DOCSLIB.ORG

Porifera (Sponges) Choanoflagellates Ctenophora (Comb Jellies) Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Corals, Sea Anemones) Acoela (Acoels) Rotife

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Porifera (Sponges) Choanoflagellates Ctenophora (Comb Jellies) Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Corals, Sea Anemones) Acoela (Acoels) Rotife Choanoflagellates Fungi ANIMALIA Choanoflagellates Porifera (sponges) ANIMALIA Multicellularity Ctenophora (comb jellies) Cnidaria (jellyfish, corals, sea anemones) Diploblasty Acoela (acoels) LOPHOTROCHOZOA Rotifera (rotifers) Loss of coelom Platyhelminthes Triploblasty (flatworms) Segmentation Annelida (segmented worms) PROTOSTOMES Protostome Mollusca BILATERIA development (snails, clams, squid) ECDYSOZOA Nematoda (roundworms) Cephalization, CNS, coelom Arthropoda Segmentation (insects, spiders, crustaceans) DEUTEROSTOMES DEUTEROSTOMES Radial symmetry Echinodermata (in adults) (sea stars, sand dollars) Deuterostome development Chordata Segmentation (vertebrates, tunicates) General Annelid Characteristics • Coelomate, Triploblastic • Protostome (lophotrochozoan) • Cephalization • Bodies are segmented, worm shaped • Setae (chaetae) • Closed circulatory system • Metanephridia • Complete digestive system • Marine, freshwater, terrestrial Phylum Annelida • Class Polychaeta (nearly all marine) • Class Clitellata – Subclass Oligochaeta (mostly terrestrial or freshwater) – Subclass Hirudinea (mostly freshwater, terrestrial) (Did clitellates also evolve from polychaete ancestors?) One Hypothesis… Is this is true, the Class Polychaeta is not monophyletic Phylum Annelida Class Clitellata Class Polychaeta Subclass Hirudinea 1 2 3 Class Clitellata Subclass Oligochaeta Earthworm Clitellum Metamerism: serial repetition of segments Septa (peritoneum) divide the coelom into compartments Septa Hydrostatic skeleton is partitioned Circular and Longitudinal Muscles Closed Circulatory System Earthworm Anatomy of an earthworm Annelids exhibit Cephalization Class Clitellata Earthworm nervous system Leech nervous system Subclass Oligochaeta Subclass Hirudinoidea The Prostomium has no conspicuous sensory structures. Complete Digestive Tract Earthworm cross-section Typhlosole, a dorsal fold in the intestine Earthworms play an essential role in aerating soil and in adding nutrients Deposit Feeders Metanephridia (tube open at both ends) Nephrostome (entrance) Nephridiopore (exit) Earthworm metanephridia anterior segment adjacent segment nephridiopore – to outside Oligochaete internal anatomy Oligochaetes have no specialized respiratory structures. Sexual reproduction in Oligochaetes (simultaneous hermaphrodites) Lumbricus Pheretima Lumbricus Eisenia Subclass Hirudinea • No setae or appendages • Anterior and posterior suckers • Few body segments – 33- 34, more flattened dorso- ventrally • No internal septa • Many are Ectoparasites Leech Subclass Hirudinea Anterior sucker, Freshwater leech Class Polychaeta Parapodium Nereis versicolor Many Setae Nereis versicolor Parapodia function in locomotion and gas exchange, are highly vascularized and increase the surface area of the body wall. Errant Polychaetes : Mobile Polychaete Parapodia Polychaete locomotion Oligochaetes Anatides medipapillata Nereis versicolor Ophiodromus pugettensis • Prostomium with tentacles, eyes, palps, cirri. Nereis The head of Nereis, a polychaete • Many have an extendable proboscis with chitonous jaws/teeth Nereis versicolor Nereis versicolor Sedentary Annelids Burrow or Tube Dwelling Suspension feeding in polychaetes Figure 13_09 Christmas-tree worms Christmas-tree worms – suspension feeders Feather duster worm Eudistylia polymorpha Eudistylia polymorpha Spirobranchus spinosus Arenicola, a deposit feeder, sedentary polychaete which burrows in soft sediments Deposit feeding in Amphitrite Amphitrite, A sedentary polychaete Extracted from burrow Spaghetti worm Feather Duster Worm, a marine polychaete https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eS8OYF7isCU Thelepus crispus Thelepus crispus A polychaete worm Deposit feeding in the ice-cream cone worm Regeneration and asexual reproduction in some Polychaetes Syllis chaetopterid Figure 13_10 Epitoky Epitoky in Polychaetes Nereis epitoke Male Syllid epitoke Epitokous Platynereis-male with an opaque (sperm-filled) anterior and muscular posterior part with paddle- shaped parapodia. Figure 13_13 Beard worms – Family Siboglinidae vestimentiferan How do Siboglinids get nutrition? 1. External digestion of food particles by tentacles 2. Can take up DOM (dissolved organic matter) from sea water 3. Mutualistic Chemosynthetic bacteria Chemosynthesis CO2 + 4H2S + O2 (CH20)n + 4S + H2O •Bacteria in trophosome obtain energy by oxidizing the H2S or CH4 in the surrounding seawater. •Sulfides and methane diffuse across tentacles then delivered to the trophosome by hemoglobin. •Bacteria use energy they obtain from oxidizing these substrates to produce ATP. Then ATP is used to synthesize organic molecules from the carbon in CO2 (like in photosynthesis). Tevnia Riftia Riftia out of it’s tube .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gfe Full Program 13.02.2019
    Joint Meeting of the German and Israeli Societies of Developmental Biology Vienna, February 17-20, 2019 https://gfe2019.univie.ac.at/home/ Organizers Ulrich Technau, Eli Arama Co-Organizers Michael Brand, Fred Berger, Elly Tanaka, David Sprinzak, Peleg Hasson GfE https://www.vbio.de/gfe-entwicklungsbiologie IsSDB http://issdb.org Gesellschaft für Entwicklungsbiologie e.V. Geschäftsstelle: Dr. Thomas Thumberger Centre for Organismal Studies Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 230 69120 Heidelberg E-mail: [email protected] Contents Sponsors ......................................................................................................................................... 4 General information ..................................................................................................................... 5 Venue .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Getting there................................................................................................................................ 5 From the airport ...................................................................................................................... 6 If you come by long distance train .......................................................................................... 6 Taxi ......................................................................................................................................... 6 If you
    [Show full text]
  • Bodily Complexity: Integrated Multicellular Organizations for Contraction-Based Motility
    fphys-10-01268 October 11, 2019 Time: 16:13 # 1 HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY published: 15 October 2019 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01268 Bodily Complexity: Integrated Multicellular Organizations for Contraction-Based Motility Argyris Arnellos1,2* and Fred Keijzer3 1 IAS-Research Centre for Life, Mind & Society, Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain, 2 Department of Product and Systems Design Engineering, Complex Systems and Service Design Lab, University of the Aegean, Syros, Greece, 3 Department of Theoretical Philosophy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands Compared to other forms of multicellularity, the animal case is unique. Animals—barring some exceptions—consist of collections of cells that are connected and integrated to such an extent that these collectives act as unitary, large free-moving entities capable of sensing macroscopic properties and events. This animal configuration Edited by: Matteo Mossio, is so well-known that it is often taken as a natural one that ‘must’ have evolved, UMR8590 Institut d’Histoire et given environmental conditions that make large free-moving units ‘obviously’ adaptive. de Philosophie des Sciences et des Techniques (IHPST), France Here we question the seemingly evolutionary inevitableness of animals and introduce Reviewed by: a thesis of bodily complexity: The multicellular organization characteristic for typical Stuart A. Newman, animals requires the integration of a multitude of intrinsic bodily features between its New York Medical
    [Show full text]
  • Basal Metazoans - Dirk Erpenbeck, Simion Paul, Michael Manuel, Paulyn Cartwright, Oliver Voigt and Gert Worheide
    EVOLUTION OF PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF LIFE - Basal Metazoans - Dirk Erpenbeck, Simion Paul, Michael Manuel, Paulyn Cartwright, Oliver Voigt and Gert Worheide BASAL METAZOANS Dirk Erpenbeck Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany Simion Paul and Michaël Manuel Université Pierre et Marie Curie in Paris, France. Paulyn Cartwright University of Kansas USA. Oliver Voigt and Gert Wörheide Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Germany Keywords: Metazoa, Porifera, sponges, Placozoa, Cnidaria, anthozoans, jellyfishes, Ctenophora, comb jellies Contents 1. Introduction on ―Basal Metazoans‖ 2. Phylogenetic relationships among non-bilaterian Metazoa 3. Porifera (Sponges) 4. Placozoa 5. Ctenophora (Comb-jellies) 6. Cnidaria 7. Cultural impact and relevance to human welfare Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Basal metazoans comprise the four non-bilaterian animal phyla Porifera (sponges), Cnidaria (anthozoans and jellyfishes), Placozoa (Trichoplax) and Ctenophora (comb jellies). The phylogenetic position of these taxa in the animal tree is pivotal for our understanding of the last common metazoan ancestor and the character evolution all Metazoa,UNESCO-EOLSS but is much debated. Morphological, evolutionary, internal and external phylogenetic aspects of the four phyla are highlighted and discussed. SAMPLE CHAPTERS 1. Introduction on “Basal Metazoans” In many textbooks the term ―lower metazoans‖ still refers to an undefined assemblage of invertebrate phyla, whose phylogenetic relationships were rather undefined. This assemblage may contain both bilaterian and non-bilaterian taxa. Currently, ―Basal Metazoa‖ refers to non-bilaterian animals only, four phyla that lack obvious bilateral symmetry, Porifera, Placozoa, Cnidaria and Ctenophora. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) EVOLUTION OF PHYLOGENETIC TREE OF LIFE - Basal Metazoans - Dirk Erpenbeck, Simion Paul, Michael Manuel, Paulyn Cartwright, Oliver Voigt and Gert Worheide These four phyla have classically been known as ―diploblastic‖ Metazoa.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Diversity Part 2
    Textbook resources • pp. 517-522 • pp. 527-8 Animal Diversity • p. 530 part 2 • pp. 531-2 Clicker question In protostomes A. The blastopore becomes the mouth. B. The blastopore becomes the anus. C. Development involves indeterminate cleavage. D. B and C Fig. 25.2 Phylogeny to know (1). Symmetry Critical innovations to insert: Oral bilateral symmetry ecdysis mouth develops after anus multicellularity Aboral tissues 1 Animal diversity, part 2 Parazoa Diversity 2 I. Parazoa • Porifera: Sponges II. Cnidaria & Ctenophora • Tissues • Symmetry I. Outline the • Germ Layers III. Lophotrochozoa unique • Embryonic characteristics Development of sponges IV. Ecdysozoa • Body Cavities • Segmentation Parazoa Parazoa • Porifera: Sponges • Porifera: Sponges – Multicellular without – Hermaphrodites tissues – Sexual and asexual reproduction – Choanocytes (collar cells) use flagella to move water and nutrients into pores – Intracellular digestion Fig. 25.11 Animal diversity, part 2 Clicker Question Diversity 2 I. Parazoa In diploblastic animals, the inner lining of the digestive cavity or tract is derived from II. Cnidaria & Ctenophora A. Endoderm. II. Outline the B. Ectoderm. unique III. Lophotrochozoa C. Mesoderm. characteristics D. Coelom. of cnidarians and IV. Ecdysozoa ctenophores 2 Coral Box jelly Cnidaria and Ctenophora • Cnidarians – Coral; sea anemone; jellyfish; hydra; box jellies • Ctenophores – Comb jellies Sea anemone Jellyfish Hydra Comb jelly Cnidaria and Ctenophora Fig. 25.12 Coral Box jelly Cnidaria and Ctenophora • Tissues Fig. 25.12 –
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Marine Invertebrates CAS BI 569 Phylum ANNELIDA by J
    Tropical Marine Invertebrates CAS BI 569 Phylum ANNELIDA by J. R. Finnerty Phylum ANNELIDA Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Deuterostomia Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata Onychophora Mollusca Echinodermata Nematoda Platyhelminthes Acoelomorpha Silicispongiae Calcispongia PROTOSTOMIA “BILATERIA” (=TRIPLOBLASTICA) Bilateral symmetry (?) Mesoderm (triploblasty) Phylum ANNELIDA Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Deuterostomia Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata Onychophora Mollusca Echinodermata Nematoda Platyhelminthes Acoelomorpha Silicispongiae Calcispongia PROTOSTOMIA “COELOMATA” True coelom Coelomata gut cavity endoderm mesoderm coelom ectoderm [note: dorso-ventral inversion] Phylum ANNELIDA Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Deuterostomia Ecdysozoa Lophotrochozoa Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata Onychophora Mollusca Echinodermata Nematoda Platyhelminthes Acoelomorpha Silicispongiae Calcispongia PROTOSTOMIA PROTOSTOMIA “first mouth” blastopore contributes to mouth ventral nerve cord The Blastopore ! Forms during gastrulation ectoderm blastocoel blastocoel endoderm gut blastoderm BLASTULA blastopore The Gut “internal, epithelium-lined cavity for the digestion and absorption of food sponges lack a gut simplest gut = blind sac (Cnidaria) blastopore gives rise to dual- function mouth/anus through-guts evolve later Protostome = blastopore contributes to the mouth Deuterostome = blastopore becomes the anus; mouth is a second opening Protostomy blastopore mouth anus Deuterostomy blastopore
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Evolution: Trichoplax, Trees, and Taxonomic Turmoil
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Dispatch R1003 Dispatches Animal Evolution: Trichoplax, Trees, and Taxonomic Turmoil The genome sequence of Trichoplax adhaerens, the founding member of the into the same major classes (C, E/F enigmatic animal phylum Placozoa, has revealed that a surprising level of and B) as do those described from genetic complexity underlies its extremely simple body plan, indicating either Amphimedon [4]. Consistent with that placozoans are secondarily simple or that there is an undiscovered a more derived position, however, morphologically complex life stage. Trichoplax has a number of Antp superclass Hox genes that are absent David J. Miller1 and Eldon E. Ball2 but no other axial differentiation, from the sponge Amphimedon. resembling an amoeba. Grell [3] who These include the ‘ParaHox’ gene With the recent or imminent release formally described these common but Trox-2 [5] and the extended Hox of the whole genome sequences of inconspicuous marine organisms as family gene Not [6] known from a number of key animal species, this belonging to a new phylum, assumed previous work. Particularly intriguing is an exciting time for the ‘evo-devo’ that their simplicity is primary, and is the discovery in Trichoplax of many community. In the last twelve months, that they therefore must represent genes associated with neuroendocrine whole genome analyses of the a key stage in animal evolution. This function across the Bilateria; in cnidarian Nematostella vectensis, view is still held by several prominent common with Amphimedon [7], many the choanoflagellate Monosiga Trichoplax biologists, but has always elements of the post-synaptic scaffold brevicollis and the cephalochordate been contentious; the view that it is are present, but so too are channel Branchiostoma floridae (commonly derived from a more complex ancestor and receptor proteins not known from known as amphioxus) have been has recently been gaining momentum sponges.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Data Do Not Support Comb Jellies As the Sister Group to All Other Animals
    Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals Davide Pisania,b,1, Walker Pettc, Martin Dohrmannd, Roberto Feudae, Omar Rota-Stabellif, Hervé Philippeg,h, Nicolas Lartillotc, and Gert Wörheided,i,1 aSchool of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TG, United Kingdom; bSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TG, United Kingdom; cLaboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France; dDepartment of Earth & Environmental Sciences & GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 80333, Germany; eDivision of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; fDepartment of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’ Adige 38010, Italy; gCentre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, USR CNRS 2936, Station d’Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS, Moulis 09200, France; hDépartement de Biochimie, Centre Robert-Cedergren, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7; and iBayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich 80333, Germany Edited by Neil H. Shubin, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and approved November 2, 2015 (received for review September 11, 2015) Understanding how complex traits, such as epithelia, nervous animal phylogeny separated ctenophores from all other ani- systems, muscles, or guts, originated depends on a well-supported mals (the “Ctenophora-sister”
    [Show full text]
  • Mesodermal Anatomies in Cnidarian Polyps and Medusae
    Int. J. Dev. Biol. 50: 589-599 (2006) doi: 10.1387/ijdb.062150ks Review Mesodermal anatomies in cnidarian polyps and medusae KATJA SEIPEL and VOLKER SCHMID* Institute of Zoology, University of Basel, Biocenter/Pharmacenter, Basel, Switzerland Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 589 Diploblasty in the historical perspective .......................................................................................................................................... 589 The cnidarian mesoderm unearthed ...................................................................................................................................................... 591 What is a mesoderm? ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 591 Muscle cells in Cnidaria ............................................................................................................................................................................... 592 Mesodermal muscle in Hydrozoa? ................................................................................................................................................. 592 Mesodermal differentiation in Scyphozoa, Cubozoa and Anthozoa ...............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Striated Muscle: Jellyfish and the Origin of Triploblasty
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Developmental Biology 282 (2005) 14 – 26 www.elsevier.com/locate/ydbio Review Evolution of striated muscle: Jellyfish and the origin of triploblasty Katja Seipel, Volker Schmid* Institute of Zoology, Biocenter/Pharmacenter, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland Received for publication 6 October 2004, revised 9 March 2005, accepted 27 March 2005 Available online 26 April 2005 Abstract The larval and polyp stages of extant Cnidaria are bi-layered with an absence of mesoderm and its differentiation products. This anatomy originally prompted the diploblast classification of the cnidarian phylum. The medusa stage, or jellyfish, however, has a more complex anatomy characterized by a swimming bell with a well-developed striated muscle layer. Based on developmental histology of the hydrozoan medusa this muscle derives from the entocodon, a mesoderm-like third cell layer established at the onset of medusa formation. According to recent molecular studies cnidarian homologs to bilaterian mesoderm and myogenic regulators are expressed in the larval and polyp stages as well as in the entocodon and derived striated muscle. Moreover striated and smooth muscle cells may have evolved directly and independently from non-muscle cells as indicated by phylogenetic analysis of myosin heavy chain genes (MHC class II). To accommodate all evidences we propose that striated muscle-based locomotion coevolved with the nervous and digestive systems in a basic metazoan Bauplan from which the ancestors of the Ctenophora (comb jellyfish), Cnidaria (jellyfish and polyps), as well as the Bilateria are derived.
    [Show full text]
  • CTENOPHORA Comb Jellies
    THREE Phylum CTENOPHORA comb jellies HERMES MIANZAN, ELLIOT W. Dawson, CLAUDIA E. MILLS tenophores have been described as the most beautiful, delicate, seem- ingly innocent yet most voracious, sinister and destructive of plankton Corganisms. They are exclusively marine, are found in all oceans at all depths, have many different shapes, and range in size from a few millimetres diameter to two metres long. They are mostly planktonic, but one order is bottom- dwelling with a creeping mode of existence. The planktonic forms are stunningly beautiful, diaphanous creatures, flashing iridescence as their comb-like cilia plates catch the light. Their bodies are soft, fragile, gelatinous. The phylum is small and well defined, with about 150 species worldwide (Mills 2008). Like the Cnidaria, they are radiate animals and at one time the two phyla were linked together as the Coelenterata. Ctenophoran symmetry is biradial and the general body plan somewhat more complicated than that of Cnidaria (Harbison & Madin 1982; Mills & Miller 1984; Harbison 1985). The two phyla are now thought to be only very distantly related. Recent evidence from ribosomal RNA sequencing shows that the Ctenophora lie close to the Porifera as the second-most-basic group of the Metazoa (Bridge et al. 1995; Collins 1998; Podar et al. 2001). Similarity in body form between pelagic ctenophores and medusae is a phenomenon of convergence. Ctenophores (literally, comb bearers) are named for their eight symmetrical tracks (comb rows) of fused ciliary plates (ctenes) on the body surface (Hernán- dez-Nicaise & Franc 1993). These constitute the locomotory apparatus that Leucothea sp. characterises the group.
    [Show full text]
  • Coeloplana Waltoni, a New Species of Minute Benthic Ctenophore (Ctenophora: Platyctenida) from South Florida
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 127(2):423–436. 2014. Coeloplana waltoni, a new species of minute benthic ctenophore (Ctenophora: Platyctenida) from south Florida Peter W. Glynn*, Frederick M. Bayer†, and D. Abigail Renegar (PWG) Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, U.S.A., e-mail: [email protected]; (FMB) Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013, U.S.A.; (DAR) National Coral Reef Institute, Nova Southeastern University Oceanographic Center, 8000 North Ocean Drive, Dania Beach, Florida 33004, U.S.A., e-mail: [email protected] Abstract.—A minute and abundant species of benthic ctenophore is described, resurrected from an unpublished manuscript of Frederick M. Bayer (deceased). It is an ectosymbiont of octocorals in south Florida. Members of the ctenophoran order Platyctenida were unknown from American waters until 1945, when specimens from Miami, Florida were reported by F. G. Walton Smith and referred to the genus Coeloplana. That species subsequently was found in Jamaica, and Rankin (1956) described it under the new generic name Vallicula. A second species of creeping ctenophore was found in the 1960s and rediscovered in 2011, living as an ectosymbiont on octocorals in the coastal waters near Miami. This species belongs to the original genus Coeloplana and is here described as Coeloplana waltoni, new species. This description is based on specimens examined by F. M. Bayer in the 1960s and additional material from collections obtained in 2012–2013. Critical differences between C.
    [Show full text]
  • Invertebrate Zoology (BIO-225)
    Bergen Community College Division of Mathematics, Science and Technology Department of Biology and Horticulture Invertebrate Zoology (BIO-225) General Course Syllabus SPRING 2016 Course Title Invertebrate Zoology (BIO-225) Course Description: This course is a survey of the organisms without backbones, the invertebrates. Topics include the taxonomic concepts of cladistics versus the Linnaean phylogenetic study of these organisms. Concepts such as prostomates vs. deuterostomates, the development of the coelom, metamorphosis, etc. will be discussed. Laboratory sessions include external and internal examinations (dissections) of these organisms and descriptive and practical reinforcement of lecture materials. Prerequisites: BIO 101, BIO 203 General Education Course: No Course Credits; 4.0 Hours per week: 6.0 3 hours lecture and 3 hours lab Course Coordinator: Elena Tartaglia Required Lecture Pechenik, J.A. 2010. Biology of the Invertebrates. 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill Textbook: Publishers. ISBN 978-0-07-302826-2 Laboratory Manual: Hickman, C.P., Kats, L.B., Dolphin, W.D., Dean, H.L., and R.S. Schuhmacher: Customized Laboratory Manual for General Biology II, McGraw-Hill Companies, Dubuque, IA, 2006. Student Learning Objectives - Lecture The student will be able to: 1. Describe the environment in which invertebrates exist and some of their adaptations. Assessment will be based upon performance on exam questions. 2. Explain how evolution works and how it leads to greater biodiversity. Assessment will be based upon performance on exam questions. 1 3. Discuss how invertebrates are classified. Assessment will be based upon performance on exam questions. 4. Describe the protists, phylogentically, morphologically, and their lifestyles Assessment will be based upon performance on exam questions.
    [Show full text]