 4 times the expected concentration of the group if they were evenly spread throughout all the wards in Greater Manchester. This technique allowed the maps to be comparable between different ethnic minority groups and to overcome problems visualising population groups of different sizes. Caveats to understanding the mapping data It is important to note that a number of caveats are needed in the reporting and interpretation of ethnic minority groups from the Census 2011 data for Greater Manchester. First, many new migrants are often missing from the Census 2011 data. This is because of the recent nature of their migration but also due to their short-term accommodation and residence in accommodation classed as a ‘non fixed address’. This creates a problem for data collection because even though its methodology seeks to gain complete population coverage (to sample everyone in the UK population) it focuses on collecting data on individuals in households who are living at registered addresses across the United Kingdom (Coleman, 2013). As a result of this data collection strategy, the Census often misses the collection of data on multiple vulnerable groups, for example, the street homeless population, human trafficking victims, and migrant populations. Second, certain ethnic groups, for example, the Irish Traveller/Gypsy/Roma groups are hard to access. Due to their transient settlement patterns, and a history of marginalisation that discourages self-reporting, this has often contributed to their numbers being under-reported in Census data (Powell, 2013). Third, ethnic groups such as the Somali population have been found to have a large proportion of their diaspora that have further migrated from other EU countries and posses other EU citizenship (Van Liempt, 2011). This has been argued to be the result of many ethnic Somali seeking citizenship in countries such as the Netherlands and seeking to further migrate after their citizenship to join the larger Somali population residing in the UK (Van Liempt, 2011). The fluid nature of their EU migration arguably could have contributed to their under-reporting in the current mapping report. Fourth, the sample of the data that the maps are based on uses the ethnic minority write-in response box. This is used to provide respondents with a self-report box to the question