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YEAR:27 NUMBER:200 SEPTEMBEROcakları :2020 www.ulkuocaklari.org.trMontly Educational and Cultural Journal Veteran Mustafa Kemal Atatürk said, “If God will allow me, I will take back “ Mosul, Kirkuk and the Islands. I will include Western Thrace, including Thessaloniki, within the Turkish Border. '' These words are very important to us. Our faith is complete. This goal and aim of Veteran Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is our ‘’RedApple’’. Turkish youth will achieve its goal by breaking down the barriers one by one, and attain National Oat and the Great Turan Idea. Ülkü Ocakları Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı Ülkü Ocakları Monthly Education and Culture Journal Concessionaire Ahmet Yiğit YILDIRIM [email protected] Editor in Chief İsmail Burak TATLI [email protected] Responsible Editor İlhan DURAK [email protected] Broadcast Management Consultants Hüseyin Erol ŞİMŞEK Alparslan DOĞAN Muhammet ÜRGEN Place of Administration Nasuh Akar Mah. 1401. Sok. No:17 Balgat / ANKARA 0312 285 44 44 ISSN: 2687-2862 Cover, Typesetting and Layout Ömer YILDIZ [email protected] Printing Place Vega Printing Services Korkutreis Mahallesi Lale Cad. 21/A Çankaya / Ankara 0312230 07 23

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www.ulkuocaklari.org.tr The 200th Issue of Our Journal of Ülkü Ocakları is dedicated to our Idealist Martyrs, who gave life and blood so that the Almighty Turkish Nation Live Forever. Presentation

Dear readers, We which contributes to Turkish political and social life by publishing original and qualified works have prepared the 200th issue of our Journal of Ülkü Ocakları of the this issue, Before we talk about "Nationalism", which we have determined as the Subject File in about. Against the Coronavirus epidemic that has surrounded the world for seven months and continues to affect our country by warning our citizens again; I advise them to be more sensitive about cleaning, mask and distance to our citizens who lost their lives during this epidemic. Mercy from almighty God , and condolence to their relatives; I also wish our patients urgent healing. I pray to God that humanity, especially our nation, should get rid of this epidemic in a short time. With the pride of the sense of belonging, the Turkish nation; As one of the mighty, prestigious and powerful societies of the age, “nationalism”, which we believe to be the intellectual basis and driving force of social, economic and cultural developments, constitutes the whole of our basic ideas and sensitivities. The underlying idea of nationa- lism is the idea of "Nation". Therefore, it is important to define the nation. We, the nation, as idealist hearths for half a century; We consider it as a social whole, which reveals the desire and will to live together on the ground provided by a common history, has the fe- eling of sharing a common destiny and future in the historical process, and believes that it has its own qualities and identity in the community of nations. Turkish nation, our in- dependent Turkey, we see a strong and accept the social and cultural basis of existence as a democratic country forever. Therefore, our red line is the existence and survival of the almighty Turkish nation. Nationalism, on the other hand, is a set of ideas and sensitivities aiming to develop the awareness of belonging to the Turkish nation and accepting its dis- tinctive qualities as the main reference in interpreting the world and events. The concepts of national identity, national language, national culture, national sovereignty, national state and solidarity are of decisive importance among the elements of nationalist thought systematics. Our nationalism, with the inspiration and courage of our deep loyalty and love to the Turkish nation, accepts as the main goal to make sense of its existence and to guarantee its future, and sees every effort necessary for this. In this context, we have determined the subject of the file as "Nationalism" for the 200th issue of our Journal of Ülkü Ocakları, and we have examined the relation of Turkish nationalism with political, social, economic and technological fields in depth. We carried out a serious work in order to reveal a bedside work that left a mark on the history of Idealist Hearths. I wish all of our idealists to benefit from our journal as much as possible …

Ahmet Yiğit YILDIRIM President of Ülkü Ocakları Education and Culture Foundation September 2020, Issue :200

CONTENT

Research Assistant H. Bozkurt ÇELİK On the Birth of Modern Turkish Nationalism. 10 Hüseyin Erol ŞİMŞEK Chieftain Alparslan Türkeş's Nationalism Approach. 17 Hamiyet Bilge ANLAR Turkish-Islamic Idealism and Seyyid Ahmet Arvâsî 25 Elyar TÜRKER Nationalism in History Education 34 Börteçine KARABAY National Science and Technology 40 Deniz GÜZELAY Turkish world Nationalist Movements: Azerbaijan-Ottoman 48 Relations and Caucasian Islamic Army Muhammet Suat UZUN Effects of Nationalism on Common Ideas of Societies 55

“The Nationalist Movement Party, which has been fighting for sixteen years without deviating from honest and honorable ways of working, has given unique examples to Turkish political life. Our party, whose nationalism and Turkism have taken a political action for the first time, is the party of the Gray Wolves, those who devote themselves to the nation. The idealistic ideas, programs and plans put forward are someti- mes secretly or explicitly adopted and received by other political parties. Our party insistently stated that the real way of salvation for the Turkish nation is to advance rapidly in social justice, scien- ce and technique, away from pretensions and falsehoods in these days when the world has stepped into the threshold of a new age. By saying no to both capitalism and communism, we show the Turkish nation the Nine Lights national view as the only way of salvation. Turkish tradition, our national doctrine of Nine Lights, which has been established by making the history of the Turkish nation as the basis, is the winged flag of the ideal of Turkism. Our nation, which is being crushed by the heavy pressure of various poverty, disorder, lawlessness and injustice, embraces the Nationalist Movement as the savior. Every day our youth are inc- reasing, our shots are getting more frequent. Chieftain Alparslan Türkeş Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean dangerous confrontation occurred, the surrounding environment and aggressive invaders press in Turkey is comp- licated day by day. The crisis policy, which is expanding simultaneously with the arrogant impositions of Greece, both deepens and exacerbates the risks and threats we are exposed to as a country. Despite the rising tension and harassment, Turkey's historical interests of the sovereignty rights, is perseverance and determination to defend the national security with the enc- losure. There is no opportunity for the slightest relaxation and compromise in this regard. It is banditry for Greece to hide behind the opposing countries and insist on escaping from agreement, speech and compromise, and to take shelter in the shadow of injustice and unlawfulness and seek prosperity and future. France, the United Arab Emirates, the Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus, Egypt and Israel, whose brakes have been thoroughly emptied by suggestions, illusions and provocations, openly served and even invited a possible disaster is understood that. It should be known that it is a very obvious language of war that Greece claims rights almost to our beac- hes. But the presence of Turkey's future independence and dignity will never be confiscated. Those who violate, deny or occupy our continental shelf, our land waters, and every trust that are the hallmarks of our sovereignty, both in the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean, will pay a very heavy price for their histo- rical mistakes. It is destined for France and Greece that their memory will endure fire-implement their bloody policies inspired by the 1920s with heed- lessness once again meet the crushing power of the noble Turkish heroism that they removed from, and the horror of fate this time.

Leader Devlet Bahçeli On the Birth of Modern Turkish Nationalism

On the Birth of Modern Turkish Nationalism

Research Assistant H. Bozkurt ÇELİKK

The theories put forward to explain the realities of the nation and nationalism try to base their views on different examples. Considering these examples, a Eurocentric understanding draws the attention. Beca- use the types of nationalism are generally classified geographically as Western and Eastern nationalisms. However, this classification cannot explain many nationalisms, as well as the Turks who have been iden- tified with migration throughout history and settled in quite different parts of the world, and the Turks' understanding of nationalism and the foundations of this understanding. Every nation has its own unique "birth" process. It is installed in its own unique conditions. In the world where many nations exist, it is possible that the concept of "nation" has only one definition, but it is quite difficult to see nationalism as a single type and to explain all nationalisms in the world with this definition. Nationalism of each nation has its own unique characteristics. The basis of this situation is that each community's process of reaching the cons- ciousness of the nation and the conditions of this process are different. (Arık, 1981: 188). In this respect, it can be said that the development of Turkish na- tionalism and the renewal movements in Turkish society are simultane-

10 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Research Assistant H. Bozkurt ÇELİK ous. In other words, one of the most important arguments in explaining modern Turkish nationalism is that nationalism and modernization are almost the same processes (Arık, 1981: 49). The historical process of modern Turkish nationalism is highly "intertwined" with this argument. Another important argument for understanding modern Turkish nati- onalism is its “school” identity. Because, in the modern period, Tur- kish nationalism has spread as a trend primarily in military schools and then in the property, another institution that provides modern education. Also considering that the late Ottoman era in Turkish nationalism of the political sense, which plays an important role in the activation of Union and Progress Society of the Military Medical to 'be established, parti- cularly in the late Ottoman nationalist movement in Turkey is observed that due to the school (Sarınay, 1994 : 122). The arguments in question are important for understanding the basic pillars of modern Turkish nationalism. However, in order to exp- lain Turkish Nationalism, it is essential to have a broader perspective from the modernist point of view. Although the Turkish national iden- tity and the consciousness and feeling of belonging to this identity date back to quite old periods of the history, the classification of this histori- cal process is also an important issue. The fact that Ziya Gökalp (1876-1924) divided the History of Turkish Civilization into three periods may be an important guide in making this classification. This classification based on two important breaking points in ancient Turkish history also gives valuable clues about the degree of existence of national identity and sentiment. The history of Turkish Civilization is divided into three periods (Gökalp, 2015: 21): - Ancient Period: It is the period from when the Turks took the stage of history until they chose Islam. - Middle Period: The period from the time the Turks chose Islam to their acceptance of the superiority of the Garp civilization.

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 11 On the Birth of Modern Turkish Nationalism

- New Era: It covers the period after the dominance of the Garp civilization was accepted. The historical process of ancient Turkish nationalism can be clari- fied by examining the nationality elements in the Turkish history of the ancient period and the nationality elements in the Islamic period Tur- kish history, based on Gökalp's classification. The process that started with the modernization movements and the last period of the Ottoman Empire is the period when Turkish nationalism emerged in the modern sense. Examining the elements of modern Turkish nationalism, espe- cially the roots of this modern nationalism, is of great importance in understanding the character of Turkish nationalism. 1. Turkish Nationalism in the Late Ottoman Period. The birth of modern Turkish nationalism took place in the last pe- riod of the Ottoman Empire. Because the cultural and political stances of the intellectuals and rulers of the period were the main axis of the debate about the best way for the liberation of the state. Although Ak- çuraoğlu Yusuf (1876-1935), one of the important Turkist intellectuals of the period, argues that Turkism activities among the Ottoman Turks started between 1865 and 1870 (Akçura, 2016: 47), there are different opinions on this issue and Turkism is a modern idea or field of activity. Its beginning cannot be dated clearly. It is a period in which modern Turkish nationalism was born, an empire weakening and fragmenting day by day, seeking the best politi- cal choice in order to survive and preserve its integrity. In other words, the late Ottoman intellectuals and administrators were fighting how to keep the empire alive and put forward the goal of saving the state as their primary priority (Kösoğlu, 2008: 209). Especially with the spread of historical studies, Ottoman history gradually became a part of the whole Turkish history in the eyes of the Turkist intellectuals of the period. However, it started to be settled as a

12 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Research Assistant H. Bozkurt ÇELİK general acceptance that the Ottoman Empire was a Turkish state (Kus- her, 1979: 60). Only the works published in Western countries or the Ottoman Empire were not effective in the formation of these views. One of the most effective factors in seeing the Ottoman Empire as a Turkish state is the migration movements from various parts of the Turkish world towards the Ottoman Empire, especially in the 18th and 19th centuries. Towards the end of the century, Russia's expansion towards the south and east, in other words towards the Caucasus and Turkestan geograp- hies, caused Tatars and other Turkish communities in the region to mig- rate to Anatolia and the Balkans (Kushner, 1979: 15). Both the changes in the demographic structure and the intellec- tual studies in the field of Turkology and Turkish history increased the interest of the Ottoman intellectuals in Turkishness and Turkish nati- onalism. However, the nationalist movements developed by this inte- rest and this interest,a political response rather than, previously found a cultural response and appeared as a cultural movement. One of the most important reasons for this was that the Turkist media of the period were prohibited from engaging in domestic political debates. Despite this, the total circulation of the mentioned press organs reached thirty thousand in the second half of the reign of Abdulhamit II. Considering the possibility of a newspaper being read by more than one person, the influence of newspapers is better understood. With the press in ques- tion and the publications of these press organs, the Turkish national feeling spread and became the source of the Turkist movements of the following periods. (Kushner, 1979: 20-22). 2. Turkish Nationalism in the National Struggle Period. The idea of Turkish nationalism, which started to take shape es- pecially in the cultural field in the last period of the Ottoman Empire, started to take on a different identity as a feeling after the occupation

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 13 On the Birth of Modern Turkish Nationalism of Anatolia after the First World War. The Ottoman Empire's process of disintegration accelerated with the collapse of Ottomanism and then Islamism policies, and the National Struggle, which started to save the lands that remained after the First World War, developed through a nati- onalist sentiment, especially with references to religion and anti-impe- rialism. One of the most prominent features of the nationalist understan- ding in the period of the National Struggle, when Turkish nationalism began to turn into an action in a political sense, is its anti-imperialist character. So much so that the struggle in question and its source, Tur- kish nationalism, can be a role model for anti-imperialist nationalists emerging as a third way in world politics. However, this character of Turkish nationalism cannot be considered in the same category as the revolt of the oppressed peoples. Because there are two important diffe- rences between the struggles of other oppressed peoples of the period and Turkish nationalism and the national struggle policy. In addition, these two differences constitute two important pillars of the nationalism understanding in the period of national struggle. One of these differen- ces is that the understanding of Turkish nationalism of the period was not anti-Western. Because, although there is a war with Western states, Western civilization and Western Values are accepted. The second im- portant difference is that the nationalism understanding of the period was not anti-capitalist. On the contrary, starting with the fight against this kind of national understanding of Turkish nationalism that Turkey should be included capitalist economy and argues that should be inclu- ded in the economic sense, civilization, race (Georgeon, 2016: 8, 10). However, it should be noted that the fact that these two cha- racters started to show themselves well corresponded to the declarati- on of the Republic and afterwards. The period of National Struggle is remarkable as it is the period when the roots of these ideas started to appear. Because the War of Independence, which was fought on the last

14 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Research Assistant H. Bozkurt ÇELİK piece of land left behind by the disintegrating empire, took place within the framework of an understanding that was fully aware of the difficul- ties of being in an anti-imperialist and economically difficult situation. Another important feature of the understanding of nationalism in the period of the War of Independence is that the reference to religion is very important. Because in the period in question, Turkishness is consi- dered as an umbrella reality based on the religious definition. Although there is no non-Muslim MP in the First Assembly, which is one of the most important pillars of the National Struggle; There are representati- ves of different ethnic origins. (Durgun, 2014: 85, 185). In the intellectual sense, these two reference points express the essence of the Turkism understanding in the period of the national stru- ggle. From a practical point of view, the important elements of the Na- tional Struggle are the Turkic institutions of the period. These organiza- tions, in terms of both intellectual and organizational aspects stood by Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who was the commander in chief of the National Struggleand played an active role (Sarınay, 1994: 229). REFERENCES Akçura, Y. (2016). History of Turkism. (Second Edition). Istan- bul: Ötüken Publishing House Arık, RO (1981). Turkish Revolution and Our Nationalism. (First Edition). Ankara: Eroğlu Matbaacılık Sanayi Durgun, Ş. (2014). Nation Building and Nationalism. (First Edition). Ankara: Binyıl Publishing House Georgeon, F. (2016). Ottoman-Turkish Modernization - 1900- 1930. (Translated by Ali Berktay). Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Publications. (Originally published in 2006)

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 15 On the Birth of Modern Turkish Nationalism

Gökalp, Z. (2015). Turkish Civilization History. (First Edition). Istanbul: Ötüken Publications. Kösoğlu, N. (2008). The Birth and Characteristics of Turkish Na- tionalism Ideology, T. Bora and M. Gültekingil. (Editors). Nationalism. Third Edition. Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, p. 208-225. Kushner, D. (1979). The Birth of Turkish Nationalism. (Transla- ted by Şevket Serdar Türet, Rekin Erdem and Fahri Erdem). Istanbul: Kervan Publications. (The original of the work was published in 1976) Sarınay, Y. (1994). Historical Development of Turkish Nationa- lism and Turkish Hearths. 1912-1931. (First Edition). Istanbul: Ötüken Publications.

16 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Hüseyin Erol ŞİMŞEK

Chieftain Alparslan Türkeş's Nationalism Approach

Hüseyin Erol ŞİMŞEK

“There are leaders, they go beyond their time. There are leaders, they personally write the lived epics. There are leaders again, as the world turns, they are unfor- gettable as long as humanity exists, they take their firm and absolute place in his- tory. So Chieftain Alparslan Türkeş is such a leader. " Leader Devlet Bahçeli November 26 ,2017

Turkish Name and Concept.

The Turkish nation is one of the oldest nations in history. The word "Turk", which is the name of this nation, has been used since ancient times. Since our ancestors did not have a tradition of leaving "written documents" at that time, the first information about Turks can be found in Chinese sources.

Ancient documents on this subject are found in the Chinese mo- narch annals. Accordingly, historical sources based on documents show that the first Turkish state was the Great Hun Empire. This is BC. The date is 209. It is natural that there is a culture and a civilization that prepared one of the unique organizations of the period like the Great Hun State. In addition, there are some scholars' views that the Sakalar or Scythians, known to exist in earlier ages, were one of the first states established by the Turks. However, there is no documentary informati- on about them.

As the homeland of the Turks, the Altai Mountains in the northern

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 17 Chieftain Alparslan Türkeş's Nationalism Approach regions of Turkistan and the channel and coasts of the Orkhon River are shown.

However, the Turks, who later spread to the desert in the west of the Caspian Lake and the Great Wall, made the regions that historians call Central Asia and Turkestan their homeland.

As a result of the known historical course, Turks have included the Balkans, Anatolia, a part of the Middle East, the north of the Black Sea, the Caucasus and the southern regions of Siberia. Turkish name and concept; It has been the description of pure purity, integrity, go- odness, high morality, knowledge and reason, respect for science and scientists, power, strength, discipline and organizationalism which is a natural result of all of these.

The Nation and Our Understanding of Nationalism.

Nationalism can be summarized briefly, simply and briefly as "the individual's attachment to his own nation and his poem of values, with love and faith, and his efforts to glorify these values." Nationalist Movement Party, party program 'Fundamental Values and Principles' under the heading Nations and Nationalism definitions are made in the following way:

"Our party nation; It is social, which reveals the desire and will to live together on the ground provided by a common history, has a sense of sharing a common destiny and future in the historical process, believes that it has its own qualities and identity in the community of nations considers it as a whole. In this regard, the fact that our nation, Turkey, our independent, social and cultural foundations of a strong and be there forever is accepted as a democratic country. Nationalism, on the other hand, is a set of ideas and sensitivities aiming to develop the awareness of belonging to the Turkish nation and accepting its distinc- tive qualities as the main reference in interpreting the world and events.

18 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Hüseyin Erol ŞİMŞEK

The concepts of national identity, national language, national culture, national sovereignty, national state and solidarity are of decisive impor- tance among the elements of nationalist thought systematics.

Our nationalism, with the inspiration and courage of our deep loyalty and love to the Turkish nation,meaning of its existence and gu- arantees its future main goal accepts the and sees every effort necessary for this. " Here, it is useful to briefly mention the features of - natio nalism. Nationalism is rational. It is an intellectual system that places special emphasis on logic, justice and social solidarity.

- It is based on sociological and psychological principles. There- fore, blood is not sought in people, spirit and faith are important.

- He wishes the free will of the people to prevail. It rejects slavery and is strongly against exploitation and imperialism.

Nationalism is based on consciousness, knowledge and science. It respects all civilizations, especially the civilization brought into being by its own nation.

Human communities live as nations in the world. Every nation strives to protect and develop its own characteristics and to make its community more advanced, higher and more comfortable than other nations. This rivalry and mutual competition between nations is only possible by gathering the nation around a national consciousness and having the consciousness of directing their own social existence towar- ds certain goals. The consciousness of nationalism and the sense of nationalism are the main factors influencing the activities and advan- cement of nations and their efforts to prosper and develop their own societies. It is not possible for a society that lacks a sense of nationalism to show a nation view. It is not possible for a community without a sen- se of nationalism and national consciousness to live together. Chieftain Alparslan Türkeş, who had seen this fact long before, put the principle

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 19 Chieftain Alparslan Türkeş's Nationalism Approach of Nationalism in the first place in his book titled National Doctrine 9 Lights, which he wrote in 1969 and gave a wide place in the book.

In this work, the principle of Nationalism forms the basis of the other 8 principles. In this work, which is still the bedside book of Tur- kish nationalists today, Chieftain Türkeş stated the following: "The rise of the Turkish nation and its protection from danger fact that the people who make up the Turkish nation have national consciousness one by one and their hearts beat with the love of the nation and the patriotism depends on the."

Chieftain explained the Turkish nation as follows: “What is the truth we call the Turkish nation? It is possible to describe the reality that we call the Turkish nation today as follows: The human community that comes from a common history and has a common historical consci- ousness, belongs to the same religion, has been kneaded with the same culture, has established the same state, has survived and today, under the flag of the same state and within its borders constitutes the nation. New living within the borders of the Republic of Turkey and Turkish- ness adopting, kneaded the same culture, same religion constitute our nation today the human community.

Chieftain Alparslan Türkeş and Turkish Nationalism.

Chieftain raised the flag of Turkish nationalism at a time when na- tionalism was seen as a dangerous trend and was excluded. The fate of Turkish nationalism, which was placed in coffins in 1944 and accused of treason and racism, changed with Chieftain Türkeş. He systematized the ideal of Turkish nationalism into action, carried it from the field of ideas to the political scene, and with the Nationalist Movement Party, for the first time in history, Turkish nationalism became a party's prog- ram and world view. In cells, in this case to be tried to be forgotten and digested behind bars, it was moved to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and Turkey's government to government partnership.

20 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Hüseyin Erol ŞİMŞEK

Chieftain Alparslan Türkeş; On the long journey, like the Kho- rasan saints who spread Turkishness and Islam to Anatolia, he worked almost superhumanly for the ideal of Turkish nationalism to take root in Anatolia.

As a matter of fact, Turkish nationalism has spread to all corners of the country in this way, and has taken root in the conscience of Tur- kish youth by knitting it knot by knot. Personally in his own words "the nationalist-idealist movement is born as the architect of Turkey's big and strong and sophisticated." Chieftain thought that the Turkish nation should be the passenger of a new road and own a new destiny. This new way for Turkey in science, morality, art and industry would be the way of those who want to make the most advanced nation on earth. Just like in the Orkhon Inscriptions, he pointed out that there was a need for real intellectuals who would create their own works of thought by putting the night into the day, exhausting effort and sweating, and that would make the Turkish nation winged in science and art and fly throu- gh the ages without breaking the roots of the Turkish nation. Chieftain stated that for this there is no need to cling to sadistic Slavic Marxism or cold Anglo-Saxon capitalism, but a third way. He emphasized that there should be a hundred percent indigenous and national doctrine that will ensure social justice in the country and the rapid development of the Turkish nation as a society. The principles of "Everything for the Turkish nation, towards the Turk and according to the Turk" constitu- ted the spirit of this doctrine. Chieftain's famous “9 Light Doctrine” is the product of these ideas. Chieftain, who lives in Turkey and Turkis- hness adopting, kneaded the same culture, the same religion believes that members of the human community constitutes the Turkish nation. The Turks are very large and spacious with a family living outside the limits as the solution place and the owner of the underlying assets and the issue will believe what they see in Turkey. In this regard, addressing Turkey's first plan, protection and constitute the main subject of the

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 21 Chieftain Alparslan Türkeş's Nationalism Approach opinion that the glorified. According to Chieftain Alparslan Türkeş, it is possible to summarize the basic view of Turkish nationalism as follows: “Being from the Turkish nation, loving the Turkish nation and loyally serving the Turkish state, having a sense of loyalty to the homeland and making every sacrifice and work for the rise of the Turkish nation and is conscious.

Everyone who has this feeling and consciousness is Turkish. Everyone who does not have the aspirations and aspirations of another foreign nation in his heart, who feels Turkish, who adopts Turkishness and who carries the love of serving the Turkish nation and the Turkish state is a Turk. " Deep love for the Turkish nation lies at the basis of Chieftain's understanding of nationalism. Chieftain says: "... Our nati- onalism is strengthened by a deep and deep-rooted love for the Turkish nation and the feeling of ensuring that the Turkish nation is removed from the troublesome situation as soon as possible with the most mo- dern and scientific methods and that it is brought to the forefront of modern civilization as soon as possible. . It is necessary to place the concept of "Turkism" alongside the understanding of nationalism that Chieftain brought to Turkish political life and deeply influenced the masses. Chieftain: “We are nationalists, we are Turkish. Why are we Turkish? Because our nation is the Turkish nation. Turkism is to pri- oritize the idea and aim of everything that the Turkish nation will do at every stage of its life, in accordance with the Turkish spirit, Turkish tradition, and be beneficial to the Turk. '' and again in “National Doct- rine 9 Lights”: “Turkism, our understanding of nationalism; It is based on spiritual consciousness. On this basis, everyone who has reached the consciousness of Turkishness and sincerely says "I am a Turk'' is a Turk ... Turkish nationalism has become an expression of the legitimate defense, high humanity feelings and the defense and protection of the natural rights of the Turkish nation. The idea of Turkism was born from this consciousness and feeling. We briefly describe Turkism as follows:

22 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Hüseyin Erol ŞİMŞEK

It is the view that every activity is organized and carried out in accor- dance with the national interests of the Turkish nation ”.

This high spiritual understanding in Chieftain Alparslan Türkeş gave birth to Idealism. The ideal of bringing the Turkish nation to the higher level of modern civilization in the shortest way, as soon as pos- sible, and to achieve a happy, prosperous, independent, free and self-en- titled life constitutes Chieftain's ideal.

"Our idealism always be realistic and Turkey in the activities to be undertaken" no time to hazards, risks, agrees essentially lie on a path will lead to adventure. " According to Chieftain, Islam, Nationalism and Turkism come first among the “blessed sources of power” of the Turkish nation. In addition, unity, solidarity, the ideal of inner peace, and the ability and ability to establish a world state are among the basic characteristics of the Turkish nation.Chieftain shared his ideal, ideal, love and love with scientists, intellectuals and young people. Especially when addressing young people like Bilge Kağan; “O Turk! Shiver and return to yourself ”he roared. Calling young people to new horizons, Chieftain Türkeş has engraved his ideas with Bilge Kağan, in the fo- otsteps of Kür-Şad: “I am the Turkish nation: Democracy sold on the streets for spinach prices, bribery, fraudulent, violated legal orders, dep- rived of morality I am not calling for an economy that gives place to fre- edom, usury, black market. I call upon the pride and consciousness of Turkishness, the morality and virtue of Islam, the fight against poverty, the race in justice, unity, brotherhood, in short, the way of truth, the way of truth, the way of God. I urge you to leap through the ages to reach the forefront of modern civilization. I openly declare that those who want the name of the movement: the return to spirituality again ... Turkish intellectuals, Turkish youth, meeting place for our big is Turkey. "

Chieftain Alparslan Türkeş pointed to Nationalism and Turkism as the first condition of national duty and gave advice to young peop-

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 23 Chieftain Alparslan Türkeş's Nationalism Approach le as follows: “For Turkish youth, Nationalism and Turkism come as the first condition of national duty. A new great war awaits our youth. A great war against corruption, indolence, immorality, ignorance, and falsehood ... A relentless war against communism, regionalism, sectari- anism and all kinds of separatism that deny Turkishness and oppose the unity and integrity of the Turkish nation ... "

Chieftain dedicated his life to the almighty Turkish nation. And the title of Chieftain crowned by our nation; identified with the love of the nation, homeland and state, and it became a flag. In a period of hostility and treasonous attacks on Turkish nationalism,intellectual, po- litical, moral and, and he won the love of millions with his action man left a legacy that we would struggle to exalt to the end. His understan- ding of nationalism, high morality and spirituality cannot of course fit into these lines. He was a "Gray Wolf''. To be able to hear and live his excitement and ideal; To learn and understand him and his works, of course, requires knowing, introducing and interpreting. Undoubtedly, it is the Idealist Youth that will do this. On the occasion of this article, I commemorate our Chieftain, Alparslan Türkeş, with mercy, gratitude and respect. Rest his soul, let his place be heaven Two relics he left us in order to make a note in history; I would like to point out that we take care of our Nationalist Movement Party, which is the lifeblood of Turkish politics, and our ideal of Turkish-Islamic ideal, Ülkü Ocakları.

Your trust is in safe hands, my Chieftain…

REFERENCES

A. Türkeş, 1944 Nationalism Event, 2nd Edition, Istanbul, 1972

Başbuğ Türkeş and Dokuz Işık, Prepared by: İ. Bahar, Kamer Publications, Istanbul, 2017

Turks in History and Alparslan Türkeş, Vol: I., Editor: ES Yalçın, Yeni Düşünce Publishing, Ankara, 2012

24 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Hamiyet Bilge ANLAR

Turkish-Islamic Idealism and Seyyid Ahmet Arvâsî

Hamiyet Bilge ANLAR

"The separatists who want to destroy the Turkish state and dismantle the Turkish nation are betraying not only the Turks, but also Islam."

Who is Seyyid Ahmet Arvasi ?.

Seyyid Ahmet Arvasi was born on February 15, 1932 in the town of Doğubeyazıt in Ağrı. It is from the village of Arvas (Doğanyayla) in the town of Müküs (Bahçesaray) in Van. The family took the name of their village as a surname after the surname law was passed. His father is Abdülhakim Arvasi. Sayyid Abdülhakim Arvasi, the teacher of Necip Fazıl, the “sultan-us suara” of Turkish literature, is a relative of the Ah- met Arvasi family, but is another.

After graduating from Erzurum Teacher Training School in 1952, he worked as a primary school teacher for a while. After graduating from Gazi Education Institute Pedagogy Department in 1958, he taught in educational institutes in Balıkesir, Bursa and Istanbul respectively. In 1965, he wrote a booklet called “Principles of Advanced Turkish Na- tionalism”. In this work, “What is Turkish Nationalism? What should be the program that the Turkish Nationalist will present? " discussed the issues. In 1968, his work titled "The Human Seeking Himself" was published. In this work,reason, intelligence, freedom, existence and ab-

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 25 Turkish-Islamic Idealism and Seyyid Ahmet Arvâsî sence he examined many issues that philosophy has been discussing for centuries such as. In 1970, his work Human and Beyond Human, which is a continuation of the Human Seeking Himself, was published.

Ahmet Arvasi, in this work, "Man and being", "birth of human mind", "bondage born by human mind", "evolution, creation", "who and what is human?"such as "the endless crisis of man" He studied grift topics. In this book, he explained that matter, life and spirit belong beyond, as well as beyond physics within the concept of the “beyond”. After 1979, he published his work, The Turkish-Islamic Country. Arva- si, in these works, 'The Need for Thinking and the State of Philosophy', 'Our Vision of People and Society', 'Economic Activities and Islamic Economy', 'Political Issues', 'Islamic Education System', 'Psychology of Religion', 'Culture, Art and Ideology' ',' The Role of Education in Development 'and many more. Later, his works titled Our Dialectics and Aesthetics and My Poems were published. In his work titled The Reality of Eastern Anatolia, he explained the malicious games of the imperialist powers in this region, which continue today. There is also a work by Ahmet Arvasi, in which religious practice is described as the source of wisdom. When he retired in 1979, he was elected to the General Board of Directors of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) in 1979 at the request of some of his volunteers. He became a candida- te for Istanbul Senator from MHP. He continued his duty in the party until the September 12, 1980 revolution. Ahmet Arvasi, was released after the in Turkey shortly newspaper "hasbihal" from the corner of Anatolia is an important geography for our nation and emphasized the need for protection. On December 31, 1988, he flew while working at his home with his typewriter.

Turkish Nationalism and Turkish-Islamic Idealism.

The age we live in is an age of ideology and culture war. Nations that do not seek to develop their own national culture and societies that

26 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Hamiyet Bilge ANLAR do not determine their national ideal and raise their people with this country become prisoners of foreign cultures and foreign ideologies. It is a historical fact that communities and nations that have established strong states since the first periods when organized human communities began to appear in the world, exploited people and nations who were weak from them, and crushed them by establishing military, economic and cultural dominance over them.

This situation, which is called imperialism, is applied in various ways in today's world, weak and weak states fall under the military, economic and cultural yoke of strong and super states. The imperialism form of our century is "cultural imperialism". This situation, which de- velops as a cultural invasion, starts from the intellectuals of the count- ries creates

and affects all layers of the nations and individuals who are alie- nated from their own values and cultural accumulations and reach its goal. The result is an invasion of ideas and ideologies, destroying so- cieties and states and eliminating the nations that own them. As a result of this cultural influence or invasion, slaves of culture and ideology are formed, these people act as representatives of these ideas and ide- ologies, ensuring the goals of the imperialist powers. While all these activities are being carried out, the children of the nation are made ene- mies to their national history, sacred values and national ideals, and the values of imperialist ideologies are presented as civilization and advance. There are people who are devoted to national and sacred valu- es against these values placed on consciences, and these people can be described as 'reactionary' elements who stand against progress. Thus, in a country, values are twinned, this clash of people's values country's first intellectual then means the de facto disintegration. The Turkish na- tion has long been subjected to the attacks and invasion of these foreign ideologies and foreign cultures. This attack and invasion was carried out both culturally and militarily in the last two centuries, and the fo-

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 27 Turkish-Islamic Idealism and Seyyid Ahmet Arvâsî reign ideologies that were defeated in the military field continued their activities in the field of culture at full speed.

The practitioners of foreign ideologies have planned that there is a contradiction between the feelings of religion and nationality in the Turkish nation, which has been the most important representative of Is- lamic civilization for a thousand years, and that these two sacred beings are enemies and struggle between them.

The struggle takes place between different, hostile ideas. It is clearly understood from the Quran, the main source of Islam, and the words and deeds of our prophet, whose supreme center is glorious, that Islam accepts that people are divided into races, peoples and various societies. Islam also invites all the sons of Adam to join together in the consciousness of the Islamic brotherhood and to compete in the path of God by gathering them around.In other words, God calls on the Prop- het to become an ummah by keeping all the peoples in their "national personalities" while entrusting his religion to the people he will love. For this reason, Turkish nationalists pride themselves on being from the Turkish nation and the Islamic ummah. Nations, nationalities and national consciousness cannot be destroyed with the religion of Islam. On the contrary, with the religion of Islam, nations get stronger, come to life and glorify. For the Turkish nationalist, 'Islam' and 'Turkishness' are like 'spirit' and 'body', one giving strength to the other.

The Turkish nation has kneaded its culture with the spirit of Islam and faith for centuries. History reveals that Turkishness is strengthened by Islam and Islam by Turkishness. The Turkish nation has acquired the highest values of social order and religious life by being a Muslim, and Islam has found a mujahid with a unique bravery and love of faith with the Turkish nation. For centuries, the state has meant Islam to include the homelands of the first Muslim. The lands of this state were 'Islamic countries', the rulers of this country were' Islamic sultans', and its sol-

28 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Hamiyet Bilge ANLAR diers were 'Islamic soldiers. Westerners have used the name Turk and the name Muslim synonymously, and they used the phrase 'became a Turk' for a Westerner who became a Muslim.

Before the Turkish nation was honored with Islam, they had the idea of 'world domination'. The Turkish nation believed that it was cre- ated by God to rule the world. It is said in the Orkhun Abids: '‘İlgerü- küntogsıkkabiri gerükünortusıngarukurıgarukünbatsıkıngyırıgaru tün ortunsıngaru anda içreki budun kop manga körür' (The nation in it is always subordinate to me from the east to the east, to midday in the south, to the west in the west, to midnight in the north.) The expression shows the idea of the Turkish nation to dominate the world.

In the same aibide, he announced his existence as a nation to the whole world by saying ‘başlıgıgyükündürmiş, tizligigsökürmiş’ (He made the head bow, kneel on the knee)

Justice and order could come to the world only with a Turk. After Islam, the Turkish nation continued the same ideal and shouted to the whole world who the Muslim Turk was, as the case of 'Ilâ-yı Kelime- tullah' and 'Nizam-ı Âlem'. Now, the purpose of the conquests was to announce the supreme name of God to everywhere and to maintain the superiority of Islam. By saying, "There is no god but God," the Turkish nation aimed to destroy all false gods and keep people alive in the Is- lamic order. The Turk has a great duty. All this has shown us that a re- ligious understanding that rejects nationalism, an understanding of na- tionalism hostile to religion has become foreign to the Turkish nation. Throughout history, Turks have seen religion and the state as one, and they have done everything they do for these two notions. Turkish nati- onalism is always the pride and consciousness of Turkishness and the moral and virtue of Islam and the spiritual elements that make up the Turkish nation in complete harmony. Turkish nationalism has been a movement aiming to be elevated in the faith and consciousness of Islam

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 29 Turkish-Islamic Idealism and Seyyid Ahmet Arvâsî and seeking the happiness of the Turk here. The cause and ideology of the Turkish nation is the case of God and His Messenger and its name is Islam. Religion and nationality are not opposite values. Since the synt- hesis will be in question between thesis and anti-thesis, the expression Turkish-Islam Synthesis is not correct in this sense. There is only one name for nationalism for Turks. This is Turkish Nationalism. The name of the doctrine that summarizes the program of Turkish nationalism is the Turkish-Islamic Idealism.

The ideal of Turkish-Islam aims to raise a youth who has Tur- kish-Islamic culture, Turkishness consciousness and Islamic morality, who knows Turkishness in body, Islam and spirit, who is a candidate to be the hope of the world Turkishness, the Islamic world and all oppres- sed nations.

The Turkish-Islamic Idea is the voice of Turkish history that has begun to rise again with all its greatness, victories and contributions. He is aware that he is obliged to present and challenge the message from history, national culture and supreme religion with all his glory, without fear and shame, 'without regard to the condemnation of those who con- demn it'. In this sense, the following result emerges: The only hope of both Turkishness and Islam is the Turkish-Islamic Idealism.

Turkish nationalism is not just an intellectual and group move- ment. It is an idea and movement that embraces the Turkish nation with all its generations, slices and strata. His program is to realize the "Mo- dern Turkish-Islamic Ideal" in all its social, cultural, economic and po- litical aspects. To maintain the will of realizing the great and powerful 'Turkish State' always. While Turkish-Islamic Nationalists try to demo- lish all the elements of domination, all false gods, who take or try to capture people by acting with the prudence of Islam and the dignity of Turkishness, trying to liberate the masses with the motto 'There is no god but God', by placing the national democracy on its great historical

30 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Hamiyet Bilge ANLAR legacy. Will establish a state system based on social justice and social security. He will know how to grasp all the foundations of this system within his own culture and civilization. Our glorious Prophet gives the following measure to the statesmen: 'They treat the orders (officials who govern the state) with rıfk on the Day of Judgment, who treat those under their command in a friendly manner.' Then they pray: 'O Lord, treat those who treat your people with kindness, and treat those who are harsh.'

In the Turkish-Islamic Country, the state means the organization of a nation that says "There is no god but God, by putting forward its free will. The state of such an organized nation is not an audience, but an interventionist." It is not an instrument of oppression, but an institu- tion of freedom, equality and justice.

It represents a 'Nation', not a class or group. The state is not an idol, but an authority submissive to 'truth and truth'. The state of a nation that is organized in this way uses the authority it provides by walking in the "sirat-i mustakim" with a father's compassion. The political organi- zation we call the state is established to keep the material and spiritual culture of a nation alive and to remove the dangers that prevent it from living and developing. State means the organization of the nation. It is not possible to consider it separate from the nation. The state is one of the many nations that make up the nation. You cannot be a nation wit- hout a state consciousness. In order for a society to be called a nation, it must either actually have a state or at least have the ideal of establishing state. The state is the greatest guarantee of national independence, free, honorable, happy and prosperous life, and exaltation within its own na- tional history, national culture and national ideal. The Turkish nation has the honor of establishing such states throughout its history.

The Turkish nation has continued to be a superpower (conqueror) for centuries. While a Turkish world state in one geography withdrew

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 31 Turkish-Islamic Idealism and Seyyid Ahmet Arvâsî from the stage of history, in another, another Turkish world state took its place in history. Being Cihangir is therefore the character of our nation.

His happiness also depends a bit on it. The Turkish nation saw its survival as one with its state, and May God not state and then added the phrase 'harm the nation' in their prayers. If the Muslim Turkish nation and its state are strong, the Islamic world is also strong. If there is a contrary situation, the Islamic world is exploited along with the whole Turkish world. Therefore, the first target of the evil forces who wanted to capture the whole Islamic world was the Turkish state and the Tur- kish nation. The separatists who want to destroy the Turkish state and dismember the Turkish nation be tray not only the Turks but also Islam.

History is a history of nations' struggle. In order to achieve vic- tory in this struggle, it is necessary to be a strong nation in all respects. Nations that do not adapt their social, political and economic structures to national conditions are doomed to be defeated in this struggle.

Turks, who are among the oldest nations of the world, have been trying to be governed by regimes and ideologies abroad for a long time and all their national values are being destroyed. Nationalism is the main objective of national unity in Turkey and establishes a culture of political integrity with him. Aiming to assemble this integrity, Turkish nationalism is a worldview that takes its source from the history, culture and conscience of the Turk. Turkish nationalism is always a harmoni- ous combination of the pride and consciousness of Turkishness and the morality and virtue of Islam and the spiritual elements that make up the Turkish nation. Turkish nationalism is a movement that seeks to elevate itself in the faith and consciousness of Islam and seeks the happiness of the Turk here.

The cause and ideology of the Turkish nation is the case of God and His Messenger and its name is Islam. Religion and nationality are not opposite values. Since the synthesis will be in question between

32 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Hamiyet Bilge ANLAR thesis and anti-thesis, the expression Turkish-Islam Synthesis cannot be correct in this sense.only one name for nationalism for Turks. This is Turkish Nationalism. The name of the doctrine that summarizes the program of Turkish nationalism is the Turkish-Islamic Idealism.

REFERENCES

ARVASİ, S. Ahmet (2011), Turkish-Islamic Country I, Istanbul.

ARVASİ, S. Ahmet (2009), Turkish-Islamic Country II, Istanbul.

ARVASİ, S. Ahmet (2009), Turkish-Islamic Country III, Istanbul.

ATSIZ (2010), Issues in Turkish History, Istanbul.

GÖKALP, Ziya (1990), Principles of Turkism, Istanbul.

GÜNGÖR, Erol (1989), Cultural Change and Nationalism, İstan- bul

TÜRKEŞ, Alparslan, Basic Opinions, Science.

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 33 Nationalism in History Education

Nationalism in History Education

Elyar TÜRKER

Introduction

The feeling of nationalism has been the executive agent of history throughout the history of humanity, especially after the 19th century, it has become an intellectual and ideology by taking on a modern form. This feeling did not come out of nowhere, as post-structuralists claim. If we give an example only from Turkish history, the expressions in the Orkhon Inscriptions and the idea of the famous lexicon of Kaşgarlı Mahmud, the first cores of the idea of nationalism. The concept that Ibn Khaldun put into the literature as "neseb asabiyesi" is the first rational analysis of this sentiment and idea. The transformation of this feeling, which exists as a natural and natural state in humans, into an idea, its aestheticization and its rational expression emerged after the 19th cen- tury. We can briefly explain the terms "nation" and "nationalism", whi- ch are highly controversial and difficult to define, as follows: The nati- on has the same historical roots, has experienced similar pains and joys, adheres to a common ideal, speaks the same language, belongs to the same culture and tradition. and customary is a social form. Nationalism, on the other hand, is the idea that aims to preserve this form, to bind its members together and to idealize their survival.

34 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Elyar TÜRKER

In the age of nations that began with the gradual replacement of monarchist administrations by national states, the question of whether nationalists create nations, or do nations create nationalists has become a frequently asked question. In connection with this questionnaire in charge of the administration of the nation state, it can be observed that the nationalists, who are trying to spread this understanding to the pe- ople through classical education, with the desire to create a single demo and a single nation.

History and Education

Nation, rather than being a social phenomenon that exists in the present, is "the horse with its roots in the past", if we put it in Yahya Kemal's terms. In this context, it is undoubtedly obvious that the most important channel through which nationalism can be given through classical education is the science of history. For, history isa nation a grave where the pain, disappointments and sorrows of life. It is also the source of the glory days and mighty times of that nation. Through the education of history, citizens in classical education can experience the suffering of their ancestors, which is the only feeling that can bring human beings together. Although it is defined in nature, it has an equi- valent and a point of distinction. To put it briefly, there are other nations one by one This other thought is dominant in the reason for the division of. While providing history education, it is seen that some nations have built an identity on this other in order to create national consciousness. In this context, the Turks, who met other nations for the first time by domesticating the horse, became one of the societies that attained the earliest consciousness of being a nation in history. However, there is a big difference between defining yourself through others and needing one other to define yourself. In our opinion, it is a method of education that, contrary to the first, the second, is spiritually healthy, will contri- bute to humanity and be beneficial for its nation. The fact that today's Balkan nations, Armenians and many other nations use the second met-

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 35 Nationalism in History Education hod in their history education and concentrate their identity on the "Tur- kish other", start their history with the domination of the Turks over the lands they live in, and draw the image of a Turk in contradiction to the historical documents, first of all it is a social death, the second. It causes transformation into societies fed with hatred and hatred.

In addition to these, it is necessary to explain the strong and powerful times of that society, to build a desired past, and thus to instill the idea that they are great nations to the members of that nation. It can be seen that most governments have chosen this method of education. The nation is in a bad situation for some reason, but once those mighty days have happened, they can live again. Historical figures are sharpe- ned, turned into cults and national heroes. At the same time, with this created image, the desired citizen also symbolizes. Milos Obilic, which has a great place in the history of Serbs, has a character that characte- rizes the type of person that should be in order to be a good Serb for Serbs.

The Republic of Turkey and History Education.

They are increasingly adopting the republican administration to regime change in the government of Turkey, the state's founding staff were nationalists. The founding leader, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, uniqu- ely acknowledged his nationalism and carried out his every policy based on nationalism. All the principles he put forward are indirectly linked to nationalism. National history education was one of the areas where the most overtime was spent in his period, an understanding that handled Turkish history not only after Islam but in a holistic manner was realized, and the history of Turks was taken back thousands of years.History Congresses These issues were discussed at the and the decisions made and the findings found were started to be taught in the textbooks. History education in Turkey has used two dates. We count the wording of the decision. So much so that the pains that would bind

36 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Elyar TÜRKER the nation to each other were processed in a way that would not cause a feeling of hatred and hatred for another nation, but mostly the cont- ribution of Turks to civilization and humanity and their high human qualities were emphasized.

The atrocities committed by the Greeks and Bulgarians in the Balkans, the migrations and the massacres of the Armenians in the east were preferred. Turkish history was started with the Sumerians, the Turks in the history of civilization was those days place of the tried to be strengthened from, military victories were emphasized, scien- ce, scientists or philosophers such as Ibn-i Sina, Farabi, Ali Kuşçu are exemplary personalities and idealized citizens for the Turkish nation has been turned into.Veteran Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's saying, "As the Turkish child gets to his ancestors.

A historical narrative was preferred in parallel with know,will find strength in himself to achieve great things. Every state has an edu- cational policy and educational philosophy. States provide education to give their citizens the identity they desire and to create an ideal citizen. In the founding years of the Republic of Turkey it has acted with an education policy and philosophy. The administration of the Republic regime recognized three minority groups outside the Turkish nation within the boundaries of the state. These elements were Jews, Arme- nians and Greeks. Muslim origin living in Anatolia and remaining out- side this nation, Kurds, Arabs, Circassians, Laz, Albanians and other ethnic elements,Turkish founded the Republic of Turkey one element of the nation,was accepted. Education policy and history education of the Republic of Turkey has been to firstly when viewed from these lod- ges are one nation with the composition of these elements. Second, we can explain the educational philosophy of the state as "designed with science and technique creating a nation that has a modern mindset, has the same feelings, the same ideals, speaks the same language and is connected to the same culture, does not break with the past and takes

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 37 Nationalism in History Education appropriate steps for the future". Starting in the education policy of the Republic of Turkey with ancient civilizations in the history of Turkey, the Anatolian civilizations of people who are ancestors of the Turks, the Turkish thesis that the Sumerians, is the manifestation of a reflexive historiography. The Turkish nation, which has been residing in Anatolia for a thousand years, is defined as a barbarian community that could not exist in history and did not contribute to civilization, as a result of the racist approach of Europe-based historians.

In addition, nations whose languages do not belong to the In- do-European language family are expressed as backward nations. Having deep respect for the Turkish nation, Veteran Mustafa Kemal Atatürk adopted an education model that conveys the contributions of Turks to civilization arising from all these claims in his age and aims to give confidence to the Turkish nation. Turkish was seen as the origin of all languages spoken according to the Sun-Language Theory, ancient civilizations were identified with the Turks, the capital Ankara was as- sociated with the Hittites and the Turks were seen as the descendants of this tribe. It is clear that these views, abandoned over time, are a reflex developed against European pressures.

Result.

As a sociological phenomenon, the nation is one of the words and concepts that are most difficult to express in social sciences. Until modern times, nationalism, which emerged with modernity, has been one of the most discussed ideas. With the Age of Nations, nationalist state administrators gave history education in order to idealize their na- tions in their education policies and they personally emphasized history education. Because, while physics, chemistry and other science branc- hes are deprived of the power to create a nation, history education can both create a nation and bring it into a form as it is given. Therefore, administrators Republic of Turkey, the transfer of state institutions with

38 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Elyar TÜRKER a national history began to perform in conventional educational institu- tions. As a result of the pressure from outside and the recognition of the Turkish nation as barbarians, the ancient civilizations were reflexively connected with the Turks, included in the curriculum of the pre-Islamic period, and it was aimed to create a modern, civilized Turkish citizen who loved their homeland and nation.

REFERENCES:

Collective, Turkish Image in the World, Situation in Textbooks in History, ed. Ahmet Şimşek, Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık, 2018

Collective, Outlines of Turkish History, Turkish Historical So- ciety Publications, 2014

Mehmet Elban, Some Thoughts on History Education and Patri- otism, “International Turkish Literature Culture Education Magazine Issue”, p. 4/3, 2015.

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 39 National Science and Technology

National Science and Technology

Börteçine KARABAY

Science is the light that illuminates the ways to the truth.

People have adopted it as a principle to research and develop thin- gs from past to present in order to make their lives easier. The tiniest to- ols we use in our daily life are the product of this research and develop- ment. All events occurring in the universe are the subject of a separate study. The discipline that establishes a cause and effect relationship on these issues and reaches a result by making experiments and observati- ons is called "Science". The fact that science consists of the information obtained as a result of a research and the results of the processing of this information is the greatest proof that it does not change from person to person, that is, it is objective rather than subjective. Classification of Science. The concept of science, which is valid and very important all over the world, is divided into different branches according to its subject and field of research. The classification of science has caused controversy among researchers for many years. It is difficult to come to a clear conc- lusion from research on this subject. However, based on some common views, a basic classification emerges.

40 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Börteçine KARABAY

According to this classification, science consists of four basic parts. • Mathematical sciences • Natural sciences • Social sciences • Artificial sciences Mathematical Science: The subject of mathematics, which is a multi-stage science; It is the study of the properties of numbers, shapes and forms and determination of their relations. There are also researc- hers who argue that mathematics, one of the oldest sciences in history, is the source of all sciences. Natural Sciences: The subject of natural sciences is, as the name suggests, everything that happens in nature that hosts all living things. The basic elements that make up the content of this field, which covers all biological sciences, are: Astronomy, biology, ecology, natural his- tory, chemistry, geology, geophysics, hydrology, meteorology, geograp- hy, ocean science, soil science, physics. Social Sciences: Human beings are at the center of social scien- ces, therefore the subject of social sciences is human and human rela- tions. Human communication methods, social relations, cultures and cultural activities and even more are within the scope of social sciences. Some researchers made a classification and classified social scien- ces according to their field of study. Accordingly, the research field of social sciences, which are grouped under three headings as descriptive sciences, analytical sciences and normative sciences, consists of the fol- lowing subjects: history, sociology, anthropology, archeology, econo- mics, law, political sciences, language and philology, logic, aesthetics, art, ethics. and theology.

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 41 National Science and Technology

Artificial Sciences: Artificial sciences are the most recent scien- ce fields. The fact that the human being is a being that researches and produces, efforts to invent new things led to the birth of this science. Artificial sciences have no exact equivalent in nature. The field of study of this science is determined by the following systems: Civil engineering, mechanical engineering, industrial engine- ering, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, chemical engine- ering, physical engineering, mathematical engineering, metallurgical engineering, environmental engineering, computer engineering, gene engineering, aircraft engineering, naval engineering. , shipbuilding en- gineering, agricultural engineering. When the subject of science is cla- rified, it is necessary to mention the subject of technology. Technology can be defined as all of the knowledge, skills, methods and processes that develop, change and even transform the environment used to meet the needs and desires of people. In today's competitive environment, the increase and develop- ment of the welfare level of the countries will be possible with the en- terprises in that country producing technology and making innovations. Research has shown that technological innovations play a key role in increasing the economic growth process and prosperity in modern eco- nomies. However, the innovation of enterprises is not only dependent on their own capacities, but also on the corporate environment of the enterprises and technological and scientific conditions. Therefore, in- novation and technology production will certainly need to be carried out within a system and harmonization and integration with country re- sources will be required. With the slowdown of economic growth in the 1970s and the participation of the Far East countries in the technology production competition, the concept of "national (national) technology" emerged as a key concept. All countries have focused on the concepts of "innovation", "sys- tem" and "national" with similar or different methods and institutions,

42 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Börteçine KARABAY but with the same purpose, with the desire to put their economic power ahead of rival countries. It is a recurring point that there is an inseparab- le link between technology and science. Indeed, it is known that in the production of technological pro- ducts, it is necessary to apply to natural sciences such as physics, che- mistry and biology as well as a formal science such as mathematics. In short, technology is based on science. However, this determination can only be valid for the last 250 years. Because, long before the emergen- ce of modern natural sciences, even since the stone age, technique has always existed in human / social life. In other words, modern science did not originate with humanity; however, technique has always existed at every stage of humanity. In the 20th century, Heidegger was the first philosopher to draw our at- tention to this point. In this way, the technique that is said to be based on science, especially modern natural sciences, is not the technique of millennia, but only modern technique and technology. In this case, it should be stated that technique prioritizes science in its classical sense. At the very least, it must be said that there is no necessary link between science and technique, historically speaking. It science would be technical without. Again, referring to the above examp- le, the stone-age man who made a stone ax had a technique, but no science. It cannot be said that "science comes first, then technique". In that case, it should be underlined that; There will be technique without science, but technology without science . However, it cannot be said that science prioritizes technology in all cases. Technological products and inventions also contribute to the ad- vancement of science; This means that technology sometimes precedes science. In short, there is an interaction relationship between modern sciences and technology, not a one-sided affecting-affecting relations-

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 43 National Science and Technology hip. This interaction leads to the emergence of continuous, new modes of technology. For example, mechanization based on steam replaces mechanization based on electricity and motor; here too, technology ba- sed on electricity and motor is rapidly replaced by technology based on electronics and nuclear power. Depending on the change in techno- logies over time, technical objects also change constantly. For the sake of national science, Atatürk pioneered an unders- tanding that values science and reason, and made efforts to transform the Turkish nation into a modern society that provides a modern and happy life for the future. Atatürk said, "Our great cause is to raise our existence as the most civilized and prosperous nation." He also showed the way of real salvation by saying that, while drawing the way to be a civilized and prosperous society, he expresses that he found the basis of this in science and technique. "political and social life of our nation and in the upbringing of our nation Science and science will be our guide in the." [1] Chieftain, Alparslan Türkeş, at Nine Light, on national science; “The main case is to raise the Turkish Nation to the highest level in science and technique. We must mobilize all our means and become the most advanced nation in the world in the field of science and techno- logy. Whatever sacrifice is required, we must do it for it. " We unders- tand from these words how much importance he gives to the conscious- ness of national science, which he expresses as [2]. On the subject of science, "Those who want the world should cling to science, who want the here after should cling to science, who want both the world and the hereafter should cling to science." As a hadith also mill science at the nitty-gritty appropriate modern tools of the era we live in Turkey as well, supplied with knowledge of our own people, with information, with manual labor in our own factories, is that we are in the mood with our own technology. Science and technology are like a ladder added day by day, if we follow technology and apply

44 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Börteçine KARABAY it to our nation's living conditions, we will be at the highest level in science. The Take us to this level Nine Ways of Light, which will, are 100% national, 100% indigenous, and pioneers in modern science and technology. There are important issues for the development of national science policies. These issues are as follows; • Research and development • Scientific and technological services. These policies are formed in line with national purposes and are realized by using human money, material and communication resour- ces. The relations of science and technology policies with social, eco- nomic and cultural structure are determined by the characteristics speci- fic to that country. National science and technology policy is in constant interaction with other national policies in a country. Especially this policy; - Education system - Production system - Foreign policy affects the national defense system. National science and technology policies are affected by discove- ries, inventions and innovations that occur anywhere in the world. These policies also depend on goals and ideals such as socio-eco- nomic development, human dignity, justice, intellectual progress, exis- tence. It also covers the points where the problems of the world inter- sect with the problems of the individual's professional and private life; It therefore concerns international regional and inter-regional, bilateral, multilateral, intergovernmental and private sector cooperation. Fundamentals of Science and Technology Policy.

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 45 National Science and Technology

Whether or not all national science and technology policies are precisely determined, it aims to reveal the creative potential of the country in order to achieve social, economic and cultural goals. Ideological and theoretical foundations of national science and technology policies: - Number of people involved and their behavior; (those with responsibility in politics and government, scientific circles, political analysts), - Existing government structures, - Decision making, implementation and evaluation processes. Since these variables differ in each country, science and techno- logy policies are also widely separated from each other; In particular, the attitudes of governments towards the concept of "planning" deter- mine the national lines of policies. Accordingly, it is possible to divide the countries into three categories. Countries with a completely liberal approach: Science and tech- nology policies are not followed in these countries. The government does not engage with these sectors. Indicative planning approach: In such countries, the necessary re- sources for science and technology policies are developed, the policy is determined with the purpose, but there is no enforcement. Normal planning approach: Objectives are determined, resources are determi- ned and used in a planned manner. We see the concept of national planning as a combination of indi- cative and normal planning concepts, and it is similar in terms of both development area and planning implementation. Aims and Sources of National Science and Technology Policy. In the field of national science and technology policy, the concept

46 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Börteçine KARABAY of 'aims' can have different meanings. First of all, the aims can mean the basic aims of science and technology in a country within the framework of economic, social, cultural and military fields. These goals for politics reflect the understanding of 'science'. The general objectives are the importation of new operative te- chnology to the country economically, the development of exports in order to provide higher quality and cheaper production to the world market, the development of the foreign technology balance, and the effect of patents and purchases. On the social side, the general purpose, which is increasingly emphasized all over the world, is' full employ- ment, which is also related to investments in capital and work efficien- cy in physics. Aims in terms of culture and prestige include scientific discoveries, Nobel prizes won. General aims in the military field, in- novations brought by the nuclear age are closely related to ballistic or electronically managed missile systems. Each country focuses on aims and resources in its science and technology policies. According to the political and economic regime, the level of development, the size of the national science and technology system, and the world science and technology dynamics, these values will outweigh each other. Science and technology create a systematic and consistent web of knowledge. Therefore, it would not be realistic for the nation to concentrate its ef- forts on one or two priority areas or disciplines and neglect the others. Therefore,exercised in all fields of knowledge in order to understand, control and adapt the distance traveled in every corner of the world in science and technology caution must be. REFERENCES: [1] A. Afet Inan, “The Role of Spiritual Force in Our War of Inde- pendence,” Conferences About Atatürk, p. 32. [2] Alparslan Turkes, Dokuz Işık, Istanbul p. 395

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 47 Turkish world Nationalist Movements: Azerbaijan-Ottoman Relations and Caucasian Islamic Army

Turkish world Nationalist Movements: Azerbaijan- Ottoman Relations and Caucasian Islamic Army

Deniz GÜZELAY

The First World War is one of the breaking points of world history and is a development that determines the destiny of nations. As a result of this global and important event that took its place in history as a bre- aking point, many correct and established understandings have chan- ged. What concerns us is the process of this war rather than its cause and effect. The historical process has taken place in almost everyone's memory and has been memorized chronologically. With the participa- tion of Devlet-i Ali in the war, the borders of the war and its nature in our history have also changed. What appeared to be a European issue when it first broke out has recently spread to Africa and America. In this war, in which more than thirty states participated, the Ottoman Empire country fought by opening fronts both on and beyond the borders of the. One of the most important fronts among these fronts is the Caucasian front. This front, which is especially important in terms of Azerbaijani and Ottoman relations, is a field that includes examples of Turkish so- lidarity in history. Therefore That Azerbaijan Ottoman right after Azer- baijan gained its independence, the agreement signed with Empireled to important developments. This point, which summarizes the unity and nationalist movements in the Turkic world, is a historical event that needs attention, a pure fact that needs to be welded on.

48 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Deniz GÜZELAY

Independence of Azerbaijan. “With the realization of the great Russian revolution, the disin- tegration of the state caused the Russian armies to leave the South Cau- casus and the current state of affairs to emerge. The nations of the South Caucasus, which were left to their own people, established the South Caucasus Federal People's Republic by obtaining their own administ- rative rights. Upon the development of the real politics, the Georgian nation decided to leave the South Caucasus Federal People's Repub- lic and establish an independent Georgian People's Republic.due to the liquidation of the war between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, Azerbaijan, consisting of the South-East Caucasus, should emer- ge as a special state in order to get rid of the existing internal and ex- ternal difficulties, as well as the state of affairs that emerged and the various anarchy within the country. inculcated. Consequently, the Azer- baijan Council, which was committed by the general public, declares the Council of Islam to the whole community: 1. As of today, the Azerbaijani people have the right of sovereig- nty, and even Azerbaijan, consisting of the Southeastern Caucasus, is an independent state. 2. The form-administration of the independent Azerbaijan State has been determined as the People's Republic. 3. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic is determined to establish relations with all nations and neighboring nations and states. 4. The People's Republic of Azerbaijan provides the law to politi- cs and citizenship to all its citizens, regardless of nationality, sect, class, silk (profession = conservative) and gender. 5. It creates a wide environment for the free development of all nations living within the borders of the Azerbaijan Democratic Repub- lic.

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 49 Turkish world Nationalist Movements: Azerbaijan-Ottoman Relations and Caucasian Islamic Army

6. Until the convening of Meclis-i Müessisan, the administration of Azerbaijan was in charge of the general government, and the Coun- cil of Ministers and the Council of Ministers were responsible for the government. " This speech was made by Hasan Bey Ağayev, who was the ge- neral secretary of the National Committee formed by Mehmet Emin Rasulzade, on May 27 and declared the independence of Azerbaijan. At the time of this speech, Baku and various provinces are under occupation. It is also impossible for the newly established state to sur- vive without taking back Baku. To stand against the Russian, Armenian and Bolshevik alliance is a serious matter for a young state. However, while all these events were taking place, the Ottoman State and the Azer- baijan State signed a new agreement. With the mentioned agreement, the Ottoman State recognized the newly established Azerbaijan State and signed signatures to cooperate in various fields. On the occasion of this step, the bloc against which the Azerbaijan State is struggling has been opposed; A Turkish-Islamic union was established under the roof. The agreement signed in Batumi on June 4, 1918 by these two states, which are bound by race and religion, consists of eleven articles in total. The agreement was signed by Mehmet Emin Resulzade and Mehmet Hasan Hacinski from the Azerbaijani side, while Halil Menteşe, of the Council of State, and Ferik Mehmet Vehip Pasha, the Commander of the Ottoman Caucasus Army, signed the agreement. The two parties, who signed the agreement, have paid their histo- rical debts by establishing a union of lineage and religion and have re- peatedly expressed their honor based on this. Hasan Bey Hacinski, the delegate of the Azerbaijan State, expressed his feelings at the meeting where the agreement was signed with the following speech: “Masters! I thank God Almighty for giving me the honor of rep- resenting a newly born Turkish and Islamic government at this con-

50 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Deniz GÜZELAY ference. With the Harb-i General initiative, dark clouds had fallen on the Caucasian horizons. The air brightened when lightning strikes from these dark horizons feared that Turkish life in the Caucasus would be ruined. The stars shone behind the thick clouds. One of these stars is my homeland Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan means the place where the fire is located. The Russian Tsars tried to extinguish this fire for over a hundred years but could not. Yes, this fire remained under the lakes, it became invisible but still did not go out. Here are the masters, thanks to our great brother, the Ottomans, this fire sparked again as a result of the legitimacy of the heroic Turkish army and the kindness of the Great Ha- kan. I am sure that this happiness is not only in Azerbaijan exclusively, all of Turkish and Islamic world find their own independence and fre- edom, the center-i national of Turkey, which will gather around. Here I see a big Turan with tot and strong. With the hopes that I take from such great ambitions, I congratulate today's happy day with all my friends on behalf of free Azerbaijan, my masters. Batumi, June 9, 1918 ”3 Enver Pasha, who was almost alone in the administration of the Ottoman Empire at that time, was already interested in the Caucasus for a long time. On February 3, 1918, in a letter he sent to the 6th Army Command, the aid organization's aid organization 47 BOA, HR. SYS. 2398-2. 66 for his administration,Mr. Nuri (his brother) and Mr.Şevket were sent to Dagestan and Mr.Naim Cevat to Afghanistan. Establishment of the Caucasian-Islamic Army. While all this was happening, the Azerbaijan State sent Naki Bey to Istanbul to ask for reinforcements from the Ottoman Empire. The ambassador met with the War Minister Enver Pasha and the Grand Vi- zier Talat Pasha, meeting his expectations. Grand Vizier Talat Pasha said that they could help by establishing an army and stated that they were very pleased with this. Following these words,Mr.Naki wanted to help the organization and functioning of the army to be established by staying in Istanbul instead of returning to his country and giving good

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 51 Turkish world Nationalist Movements: Azerbaijan-Ottoman Relations and Caucasian Islamic Army news. It was the then Prime Minister of Azerbaijan, Fethi Ali Han, who disclosed the situation to the public Hoyski. The news of the Turkish Prime Minister of Azerbaijan has declared the following words: "Tur- key Azerbaijan Sulhnamesi what's necessary to our country by the time a substance, though, should give us the right to defend Turkey for a number of soldiers. According to him, we resorted to this remedy when we were in trouble. Turks fulfilled their goals and duties with good in- tentions. Of course, without an army, things that were difficult to see as weak were walking slowly with great difficulties. When we applied to another nation and state to get power from outside, there would be no result. According to him, that is, that our co-religionists were applied to Turkey ". The name of the army that Enver Pasha was planning to es- tablish in order to save Azerbaijan from Russian, Armenian and British attacks was the "Caucasian Islamic Army". His half-brother , who was under the command of the 6th Army in Mosul at that time, was the com- mander of this military unit. He appointed Mr.Nuri (Killigil) by raising his rank to Mirlival. Nuri Pasha set out from Istanbul to the Caucasus on April 8, 1918. The first place to be reached was Ganja. Because there were Armenians and Bolsheviks between Baku and Ganja at that time. The logistics of the Caucasian Islamic Army was to be the Command of the Eastern Armies Group consisting of the 3rd, 6th and 9th Armies under the command of Halil Pasha (Kut). Enver Pasha gave Nuri Pasha a 12-point directive on the orga- nization and duties of the Caucasian Islamic Army and sent him from Istanbul. The 12-article directive in question is as follows: 1- The main purpose of the army is to form the basis of the army that the Caucasus will constitute, to train them, to establish the inte- rests of Islam in the Caucasus and the political and military nexus of the Caliphate-i Islamiye and Devlet-i Osmaniye. (Enver Pasha was also expressing that this organization would gradually become a member of all Islam within Russia.)

52 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Deniz GÜZELAY

2- Nuri Pasha, the commander of the army, is the largest represen- tative of the Islamic Caliph in the Caucasus for now. 3- The army commander will only engage in military affairs and will not interfere in other affairs. 4- The army commander will handle political affairs ex officio through the political affairs department. 5- The army commander will be able to make a decision by taking the opinions of the Chief of Staff and the Political Affairs Department when he deems necessary. 6- The management and supplies of the army will be administered in person under the Ministry of War. 7- Islamic issues, political and economic issues will be submitted to the Ministry of War ex officio. 8- The soldiers of the army will depend on the army to be reple- nished locally, only the transactions belonging to the Ottoman persons will be replenished by the Ministry. 9- The food, armament and other equipment of the army will be covered by the Ministry of War for now. 10- The legal affairs and penal sanctions that will take place among the members of the Caucasian Army will be settled according to the laws and rules of the Ottoman army. Army commander only for local soldiers, penalty increase or decrease will be applied according to the local situation. 11- Officers who have been promoted honorary rank are entitled to these ranks as long as they are in the Caucasus. 12- The private affairs of the army in Istanbul and their dealings with their families will be undertaken by the Eastern Affairs Branch.

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 53 Turkish world Nationalist Movements: Azerbaijan-Ottoman Relations and Caucasian Islamic Army

To summarize, the contacts of the Turkish world relations on the basis of the state have been in almost every period of history. Espe- cially the agreement between the Ottoman Empire and Azerbaijan is important as it concerns our recent history. We will write about the Ca- ucasus-Islamic Army and its victories in other series and continue to promote the success of the Turkish alliance.

54 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Muhammet Suat UZUN

Effects of Nationalism on Common Ideas of Societies

Muhammet Suat UZUN

As a concept, belonging includes the state of affiliation, affiliati- on or belonging to an object, group, or structure. This type of affiliati- on and belonging may occur from different structures and formations. When evaluated from this point of view, group affiliation, objective belonging and especially social belonging have developed in different forms throughout history. The direction of association with respect to the concept of belonging may be towards any object, person, commu- nity, ethnic group or social category. This situation can be expanded in proportion to the diversity of the elements used by humans in defining themselves. The conditions of belonging begin to develop with birth. In this respect, it may depend on the normalized social environment (such as ethnic identity, family, religion, homeland, etc.), as well as shaped by the individual's conscious choices, can be updated and vary (such as education, politics, economic environments, etc. dimensions that are) . (Alptekin, 2011: 20).

One of the strongest building blocks of group membership and therefore the concept of belonging is ethnicity. The concept of ethni- city was first used in the literature in 1953 by the American sociologist David Riesman. The etymological origin of the word ethnic, which is the subject of this usage, goes back even further and goes back to the

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 55 Effects of Nationalism on Common Ideas of Societies word ethnos in Ancient Greece. (Eriksen, 1993). When evaluated from this point of view, togetherness emerges as ethnic belonging; Family, height, tribe and, ultimately, nation members with the same common destiny are innate belongings.

No effort is required to gain such belonging. Therefore, a person takes his place in the society he lives in, without taking any action in or- der to gain a national identity very different characters within the same society, Cultural values created by individuals with behavioral structu- res filter through a certain process and develop the concept of common culture. The values that emerge with cultural development reveal the common destiny phenomenon by strengthening the cooperation and unity of destiny. The understanding of membership that emerged after this point can be regarded as National Belonging or Nation Belonging. Based on this assessment, national belonging and the factors that cons- titute national unity can be evaluated under two main headings, and it will be possible to evaluate how the national cultural unity is formed. The concept of national belonging develops by being influenced by two main factors, material and spiritual factors. While factors such as the distribution of the land, cultivation, land unity, state unity, language unity and economic interests constitute the main elements of materi- al factors, historical unity, unity of purpose and ideal, and the will to live together are accepted as the main spiritual factors. Even when it is assumed that the conditions of all factors are fully met, it is of high importance that the material factors are completed in order to ensure national cultural unity. Ziya Gökalp, one of the important thinkers of the Turkish Nationalism's intellectual system, defines the nation as "a community that is common in terms of language, religion, morality and sense of beauty, that is, it is made up of individuals who have received the same training" He states that he describes the religion as "confor- ming to my religion". While contemplating the definition and meaning of nationalism, very different evaluations can arise. According to some

56 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Muhammet Suat UZUN thinkers, nationalism tried to be evaluated as a simple nation-state ide- ology by defining it as a metaphorical kinship adapted to broad-based modern society, while some other theorists said that nationalism is also a unifying system of ideas that includes the whole of culture, religion and social sacredness they bring.

According to them, nationalism makes a choice among the many cultures that have pre-existing, historical heritage, and takes advan- tage of this cultural richness, even if it often completely transforms them. At the same time, with nationalism, dead languages are being revived, tradition is invented, and certain pure features that are thou- ght to belong to quite imaginary old times are brought to the agenda. (Gellner, ibid, p. 105)

While trying to explain what nationalism is, thinkers have taken the issue from very different points. While Balibar argues that natio- nalism is rationalizing, unifying, that it should be protected from any kind of disintegration, it develops fetishes of a national identity coming from its origins, Renan says that nationalism is a process that creates its own origin or the nation that lies at its root. On the contrary, Hroch states that nations really exist and express themselves through nati- onalist struggle. This approach of Hroch is also opposed to the argu- ment that Gellner defended that “national movements originate and create nations”. Expressing that nationalism can be seen as a modern and purely political movement, Breuilly takes the issue from a different point and states that nationalism is a reason to seize and protect the control of the state through politics. In addition, nationalism is “first of all a discourse that gives shape to our consciousness and enables us to name the world; In other words, it is also considered as a way of seeing and interpreting, a perception that determines our collective identities and directs our daily speech, behavior and attitude ”. (Temuçin F. ER- TAN, Orhan ÖRS, Turkish Revolution Institute. Issue: 62)

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 57 Effects of Nationalism on Common Ideas of Societies

This way of perception brought about by nationalism causes so- cieties to be seriously affected by their historical missions and religious goals while shaping their common destinies. While each nation builds its common future, it puts the historical missions encrypted in its nati- onal memory at the center of its policy.

That Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of our Republic, used to define the Turkish Nation; “Our nation has a deep past. This idea, of course, brings us together with the great Turkish states, equal to the Seljuk Turks, from the Ottoman Turkishness of six or seven centuries, and to each of the periods before that. As the Turkish child gets to know his ancestors, he will find strength in himself to do bigger things. In another statement, Gazi said, “Our nation will be able to demonstra- te its qualities and merits to the world of civilization much more easily with the new name of its government. The Republic of Turkey, in the universe, it is worthy to hold his position, will prove with their works. " He also directed the Turkish nation with his words.

Erol Güngör, one of the important ideologists of Turkish Natio- nalism; Acting on the acceptance that the Turkish nation has a unique culture that distinguishes it from other nations, he stated that the main factor that has kept the Turkish nation together throughout history is the Turkish culture, which has been enriched and rooted with the cont- ribution of the Turks and Islam.

Based on this discourse of Güngör; He defines nationalism as the movement to turn national culture into a source of civilization itself and to liberate the society from the open marketplace of eternal chan- ges, for whatever reason and how it emerges. Therefore, according to him, nationalism is also a cause of civilization. "

Güngör, money can be taken to the ancient times of the natio- nalist movement in Turkey, an idea that will serve as guide the nation towards becoming a modern sense and expressed belief system that

58 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Muhammet Suat UZUN starts with forming Ziya Gokalp. Carefully examining Ziya Gökalp's stu- dies on Nationalism, Güngör said that Gökalp; “Deprivation of national idea not only deprived Turks of national economics, but simplification of the language national styles fine arts also prevented the and the formation of in.

Apart from these, since there is no national notion, Turkish mo- rality has remained individual and sublime until now; The feelings of solidarity, national honor and sacrifice could not exceed the family, village and town neighborhoods. The Turkish spirit remained alien to a lively and violent moral life that would be the basis for feelings of sacrifice and renunciation.

The disintegration and dissolution of our economic, religious and political institutions are the results of this. " The Ottomanism policy or ideology, on which the strategy of keeping the Empire alive for six centuries, resulted in the departure of the Turks, which constituted the main element, from the concept of nationality, and allowed their social and economic assets to transfer to other elements. However, it is not possible to say and accept that the spirit of Turkishness represented by the people in Anatolia has completely disappeared.

As a matter of fact, since the Balkan and the First World Wars, es- pecially the years of the War of Independence, are full of vivid examp- les of how this spirit has risen by making its existence strongly felt. ''

In this context, Erol Güngör, teacher, giving high importance to Turkey as the cause of the nation principle, sees the adoption of na- tionalism, which he described as the biggest political realities of the 20th century. The collapse of the Empire not only externally but also internally by foreign nationality movements caused the Turkish people to be alone with their own destiny and the necessity of having a solid national culture in order to become a modern nation stimulated nati- onalism. Güngör; The concept of nationalism and reviewing the deve-

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 59 Effects of Nationalism on Common Ideas of Societies lopments in Turkey, which is how well the nationalists have committed in writing in line with the targets that we need to act. Our teacher, who deals with Turkish history as a whole, like the Turkish state, Turkish nation and homeland, emphasizes that nationalists should not forget that they are the children of a great empire and a great civilization.

Nationalist ideas, which were put forward in order to capture nationalist ideas in the 18th century, have been evaluated in the in- ternational arena for more than two centuries within legal, political and social processes. It is possible to see the traces of the "nationalist" ideology in many national and international events in the world during this period. Just as nationalist policies played the leading role during the French Revolution in the 18th century, they play the same role in the 21st century environments of conflict and 're-sharing'. At the fo- refront of the game are activities that are the product of nationalist politics. These activities can also appear in the form of staging a -rec koning environment within nation states. European countries, which can be defined as the cradle of modernism in the globalizing and cons- tantly developing world, have been dragged into a more nationalist political process day by day, when faced with relatively small states in terms of economy and population that produce nationalist policies. The nationalist texture, which was an important unifying argument of nation states at the time, has emerged as the leading representative of relatively developing states since the beginning of the 21st century.

This situation reveals that nationalism is an ideology that cons- tantly renews and develops itself and has a structure that drives the society from which it emerges according to the conditions.

It is possible to see the unifying effect of nationalism on the basis of the nation in the 20th century in the new states born in the Midd- le East and Africa. Among the North African countries, Libya in 1951, Sudan, Tunisia and Morocco in 1956, Egypt, which received autonomy

60 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Muhammet Suat UZUN from Britain in 1936 and began to be governed by the military coup in 1952, and Iraq in 1932, it is possible to see nationalist ideologies in the struggle for independence as a reaction to colonialism. . The exp- ression "Statism" stated above has been uttered in order to express a dependent phenomenon rather than underestimate it.

It has been used to indicate that these countries are not indepen- dent and sovereign. The intense desire created by nationalist desires and enthusiasm brought new statues formed with ethnic, cultural and social elements on the way of nationalization to the world stage. “To- day nationalism is the legitimate ground of politics and state-building” (Smith 1986: 171). The role that Smith assigns to nationalism at the point of creating a state and building a nation is also seen in Gellner's discourse of nation and nationalism. Nationalism as a unifying element is on the way to people's acceptance. These acknowledgments that bring together a social integration are the necessity of being a nati- on. The integrated social structure requires a certain level of division of labor and compromise. Division of labor and compromise entail a dual orientation. While nation states define their citizens through ci- tizenship, this is also a legal definition. However, nation-states aim to gain a union based on values, apart from an administrative process, by defining their citizens with a specific culture and identity beyond a legal definition. Often this situation appears as a necessity rather than a goal. An acquisition based on values will lead us to Renan's unders- tanding of the nation. (Karadag, AHMET. Yaman, HALUK. Journal of Academic Approaches, 2018 Vol: 9 S: 2) After Renan (1946: 120) stated that race does not constitute a nation, nor does it constitute a nation in its land, “man is an element of spirit. Humanity is everything in the foundation of that sacred thing called the nation. Nothing material is enough for this establishment. Nation is a spiritual being from the dep- ths of history ”. In this respect, Renan, who sees the human being as the most fundamental being that constitutes a nation, emphasizes that

Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 61 Effects of Nationalism on Common Ideas of Societies no non-human-based approach will reveal a correct understanding of nationalism.

The modernist view, which represents the nationalist definition of the modern world in which the future and internationalism are men- tioned together, is evaluated as a return of development and moder- nism. It is possible to say that nationalism, like a principle of reciprocity, also has an impact on modernity. The modern world and internationa- lization have created a global environment together and globalization has played an active role in all social, ideological and cultural areas of life. One of the relations of globalization with nationalism is the change in the effects of states on each other. Imperial approaches displayed in an expansionist way have now evolved into anti-colonial processes and the role of economic and cultural processes as well as communicative developments has reached an undeniable dimension here. In the face of this reality, countries that are developing or are actually not so, but integrated into the international system in this way, are constantly be- ing distanced from their core values in both cultural and economic and political terms with less cost and more intensity, and perhaps "wester- nized" or " modernizing ”.

62 Ülkü Ocakları • September 2020 Ahmet Yiğit YILDIRIM

March of Determination for Independence

September 9, 2020-İzmir

Ülkü Ocakları • Eylül 2020 63 İstiklal İçin Kararlılık Yürüyüşü - 09 Eylül 2020

Journal of Ülkü Ocakları is a school where both the writer and the reader are students. Wise Leader, Devlet Bahçeli

64 Ülkü Ocakları • Eylül 2020