DOCSLIB.ORG

History and Revised Classification of the Order Cyclomyaria (Tunicata, Thaliacea, Doliolida)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
History and Revised Classification of the Order Cyclomyaria (Tunicata, Thaliacea, Doliolida) I I BULLETIN DE L'INSTITUT ROYAL DES SCIENCES NATURELLES DE BELG IQUE, BIOLOG IE, 73: 191-222, 2003 BULLETIN VAN HET KONINKLIJK BELGISCH INSTITUUT VOOR NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN, BIOLOGIE, 73: 191 -222, 2003 History and revised classification of the order Cyclomyaria (Tunicata, Thaliacea, Doliolida) by Jean E.A. GODEAUX Abstract The genus Doliolum, with the species Doliolum mediter­ raneum, was created in 1823 by A.W. OTTO who described a The history of the successive investi gations done on the Order ban·el-shaped structure inhabited by a female amphipod of Doliolida is summarized and a revised classification of the Order is the genus Phronima. That "species " and those created later presented including all the species belonging or not to the fa mily ( 1830) by DELLE CHIAJE (D. papillosum and D. sulcatum) do Doliolidae. New fami lies are defined. Geographical distribution of not exist, as they onl y represent artefacts made by a crusta­ the species is given. cean parasiting a colony of Pyrosoma (P atlanticum?). Key-words: Fami lies Doliolidae, Doliopsoidae, Doliopsidae, QUOY & GAIMARD (Astrolable Expedition 1826-1 829) Paradoli opsidae, Doliopsoidesatlanticwn, Doliopsisbahamensis named Doliolum denticulum a kind of barrel ("barrilet nov. sp., Paradoliopsis harbisoni. denticule") first observed in Amboina roads (Indonesia) ( 1835, pl. 89, fig. 25-26) and later on off Vanikoro Island (Melanesia), and described as "Doliolum co1pore minima, Resume hyalino, cylindrico-ovato, subtruncato in Lttroque apice pelforato, antice crenulata, circulis octonis salientibus" L' hi storique des recherches successi ves menees sur I 'Ordre des Doliolida est presente avec une revision de sa classificati on incor­ (Length : 4.5 mm). The authors also emphasized the presence porant toutes les especes appartenant ou non a Ia famille des of a dorsal vessel (in fact the ventral endostyle), of the heart Doli olidae. De nouvelles families ant ete introduites. La distribu­ and of a gill composed of two sheets. The eight salient rings tion geographique des especes est presentee. represent eight muscle hoops and expose the blastozooid. The description of the animal is correct, and genus and spe­ Mots-clefs: Families Dolioli dae, Doliopsoidae, Doliopsidae, cies (now named Doliolum denticulatum QUOY & GAIMARD Paradoli opsidae, Doliopsoidesatlanticum, Doliopsisbahamensis nov. sp., Paradoliopsis harbisoni. 1835 after HUXLEY 185 1b ) are still accepted (Fig.! a) . From Amboina roads QUOY & GAIMARD named Doliolum caudatwn ("barri let a queue") ~ second species "Doliolum, Historical introduction co1p ore cylindrico, elongato, octonis circulis cincto, postice caudato, oribus terminalis, length 18-22.5 mm" cylindrical, The phylum Tunicata LAMARCK 1816 is divided into three elongated, 4 to 5 times longer than the other species, bearing cl asses, the benthic Ascidiacea, and the pelagic Thaliacea eight circles (muscles ?) and a tail (1835, pl.89, fig. 29-30). and Appendicul aria. The class Thaliacea consists of three After scrutening the drawings and correction of the orienta­ Orders: Cyclomyaria, Pyrosomatida and Salpida, the affini­ tion of the body (Fig. ! b), that doliolid seems to be an ties of which are still disputed (GODEAUX 1998). oozooid deprived of its viscera= nurse (the "ventral tail" be­ The Order Cyclomyaria CLAUS 1862 (Doli olida DELAGE & ing the dorsal spur); one may suggest that it belongs to the HEROUARD 1898) is the last Thaliacean order to be identi­ genus Dolioletta. QUOY & GAIMARD (loc.cit.) also stressed fi ed, probably owing to the tiny size and the transparency the relationshi ps between Doliolum and salps. (thinness) of the tissues of the animals. Up to now, that order Descriptions of the doliolid anatomy and of the life cycle comprises the single family Doliolidae (BRONN 186 1) the were initiated by HUXLEY ( l85 lb) and especially by KROHN systemati cs of which were established by GA RSTANG in his ( 1852) who gave the first correct position of the body of the classical memoir (1933). Although several genera and spe­ animals and recogni zed their relationshi ps with the cies have been descri bed since that ti me, no real attempt was Ascidiacea. He also observed both the tailed larva and the done to improve the systematics of the order until the paper gonozooid of Doliolum denticulatum and the oozooid and by GODEAUX ( 1996). the gonozooid of a new species named Doliolum muelleri. I I 192 JEAN E.A. GODEAUX zooids) and phorozooids, and the hermaphroditie sexual gonozooids; the dorsal spur (cadophore) of the oozooid is just an organ carrying on the developing buds. ULJANIN (1884) and NEUMANN (1906, 1913) also proved that the gonozooids are not budded by the phorozooids but that they represent a third generation of buds resulting of the strobili­ zation of a pro bud issued from the stolon of the oozooid and carried by the phorozooids. The phorozooid and gonozooid are fully similar as the sole difference is either the absence or the presence of the gonads. The same authors divided the ge­ nus Doliolwn into two subgenera, Doliolwn and Dolioletta. Therefore the life cycle of a doliolum is especially compli­ cated as the same species is represented by six successive stages: tadpole or larva (L), fullgrown oozooid (Ooz), degen­ erated (eviscerated) oozooid or nurse (N, Fig. 2 a), all three issued from the egg, and three blastozooids: trophozooid or gastrozooid (TZ), phorozooid (PZ) and gonozooid (GZ, Fig.2 b). That cycle has just been described in three species, Fig. 1. a. blastozooid of Doliolwn denticulum (now D. especially thanks to rearing of eggs and larvae (BRACONNOT denticulatum) after QUOY & GAIM ARD 1835. b. Doliolwn 1970 a,b). Moreover the oozooids and nurses of the different caudatum (nurse of Doliolella sp?, after QUOY & species of a genus are so similar that they cannot be separated GAIM ARD 1835). (cryptic species as suggested by GODEAUX 1961). The cur­ rent systematics (GARSTANG 1933) is based on the anatomi­ cal structure of the phorozooids and gonozooids and recog­ KROHN concluded in favor of a simple alternation of genera­ nizes four genera and some twenty species. tions (metagenesis) as already known in salps. Beside of the Doliolidae, several doliolum-Iike types have Further researches by GEGENBAUR (1855), KEFERSTEIN & been progressively discovered and described. EHLERS (1861), GROBBEN (1882), ULJANIN (1884) and In 1835, RATHKE, after papers left by ESCHSCHOLTZ, named NEUMANN (1906, 1913) progressively cleared up the com­ plexity of the life cycle of the doliolum: the sterile oozooid buds thanks to its ventral stolon three successive generations of blastozooids, namely the sterile .trophozooids (=gastro- Fig. 3. Doliopsis sp.: gonozooid (after BARROIS I 885, modified). Anchinia savign.iana a second type of Doliolid di scovered in the northern Atlantic Ocean ( 48° N-16° W). NEUMANN (1913b), after GEGENBAUR, GROBBEN and ULJANIN , consid­ ered that this species does not exist and is just a doliolum Fig. 2. Doliolina muelleri: a: oozooid, b: gonozooid. nurse with its dorsal spur. Later on a meditenanean species, - 1 II Systematics of Doliolida 193 considered as close to Anchinia, was successively named Hermaphroditism of the gonozooids. Doliopsis rubescens (VOGT, 1852, Fig.3) andAnchinia rubra (VOGT 1854, KOWALEVSKY & BARROIS 1883, BARROIS 1885). GROBBEN (1882) recognized two species: A. - Differentiation of the four types savigniana and A. rubra, while KROGER (1939) called Doliopsis savigniana specimens mainly collected in the The four types of Doliolids can be distributed into four fami­ southern Atlantic Ocean. Numerous specimens mainly li es thanks to diverse characters: length of the endostyle, caught in the Bahamas seem to belong to another species, shape of the digestive tube, number (5 , 8 or 9) and disposi­ Doliopsis bahamensis (GODEAUX, 1996). The relationship tion of the muscle hoops, position of the vibratile organ with with Doliolum has been early on suggested by HUXLEY regards to brain and M III, shape of the branchial septum, (l85la), VOGT (1852), GROBBEN (1882) and NEUM ANN number of gill slits, position of the gonads, shape of the testis ( 1913b). The life cycle of these animals remains practically (in gonozooid), presence of pigmented areas. unknown (see below). Metagenesis is probable, but only blastozooids have been described up to now. In 1939, KROGER described a third type of doliolid species Subdivisions of the Order Doliolida (Cyclomyaria) called Doliopsoides meteori and collected in the southern Atlantic Ocean, mostly below 400m depth. The barrel­ According to these different characters, a division of the or­ shaped body evokes that of the doliolum. Another species, der Doliolida in two suborders and four families is proposed: Doliopsoides horizoni has been described from the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean by TOKIOKA & BERNER (1958a,b). Suborder Doliolidina with two families: Doliopsoides atlanticum GODEAUX 1996 is a third species of the same genus from the north western Atlantic Ocean a) Doliolidae with four genera and about twenty species. (GODEAUX 1996, GODEAUX & HARBISON in press). Nothing is known about their life cycle, although metagenesis seems b) Doliopsoididae with one genus and three species. probable. In 1996, GODEAUX created the species Paradoliopsis The common characters are: barrel-shaped body, siphons at harbisoni (GODEAUX & HARB ISON in press) after two mature both ends of the main axis, thinness of the tunic, number of individuals and four developing buds still undescribed and the muscle hoops
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chordata, Tunicata, Thaliacea, Doliolida) from East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia), with an Updated Worldwide Distribution
    Journal of Sustainability Science and Management ISSN: 1823-8556 Volume 13 Number 5, 2018 © Penerbit UMT TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE FAMILY DOLIOLIDAE BRONN, 1862 (CHORDATA, TUNICATA, THALIACEA, DOLIOLIDA) FROM EAST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA), WITH AN UPDATED WORLDWIDE DISTRIBUTION NUR ‘ALIAH BINTI ADAM1 AND NURUL HUDA AHMAD ISHAK*1, 2 1School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 2Institute of Oceanography and Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: The marine pelagic tunicate from the family of Doliolidae Bronn, 1862 in the coastal waters of Terengganu was studied for the first time, hereby presented in this paper. The distribution was analysed from 18 sampling stations alongside the Terengganu waters; including Pulau Bidong, Pulau Yu and Pulau Kapas. Samples were collected from April to July 2016 using 200µm Bongo net; towed vertically from a stationary vessel; and were preserved in a 5% buffered formaldehyde. Five species discovered in this family were identified as new records in Malaysian waters:Doliolum denticulatum Quoy and Gaimard, 1834, Doliolum nationalis Borgert, 1894, Dolioletta gegenbauri Uljanin, 1884, Doliolina mulleri Krohn, 1852 and Dolioloides rarum Grobben, 1882. A comprehensive review of the species description, diagnosis and a key to the phorozooid from the recorded species is herewith provided. We also deliver a detailed map of current and known worldwide occurrence of these five species, and thus consequently update the biodiversity of Malaysian fauna. KEYWORDS: Doliolid, pelagic tunicates, South China Sea, Terengganu, taxonomy, biogeography Introduction have the most complex life cycle compared to any of the pelagic tunicates; consisting of no lesser Pelagic tunicates are large transparent animals than six different and successive morphological that measure up to 25cm (Lavaniegos & Ohman, stages (Godeaux et al., 1998; Paffenhöfer & 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • Eurochordata and Cephalochordata of Persian Gulf & Oman See
    Subphylum Urochordata : Tunicates Class Ascidacea Class Larvacea Class Thaliacea Subphylum Cephalochordata : Amphioxus Phylum Chordata : 1 - Subphylum Urochordata 2 Subphylum Cephalochordata (Subphylum Urochordata : Tunicates ) Class Ascidiacea Class Larvacea Class Thaliacea (Subphylum Cephalochordata ) Class Ascidiacea Ascidia Kowalevsky Patricia Kott D. lane David George & Gordon Paterson Herdmania momus savigny Herdmania momus kiamanensis Didemnum candidum savigny Phallusia nigra savigny Styela canopus savigny Class Ascidiacea : Order : Aplousobranchia Family : Polyclinidae : Aplidium cf. rubripunctum C.Monniot & F. Monniot 1997 Polyclinum constellatum Savigny, 1816 Family Didemnidae Didemnum candidum Savigny, 1816 Didemnum cf. granulatum Tokioka, 1954 Didemnum obscurum F. Monniot 1969 Didemnum perlucidum F. Monniot, 1983 Didemnum sp. Didemnum yolky C.Monniot & F. Monniot 1997 Diplosoma listerianum Milne Edwards, 1841 Order : Phlebobranchia Family : Ascidiidae Ascidia sp. Phallusia julinea Sluiter, 1915 Phallusia nigra Savigny, 1816 Order : Stolidobranchia Family : Styelidae Botryllus gregalis Sluiter, 1898 Botryllus niger Herdman, 1886 Botryllus sp. Eusynstyela cf. hartmeyeri Michaelsen, 1904 Polyandrocarpa sp. Styela canopus Savigny, 1816 Symplegma bahraini C.Monniot & F. Monniot 1997 Symplegma brakenhielmi Michaelsen, 1904 Family pyuridae Herdmania momus Savigny, 1816 Pyura curvigona Tokioka, 1950 Pyurid sp. Class Larvacea Larva Seymour Sewell Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata * Class Larvacea Order Copelata Family Fritillariidae
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins of Chordate Larvae Donald I Williamson* Marine Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
    lopmen ve ta e l B Williamson, Cell Dev Biol 2012, 1:1 D io & l l o l g DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000101 e y C Cell & Developmental Biology ISSN: 2168-9296 Research Article Open Access The Origins of Chordate Larvae Donald I Williamson* Marine Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom Abstract The larval transfer hypothesis states that larvae originated as adults in other taxa and their genomes were transferred by hybridization. It contests the view that larvae and corresponding adults evolved from common ancestors. The present paper reviews the life histories of chordates, and it interprets them in terms of the larval transfer hypothesis. It is the first paper to apply the hypothesis to craniates. I claim that the larvae of tunicates were acquired from adult larvaceans, the larvae of lampreys from adult cephalochordates, the larvae of lungfishes from adult craniate tadpoles, and the larvae of ray-finned fishes from other ray-finned fishes in different families. The occurrence of larvae in some fishes and their absence in others is correlated with reproductive behavior. Adult amphibians evolved from adult fishes, but larval amphibians did not evolve from either adult or larval fishes. I submit that [1] early amphibians had no larvae and that several families of urodeles and one subfamily of anurans have retained direct development, [2] the tadpole larvae of anurans and urodeles were acquired separately from different Mesozoic adult tadpoles, and [3] the post-tadpole larvae of salamanders were acquired from adults of other urodeles. Reptiles, birds and mammals probably evolved from amphibians that never acquired larvae.
    [Show full text]
  • The Plankton Lifeform Extraction Tool: a Digital Tool to Increase The
    Discussions https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2021-171 Earth System Preprint. Discussion started: 21 July 2021 Science c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. Open Access Open Data The Plankton Lifeform Extraction Tool: A digital tool to increase the discoverability and usability of plankton time-series data Clare Ostle1*, Kevin Paxman1, Carolyn A. Graves2, Mathew Arnold1, Felipe Artigas3, Angus Atkinson4, Anaïs Aubert5, Malcolm Baptie6, Beth Bear7, Jacob Bedford8, Michael Best9, Eileen 5 Bresnan10, Rachel Brittain1, Derek Broughton1, Alexandre Budria5,11, Kathryn Cook12, Michelle Devlin7, George Graham1, Nick Halliday1, Pierre Hélaouët1, Marie Johansen13, David G. Johns1, Dan Lear1, Margarita Machairopoulou10, April McKinney14, Adam Mellor14, Alex Milligan7, Sophie Pitois7, Isabelle Rombouts5, Cordula Scherer15, Paul Tett16, Claire Widdicombe4, and Abigail McQuatters-Gollop8 1 10 The Marine Biological Association (MBA), The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK. 2 Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquacu∑lture Science (Cefas), Weymouth, UK. 3 Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Université de Lille, CNRS UMR 8187 LOG, Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences, Wimereux, France. 4 Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK. 5 15 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), CRESCO, 38 UMS Patrinat, Dinard, France. 6 Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Angus Smith Building, Maxim 6, Parklands Avenue, Eurocentral, Holytown, North Lanarkshire ML1 4WQ, UK. 7 Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Lowestoft, UK. 8 Marine Conservation Research Group, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK. 9 20 The Environment Agency, Kingfisher House, Goldhay Way, Peterborough, PE4 6HL, UK. 10 Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards an Understanding of Salp Swarm Dynamics. ICES CM 2002/N
    CM 2002/ N:12 Towards an understanding of salp swarm dynamics by Patricia Kremer ABSTRACT Species of salps are characterized by intermittent blooms. Several studies have documented the importance of physical processes both in providing seed stocks of salps and creating an environment that is favorable for the rapid increase of salp populations. Although salps are typically oceanic, most observations of bloom dynamics have been made in more accessible inshore waters, so it is difficult to assess how frequent and widespread these swarms are. A review and comparison of existing data is helping to define geographic “hot spots” for salp blooms as well as the necessary physical and biological precursors. Although at this point, the review is far from complete, several generalities are emerging. The details of the physical forcing functions vary, but the overall physical regime seems to require a region of pulsed mixing of oceanic water that results in a relatively high standing stock of autotrophs. For a salp bloom to occur, there also needs to be an adequate seed population of salps and sufficient sustained primary production to support the biomass of the salp population as the bloom develops. As non-selective filter feeders, salps are able to remove a wide range of particulates from the water column, transforming the undigested portion into fast sinking feces. Therefore, when salps occur at high densities, the water is characterized by low abundance of other plankton, with obvious trophic implications. Patricia Kremer: Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton CT 06340-6097, USA [tel: +1 860 405 9140; fax: +1 860 405 9153; e-mail [email protected]] INTRODUCTION Salps are holoplanktonic grazers that have a life history, feeding biology, and population dynamics that contrasts sharply to copepods and other crustacean zooplankton (Madin and Deibel 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Pyrosomes: Enigmatic Marine Inhabitants with an Important Role in the Cabo Verde Ecosystem 4 May 2021
    Pyrosomes: Enigmatic marine inhabitants with an important role in the Cabo Verde ecosystem 4 May 2021 submersibles looked at moribund colonies on the seabed or used net catches that generally disrupt species interactions. Furthermore, the aim was to estimate the contribution of these organisms to the local marine carbon cycle. For the eastern Atlantic such information was still largely unknown. "Because we combined underwater observations, sampling and genetic analyses, we were able to gain several new insights into pyrosome ecology," says lead author Vanessa Stenvers, from GEOMAR. During the expedition, the organisms were observed directly with the research Deep-sea shrimp with a pyrosome on the sea floor. submersible JAGO, and also studied via a pelagic Credit: JAGO Team, GEOMAR. towed camera system, PELAGIOS, as well as by net and water sampling. "Our study shows that pyrosomes form an Pyrosomes, named after the Greek words for 'fire important biological substrate in the water column bodies' due their bright bioluminescence, are that other animals use for settlement, shelter and/or pelagic tunicates that spend their entire lives as a food source," explains Vanessa Stenvers. "We swimming in the open ocean. They are made up of have estimated that Pyrosoma atlanticum provides many smaller animals, known as zooids, that sit up to 0.28 m2 of substrate area per square meter of together in a tubular matrix, known as tunic (hence total area during a bloom period. This is a huge the name pelagic tunicates). Because they live in number if you consider that there are little physical the open ocean, they generally go unnoticed.
    [Show full text]
  • Blooms of the Pelagic Tunicate, <I>Dolioletta Gegenbauri:</I> Are
    Journal of Marine Research, 43, 211-236,1985 Blooms of the pelagic tunicate, Dolioletta gegenbauri: Are they associated with Gulf Stream frontal eddies? I 2 by Don Deibel • ABSTRACT Satellite-directed sampling was used to determine whether blooms of Do/ioletta gegenbauri are associated with warm filaments of Gulf Stream frontal eddies. Radio-transmitting drogues were used to mark the center of the bloom so that physical and biological covariables could be measured inside and outside of bloom waters. The bloom was not in the warm filament of a frontal eddy, but was 60 - 70 km northwest of the temperature front between outer-shelf water and the Gulf Stream-in upwelled water probably originating from the eddy's cold core. This cold-core remnant (CCR) water was stranded between 2 middle-shelf fronts. The doliolid bloom resulted from the asexual production of gonozooids by the oozooid stage. This occurred primarily in the nearshore temperature and salinity front and in or beneath the pycnocline between CCR and overriding outer-shelf surface water. Several of the doliolid populations were estimated to be capable of clearing 40-120% of their resident water volume each day-removing particles of less than 50 J.Lm equivalent spherical diameter. Their removal of small particles is thought to be one of the primary reasons for poor copepod recruitment and low net zooplankton concentrations in the midst of doliolid blooms. The phytoplankton community was co-dominated by dinoflagellates and diatoms. indicating the strong influence of the Gulf Stream in these mid-shelf waters. Dominant diatoms were Thalassiosira subti/is and Rhizosolenia sp., both typical of Gulf Stream upwelling in the Georgia Bight.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution, Associations and Role in the Biological Carbon Pump of Pyrosoma Atlanticum (Tunicata, Thaliacea) Off Cabo Verde, N
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Distribution, associations and role in the biological carbon pump of Pyrosoma atlanticum (Tunicata, Thaliacea) of Cabo Verde, NE Atlantic Vanessa I. Stenvers1,2,3*, Helena Hauss1, Karen J. Osborn2,4, Philipp Neitzel1, Véronique Merten1, Stella Scheer1, Bruce H. Robison4, Rui Freitas5 & Henk Jan T. Hoving1* Gelatinous zooplankton are increasingly acknowledged to contribute signifcantly to the carbon cycle worldwide, yet many taxa within this diverse group remain poorly studied. Here, we investigate the pelagic tunicate Pyrosoma atlanticum in the waters surrounding the Cabo Verde Archipelago. By using a combination of pelagic and benthic in situ observations, sampling, and molecular genetic analyses (barcoding, eDNA), we reveal that: P. atlanticum abundance is most likely driven by local island- induced productivity, that it substantially contributes to the organic carbon export fux and is part of a diverse range of biological interactions. Downward migrating pyrosomes actively transported an estimated 13% of their fecal pellets below the mixed layer, equaling a carbon fux of 1.96–64.55 mg C ­m−2 ­day−1. We show that analysis of eDNA can detect pyrosome material beyond their migration range, suggesting that pyrosomes have ecological impacts below the upper water column. Moribund P. atlanticum colonies contributed an average of 15.09 ± 17.89 (s.d.) mg C ­m−2 to the carbon fux reaching the island benthic slopes. Our pelagic in situ observations further show that P. atlanticum formed an abundant substrate in the water column (reaching up to 0.28 m2 substrate area per m2), with animals using pyrosomes for settlement, as a shelter and/or a food source.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885
    Checklist of the Invertebrate Chordata and the Hemichordata of British Columbia (Tunicates and Acorn Worms) (August, 2009) by Aaron Baldwin, PhD Candidate School of Fisheries and Ocean Science University of Alaska, Fairbanks E-mail [email protected] The following checklist contains species in the chordate subphylum Tunicata and the acorn worms which have been listed as found in British Columbia. This list is certainly incomplete. The taxonomy follows that of the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS database, www.marinespecies.org) and the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS, www.itis.gov). For several families and higher taxa I was unable to locate author's names so have left these blank. Common names are mainly from Lamb and Hanby (2005). Phylum Chordata Bateson, 1885 Subpylum Tunicata Class Ascidacea Nielsen, 1995 Order Entergona Suborder Aplousobranchia Family Cionidae Genus Ciona Fleming, 1822 Ciona savignyi Herdman, 1882 Family Clavelinidae Genus Clavelina Savigny, 1816 Clavelina huntsmani Van Name, 1931 Family Didemnidae Genus Didemnum Savigny, 1816 Didemnum carnulentum Ritter and Forsyth, 1917 Didenmum sp (Lamb and Hanby, 2005) INV Genus Diplosoma Macdonald, 1859 Diplosoma listerianum (Milne-Edwards, 1841) Genus Trididemnum delle Valle, 1881 Trididemnum alexi Lambert, 2005 Family Holozoidae Genus Distaplia delle Valle, 1881 Distaplia occidentalis Bancroft, 1899 Distaplia smithi Abbot and Trason, 1968 Family Polycitoridae Genus Cystodytes von Drasche, 1884 Cystodytes lobatus (Ritter, 1900) Genus Eudistoma Caullery, 1909
    [Show full text]
  • British Pelagic Tunicates, and the Choice of the 21 Species
    REVIEWS BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 34(1): 175-176, 1984 BRITISHPELAGICTUNICATES.J. H. Fraser. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 20. Cambridge University Press. 1982. 57 pp., 23 figures, glossary and index. Soft cover. $12.95. The Synopses of the British Fauna, of which this is No. 20 in the series, are designed as field and laboratory pocketbooks for the use of amateur and profes- sional naturalists. They are intended to bridge the gap between popular field guides and professional treatises and monographs. This slim little volume on pelagic tunicates seems to serve this purpose admirably. Each of the 21 species of Appendicularians and Thaliaceans treated in this work is illustrated with line drawings showing the pertinent characters required for identification. Both aggregate and solitary forms are shown when such occur. Descriptions are brief but adequate and there are notes on distribution and abun- dance where pertinent. A very useful account of anatomical structures, life his- tories, ecology and distribution is given for each major group. There is also a glossary, index and a useful list of references. The introduction serves also to inform the reader on methods of capture, preservation and labeling. Complete keys are given for all levels from class to family, genus and species. The author is to be congratulated on the clarity of the couplet definitions. One may be puzzled, however, by the title, British Pelagic Tunicates, and the choice of the 21 species. Under the Appendicularia Fraser states that only Oi- kopleura dioica and Fritillaria borealis are found in British estuaries and inshore waters while Oikopleura labradoriensis is frequent in areas around the British Isles but is unlikely to be found in inshore waters.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Ecology, Distribution, and Systematics of Pelagic Tunicata
    Notes on Ecology, Distribution , and Systematics of Pelagic Tunicata from N ew Zealand B.M. BARyl THE COPELATA AND CYCLOMYARIA app ear to were made in near and offshore waters to the be the only groups among pelagic runicates to east and south of South Island , New Zealand have been directly reported on for New Zealand, (January to March, 1951 ) and southward to the former by Garstang and Georgeson (1935) Auckland and Camp bell islands (November, and the latter by Garstang (1933). These re­ 1951 ) from H.M.NZ.S. "Lachlan," a naval ports resulted from collections of the "Terra frigate on surveying duties .Tows, made pre­ Nova" Expedition. Thompson ( 1948) in a com­ domi nantly in the surface layer (there were a prehensive treatise on "Pelagic Tu nicates of few oblique tows) , were of 3 minutes' duration Australia" refers only occasionally to N ew Zea­ at 1Y2 to 2 kt. wit h a net of 50 em. diameter land species. construc ted with graded silks. Procedure was Samples were collected from H.M.N Z .S. standardised and some quant itative analyses "Lachlan" ( Bary, 1956 ) to the south and east have been made. Surface temp eratures were of N ew Zealand. Oikopleura fusiformis was cap­ taken and salinities were determined for many tured mainl y from cooler oceanic waters and is of the plankton stations, and at oth er locations a new record for New Zealand. O. dioica oc­ as well. curred infrequently in warm coastal waters. Temperature-Salini ty-Plank ton diagrams are Gonozooids and phorozooids of Doliolum (Do­ again utilised (Bary, 1959a; 1959b) and they lioletta) valdiviae were obtained, and the "old assist with the interpre tation of the origi ns and nurse" stage is believed to have been identified.
    [Show full text]
  • Articles and Plankton
    Ocean Sci., 15, 1327–1340, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5194/os-15-1327-2019 © Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. The Pelagic In situ Observation System (PELAGIOS) to reveal biodiversity, behavior, and ecology of elusive oceanic fauna Henk-Jan Hoving1, Svenja Christiansen2, Eduard Fabrizius1, Helena Hauss1, Rainer Kiko1, Peter Linke1, Philipp Neitzel1, Uwe Piatkowski1, and Arne Körtzinger1,3 1GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany 2University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, 0371 Oslo, Norway 3Christian Albrecht University Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany Correspondence: Henk-Jan Hoving ([email protected]) Received: 16 November 2018 – Discussion started: 10 December 2018 Revised: 11 June 2019 – Accepted: 17 June 2019 – Published: 7 October 2019 Abstract. There is a need for cost-efficient tools to explore 1 Introduction deep-ocean ecosystems to collect baseline biological obser- vations on pelagic fauna (zooplankton and nekton) and es- The open-ocean pelagic zones include the largest, yet least tablish the vertical ecological zonation in the deep sea. The explored habitats on the planet (Robison, 2004; Webb et Pelagic In situ Observation System (PELAGIOS) is a 3000 m al., 2010; Ramirez-Llodra et al., 2010). Since the first rated slowly (0.5 m s−1) towed camera system with LED il- oceanographic expeditions, oceanic communities of macro- lumination, an integrated oceanographic sensor set (CTD- zooplankton and micronekton have been sampled using nets O2) and telemetry allowing for online data acquisition and (Wiebe and Benfield, 2003). Such sampling has revealed a video inspection (low definition).
    [Show full text]