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Lumbar Splanchnic Nerves Hypogastric Plexus Spinal Cord L4 L5 Sacral Splanchnic Nerves Vas Deferens Seminal Vesicle S1 Sympathetic Chain Ganglia S2 Prostate

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Lumbar Splanchnic Nerves Hypogastric Plexus Spinal Cord L4 L5 Sacral Splanchnic Nerves Vas Deferens Seminal Vesicle S1 Sympathetic Chain Ganglia S2 Prostate Chapter 18 Outline • Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems • Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System • Parasympathetic Division • Sympathetic Division • Other Features of the Autonomic Nervous System • CNS Control of Autonomic Function • Development of the Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System • The ________ nervous system (ANS) is a complex system of nerves that govern involuntary actions. • The ANS works constantly with the ________ nervous system (SNS) to regulate body organs and maintain normal internal functions. Autonomic Nervous System • The ANS and SNS are part of both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. • The SNS operates under our conscious control. The ANS functions are involuntary and we are usually unaware of them. Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Figure 18.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems • Both the SNS and the ANS use sensory and motor neurons. • In the SNS, somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle fibers, causing conscious voluntary movement. • ANS motor neurons innervate smooth muscle fibers, cardiac muscle fibers, or glands. • ANS motor neurons can either excite or inhibit cells in the viscera. Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems • SNS—single lower motor neuron axon extends uninterrupted from the spinal cord to one or more muscle fibers • ANS—two-neuron chain innervates muscles and glands Components of the Autonomic Nervous System Figure 18.2 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Motor Nervous Systems Two-Neuron Chain in ANS • The first neuron in the ANS pathway is the ________ neuron. Its cell body is in the brain or spinal cord. • A preganglionic axon extends to the second cell body housed within an autonomic ganglion in the peripheral nervous system. • The second neuron in the pathway is called a ________ neuron. • A ________ axon extends from its cell body to effector (target) cells. Two-Neuron Chain in ANS • Neuronal ________—axons from numerous preganglionic cells synapse on a single ganglionic cell • Neuronal ________—axons from one preganglionic cell synapse on numerous ganglionic cells Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System • ________ division—conservation of energy and replenishment of nutrient stores (“rest- and-digest”) • ________ division—preparation of body for emergencies (“fight-or-flight”); increased activity of this division results in increased alertness and metabolic activity Comparison of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions Figure 18.3 Anatomic Differences Between Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Neurons Figure 18.4 Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions Parasympathetic Division • Termed craniosacral division because preganglionic neurons are housed within nuclei in the brainstem and within lateral gray regions of the S2–S4 spinal cord segments • Ganglionic neurons are found in either terminal ganglia close to the target organ, or intramural ganglia in the wall of the target organ Overview of Parasympathetic Pathways Figure 18.5 Four Cranial Nerves of Parasympathetic Division 1. ________ (CN III) 2. ________ (CN VII) 3. ________ (CN IX) 4. ________ (CN X) Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) • Preganglionic cell bodies housed in nuclei in mesencephalon • Postganglionic cell bodies located in ________ ganglion within the orbit • Postganglionic axons project to the ciliary muscle and to the pupillary constrictor muscle of iris Facial Nerve (VII) Two branches of preganglionic axons in the facial nerve (VII) exit the pons: 1. greater petrosal nerve 2. chorda tympani Facial Nerve (VII) Greater petrosal nerve: • terminates at the pterygopalatine ganglion • postganglionic axons project to lacrimal glands and small glands of nasal cavity, oral cavity, and palate Facial Nerve (VII) Chorda tympani: • terminates at the submandibular ganglion – postganglionic axons project to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands in the floor of the mouth Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) • Preganglionic axons exit brainstem • Preganglionic axons branch and synapse on ganglionic neurons in the otic ganglion • Postganglionic axons cause increase in secretion from parotid salivary glands Vagus Nerve (CN X) • Projects inferiorly through neck to supply innervation to thoracic organs and most abdominal organs • Multiple branches extend to thoracic organs to increase mucous production and decrease diameter of airways, and to decrease heart rate and force of heart contraction Vagus Nerve (CN X) • Vagal trunks pass through diaphragm, associate with the abdominal aorta, and project branches to ganglia located adjacent to or within wall of target organs • Increases smooth muscle motility and secretory activity in digestive tract organs Spinal Sacral Nerves • Preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed within lateral gray regions of S2–S4 spinal cord segments. • Preganglionic axons branch to form pelvic splanchnic nerves, which contribute to the superior and inferior hypogastric plexus. • Preganglionic fibers project to ganglionic neurons within terminal or intramural ganglia of large intestine, rectum, reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and distal ureter. Parasympathetic Division Outflow Sympathetic Division • Also termed thoracolumbar division because preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed in ________ horn between first thoracic (T1) and second lumbar (L2) spinal segments • Preganglionic axons travel with somatic motor neuron axons to exit the spinal cord and enter the anterior roots and then the T1– L2 spinal nerves Right and Left Sympathetic Trunks • Sympathetic trunks are located anterior to spinal nerves and immediately lateral to vertebral column. • ________ trunk ganglia (paravertebral or chain ganglia) house sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies. One sympathetic ganglion is approximately associated with each spinal nerve. • Cervical portion of each sympathetic trunk is partitioned into three ganglia: the superior, middle, and inferior ganglia. Overview of Sympathetic Pathways Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Preganglionic Postganglionic Eye Blood vessels and sweat glands of head Salivary glands Blood vessels Heart Cardiac and pulmonary Right Left plexuses Superior cervical ganglion Middle cervical ganglion Inferior cervical ganglion T1 T1 T1 Celiac ganglion Lung Greater thoracic splanchnic nerve T2 T2 Liver and Lesser thoracic splanchnic nerve gallbladder Stomach T3 T3 Spleen T4 T4 Adrenal medulla T5 T5 Superior Kidney mesenteric Ureter (proximal) T6 T6 ganglion Pancreas T7 T7 Large intestine T8 T8 Small intestine T9 T9 T10 T10 T11 T11 Inferior mesenteric Postganglionic fibers Rectum to skin, blood vessels T12 T12 ganglion L1 L1 Ureter (distal) L2 L2 L2 Least thoracic splanchnic nerve L3 Bladder Lumbar splanchnic nerves Hypogastric plexus Spinal cord L4 L5 Sacral splanchnic nerves Vas deferens Seminal vesicle S1 Sympathetic chain ganglia S2 Prostate Testis Ovary Uterus Figure 18.6 Sympathetic Trunk Figure 18.7 Cervical Sympathetic Ganglia • Postganglionic axons from cell bodies in the superior cervical ganglion distribute to structures in the head and neck. Axons innervate sweat glands, smooth muscle in blood vessels, dilator pupillae muscle of the eye, and the superior tarsal muscle of the eye. • Middle and inferior cervical ganglia house neuron cell bodies that extend postganglionic axons to the thoracic viscera. Rami Communicantes • Connect sympathetic trunk to each spinal nerve • Preganglionic sympathetic axons of T1– L2 spinal nerves are carried by ________ rami communicantes (or ________ rami) Rami Communicantes • Postganglionic sympathetic axons are carried from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve by ________ rami communicantes (or ________ rami). Gray rami connect to all spinal nerves including cervical, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves. • Preganglionic axons of white rami are myelinated and postganglionic axons of gray rami are unmyelinated. Splanchnic Nerves • Composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion • Run anteriorly from sympathetic trunk to most of viscera Splanchnic Nerves • Larger nerves are preganglionic axons that extend from sympathetic trunk ganglia: – Greater thoracic splanchnic nerves: T5–T9 – Lesser thoracic splanchnic nerves: T10–T11 – Least thoracic splanchnic nerves: T12 – Lumbar splanchnic nerves: L1 and L2 – Sacral splanchnic nerves: sacral sympathetic ganglia Prevertebral (Collateral) Ganglia • Splanchnic nerves typically terminate in ________ ganglia. • Ganglia are unpaired and immediately anterior to the vertebral column on the anterolateral surface of the aorta in the abdominopelvic cavity. Prevertebral (Collateral) Ganglia • Ganglia typically cluster around the major abdominal arteries and are named for the arteries. • Sympathetic postganglionic axons extend away from the ganglionic neuron cell bodies in the ganglia and innervate many of the abdominal organs. Prevertebral Ganglia Prevertebral ganglia include: • ________ ganglion • ________ mesenteric ganglion • ________ mesenteric ganglion Celiac Ganglion • Location—adjacent to origin of celiac artery • Preganglion axons—greater thoracic splanchnic nerves (T5–T9 segment of spinal cord) • Postganglionic axons—innervate stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, proximal duodenum, part of pancreas Superior Mesenteric Ganglion • Location—adjacent to origin of superior mesenteric artery • Preganglionic axons—lesser and least thoracic splanchnic nerves (T10–T12 segment of spinal
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