REPUBLIC OF PERU: A COUNTRY STUDY Presented by: CPT Anita Trepanier MML North Dakota State University Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute 8 December 2008 AGENDA ´ Introduction ´ Geography/Topography ´ History ´ Demographics (Culture, Economy, Family) ´ Transportation Infrastructure ´ Analysis of Transportation Infrastructure ´ Conclusion ´ Questions ? INTRODUCTION ´ Military and civilian commanders are beginning to acknowledge the importance of understanding the culture of countries that the United States military and contractors are sent to conduct operations. In understanding the history, the people, the geography, and the economy, military personnel and civilians are more effective in working with local community leaders and agencies to assist in positive change and relief work. The transportation infrastructure of Peru is restricted due to numerous factors and will somewhat affect the military’s ability to move into and around the country. This presentation is an attempt to provide an overview of the cultural topics that will provide the base knowledge needed about the people of Peru and an understanding of the transportation infrastructure within Peru, in order for military personnel to effectively support future disaster relief operations. GEOGRAPHY/TOPOGRAPHY ´ Peru is bordered by Ecuador, Columbia, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, and the Pacific Ocean ´ 1,285,220 square kilometers ´ Third-largest country in South America ´ Coastal region consists of a narrow subtropical desert plain known as the Costa « Dry and semi-tropical ´ Central region is the Andes Mountains « Consists of the western, central, occidental, and oriental Cordillera « The Andean mountains are only surpassed in height by the Himalayas in Asia « Harsh cold conditions ´ Eastern region consists of rainforests known as the Selva « Tropical low land jungle of the Amazon Basin ´ One- third of the population lives in the Selva and Andes mountains and two- thirds inhabit the Costa ´ Rainfall varies from less than two inches in the Costa to over 150 inches in the Selva ´ Routinely plagued by earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, and infrequent volcanic eruptions GEOGRAPHY/TOPOGRAPHY (CONT.) GEOGRAPHY/TOPOGRAPHY (CONT.) HISTORY ´ The Spanish first settled in northern Peru in late 1532 in Cajamarca « Francisco Pizarro a Spanish conquistador arrived in 1532 and captured Cajamarca « Proceeded to Cusco and one year later captured the imperial city « Once Cusco was captured, he placed Manco Capac II on the Inca throne as a Spanish puppet ´ The native population fought to remain free from Spanish control over the next few years ´ Manco Capac II staged a rebellion in 1536, but was unable to defeat the Spaniards « Retreated to Vilcabamba in the remote interior of the Andes and established an independent Inca kingdom, until his defeat in 1572 ´ The Spanish viceroyalty established itself in Lima in 1542 « Peru remained under Spanish viceroyalty until 1824 with the aid of Greater Columbia ´ First President, Simon Bolivar Palacios ´ Power struggles continued until the Guano Era of 1845 thru 1872, General Marshal Ramon Castilla rising to power, marked the beginning of age of unparalleled economic growth and political stability HISTORY ´ Peru began exporting the fertilizer in the 1840s and depleted its natural resource within three decades ´ First political party the Partido Civilistas was established in the early 1870s « Civilistas an antimilitary party, successful in developing a liberal export-model, « Unable to stop the collapse of their economy spurred by the worldwide depression of 1873 ´ Mariano Ignacio Prado (1876-79), president, lead Peru into a disastrous war with Chile in 1879 « The War of the Pacific ,1879-83 « Caused by the dispute over nitrate-rich Atacama Desert « Allied itself with Bolivia in the Treaty of 1873 to go to war « Peace settlement signed in 1883 (The Treaty of Ancon) ´ After a period of intense civil strife, the armed forces led by General Andres Avelino Caceres succeeded in establishing some order in the country « Caceres won the presidency in 1886 and began imposing a general peace « Focus on reconstructing the country, recovery program, the Grace Contract HISTORY ´ Long-term military involvement until, 1968 revolution of General Juan Alvarado (1968-75) « Significant because it ended two decades of uninterrupted civilian rule ´ 1980, Fernando Belaunde, established democratic rule / confronted drug trafficking « Economy continued to fail and Peru’s foreign debt swelled to 13 billion U.S. dollars by the end of his term in 1985 ´ 1985, Alan Garcia, The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance candidate ´ The growth of a democratic political party emerged early in the 1990s « Natural disasters, economic decline, and triple-digit inflation heightened the negative image of government ´ In 1990, Alberto Fujimori was elected president « 1992, coup against his own government « After being elected to a third term, he resigned from office after a bribery scandal « Fled to exile in Japan and in 2006 was taken into custody in Chile ´ In 2006, Alan Garcia was elected as president and is currently president of Peru « Seeks to balance economic stability with increased social spending and decrease poverty DEMOGRAPHICS ´ Population: « Approximately 29 million (4th most populous country in South America) « 64.7 % are between the ages of 15 and 64 « 29.7 % between 0 and 14 years old « 5.6 % over 65 years old « Growth rate of 1.264% « Death rate of 6.16 per 1,000 « Birth rate of 19.77 per 1,000 « Life expectancy: male 68.61 years / female 72.37 years « Median age: male 25.5 / female 26.1 « Infant mortality rate of 29.53 per 1,000 live births ´ Religion: « 81% of the population associate themselves with the Roman Catholic Church « Slightly over 1 % are Seventh Day Adventist « Less than 1 % are other Christian « Slightly over 16 % are unspecified or none DEMOGRAPHICS (CONT.) ´ Population by area/region: « Approximately 79 % live in urban areas up from 47 % in 1961 « Approximately 21 % live in rural areas in the Costa, Selva, and Andes regions ´ Population by culture affiliation: « 45 % Amerindian of pure Native Amerindian descent « About 37 % Mestizo (Mixed Amerindian and white) « 15 % white « About 3 % are black, Japanese, Chinese, and other ´ Languages: « Spanish and Quechua are the official languages of Peru « There are a large number of Amazonian languages within the country ´ Unemployment: « In 2008, 8.9% in Lima « 49.7% under employment rate « Approximately 45% of Peruvians live below the poverty level DEMOGRAPHICS (CONT.) ´ Class structure: « Large lower class « Marginal middle class « Large upper class ´ Education: « Literacy Rate in Rural areas is 80% « Literacy Rate in Urban areas is 96% « Eleven years of schooling are mandatory « Fewer schools in rural areas « Many people attend colleges and universities within Peru and internationally ´ National Identity: « Spanish and Catholicism (Very strong throughout the country) « Many regional and ethnic cultures « National culture has been able to withstand these differences DEMOGRAPHICS (CONT.) ´ Family: « Kin Group ties « Father or male as head of family about 80% « Mother or female as head of family about 20% « Gender and lineage hierarchy ´ Military: « Army, Air Force, and Navy « Approximately 140K between all services « Voluntary service for ages 18 up to 30 « Budget approximately 2.5 billion ´ Police: « Approximately 140K « Budget approximately 33 million « U.S. provides equipment through military surplus sales and the international narcotics control program DEMOGRAPHICS (CONT.) ´ Economy: « Free market, last twenty years actively sought foreign investments and imports « U.S. is the largest trading partner (31.1% exports to U.S. / 18.2% imports from U.S.) « Imports: petroleum, petroleum products, plastics, machinery, vehicles, iron and steel, wheat, and paper « Exports: copper, gold, zinc, crude petroleum, petroleum products, coffee, cocaine, potatoes, asparagus, textiles, sugar, and guinea pigs « Multiple foreign trade agreements with the U.S., Singapore, Canada, and China « Increasing natural gas production due to the Camisea project, currently has the fifth- largest amount of natural gas reserves in South America (Liquified) « Potato is the largest crop produced (3,000 varities) « Other important crops: sugarcane, coffee, and cotton (Pima and Tanguis) « The industrial center is Lima, over 7,000 factories « Industries: textiles, clothing, leather products, chemicals, steel products, and processed foods « Tourism is a large source of income « Cocaine paste is the number one illegal export DEMOGRAPHICS (CONT.) ´ Economy cont.: « GDP: $219.6 Billion (2007 est.) ² Agriculture: 8.4% ² Industry: 25.6% ² Services: 66% « GDP (official exchange rate): $109.1 Billion (2007 est.) « GDP per Capita: $7,600 (2007 est.) « Labor Force: 9.839 million « Inflation Rate: 1.8% TRANSPORTATION ´ Seaports: « Largest port is Callao, located outside of Lima « Major ports: Paita, Salaverry, Chimbote, General San Martin, Ilo, and Matarani ² All ports have long piers and deep drafts that are capable of handling international ocean-going commercial vessels ² Ability to move large amounts of containers as well as other general cargo that is bulk or break-bulk. « Lighterage ports: Ancon, Aticot, Chancay, Coishco, Puerto Chicama formerly known as Malabrigo, Pacasmayo (Railway access at the pier), and Pimentel « Pampa Melchorita is currently under construction and is being built for export of LNG « Only privately owned and operated port is