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An Examination of Serial Murder in Australia

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TRENDS & ISSUES in crime and criminal justice No. 346 September 2007 An examination of serial murder in Australia Jenny Mouzos and David West Building on earlier research undertaken at the Australian Institute of Criminology (Pinto & Wilson 1990), the current research explores the serial murder phenomenon in Australia using data collected as part of the Institute’s National Homicide Monitoring Program (NHMP). Results show that between July 1989 and June 2006, there were 11 groupings of serial murders identified in the NHMP, committed by 13 known serial murder offenders, with a total of 52 known victims. This represents one percent of the total number of homicides in Australia over a 17 year period. The paper reports on the characteristics of offenders and victims, including the offenders’ modus operandi. The analysis found that the profile of serial murder in Australia is similar to that found in international research. In at least two of the groups of serial murders the victims had been reported as missing ISSN 0817-8542 to police. It is important to note that the paper reports on known homicides. The paper suggests ISBN 978 1 921185 55 7 that further research on the profile of long term missing persons and serial murder victims should be undertaken as well as exploring offenders who commit multiple murders on separate occasions, to identify what prevented them (apart from law enforcement intervention) from committing GPO Box 2944 additional murders. Canberra ACT 2601 Toni Makkai Australia Director Tel: 02 6260 9272 Despite public fascination with, and interest in, the serial murder phenomenon, little research on Fax: 02 6260 9293 this topic has been undertaken in Australia. High profile cases such as the backpacker murders in New South Wales and Snowtown murders in South Australia serve to heighten the public’s For a complete list and awareness, and perhaps overstate the threat, of serial murder in Australia. This contributes to the full text of the papers a lack of understanding of serial murder, especially regarding the offender profile and the likelihood in the Trends & issues in of victimisation. Building on earlier research by Pinto and Wilson (1990), this study aims to examine crime and criminal justice the circumstances and characteristics of serial murders that have occurred in Australia since the series, visit the AIC website inception of the NHMP in July 1989. at: http://www.aic.gov.au Definition of serial murder Disclaimer: There is a lack of consensus among academics and practitioners in the definition of serial murder. This research paper does not Disagreement centres on the number of victims, the presence/absence of a sexual element, and the necessarily reflect the policy position of the Australian common characteristics of victims (Egger 1998; 1984; Holmes & DeBurger 1998; Dietz, Hazelwood Government. & Warren 1990; Myers et al. 1993; Cantor et al. 2000; Fox & Levin 2005). In order to include all types Project no. 001 of serial killers, a broad definition of serial murder is used in the current research. In accordance with Ethics approval no. PO29 the crime classification manual developed by the FBI, serial murders are those that involve three Dataset no. 0001, 0002, 0003 or more separate events (Douglas et al. 1992), and most importantly, are repetitive sequential homicides of any nature. Frequently, serial murders involve a similarity of subject or purpose AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY (for example, the choice of victims, • male serial killers are more likely to Characteristics of victims methods of killings, or the killer’s use strangulation, stabbing, ligature While the victims of serial killers are motivation; Aki 2003: 6). weapons, hands or feet (beating), diverse, a serial killer usually selects cause injury to victim’s head and a ‘type of victim’ (Ressler, Burgess & Review of the literature genitalia (anus), bind victims and Douglas 1988). Victims of serial killers sexually assault victims (Kraemer, Characteristics of serial killers have been noted to share common Lord & Heilbrun 2004: 336) characteristics such as age, appearance, Serial murder has been described as • female serial killers are relatively occupation, hairstyle, lifestyle and race. deliberate, premeditated, and sexually uncommon – an overseas study Overseas research indicates victims predatory in nature, with a lack of of 200 serial killers found 12 to are usually young, vulnerable Caucasian interpersonal conflict and provocation 17 percent were women (Hickey women (Kraemer, Lord & Heilbrun 2004). (Kraemer, Lord & Heilbrun 2004: 338). & Holmes 1991) The characteristics of serial killers – their Serial killers also tend to target other • female serial killers were motivated by behaviour, actions and motivation – are vulnerable victims such as children, the a need for financial security, revenge, diverse, intricate and include cross- elderly, the homeless, prostitutes or enjoyment, and sexual stimulation cultural variations (Folino 2000: 740). mentally retarded persons (Kraemer, (Hickey & Holmes1991; Riedel 1998) Lord & Heilbrun 2004: 330). Victim When a motive is ascribed to the killing in • female serial killers who act alone are serial murder it is usually characterised as selection tends to be based on easiest more likely to use poison as a method access for the serial killers (Aki 2003: 20). either sexual or psychological gratification of killing (Kelleher & Kelleher 1998) (Egger 1998). Sex is used by the serial Male serial killers generally tend to target • serial killers usually premeditate their killer to achieve power and control over prostitutes, women, or young boys or crimes, frequently fantasising and their victim, as opposed to sex being an girls as victims, usually strangers. Female planning with detail, including the end in itself (Egger 1998). In a study of serial killers generally target victims whom specific victim (Ressler, Burgess 494 known serial killers across the United & Douglas 1988) they know and with whom they have States, almost two-thirds were motivated shared some kind of relationship, with • serial killers are likely to use similar by the thrill of power or sexual sadism more than 70 percent targeting family event locations (but different physical (Fox & Levin 2005). members or persons who are dependent locations) for their crimes, move the on them (for example, patients; Fox International research has found a body from one location to another & Levin 2005). Female serial killers number of common characteristics and dispose of the body in remote commonly commit filicide or infanticide among serial killers and their murders: locations (Kraemer, Lord & Heilbrun (Aki 2003), usually natural-appearing • serial murder is predominantly 2004). committed by white/Caucasian deaths (for example, poisoned infants). Studies of the backgrounds of serial males of moderate to high intelligence It has been suggested that victims are killers have found possible links between (Aki 2003; Kraemer, Lord & Heilbrun most likely spatially biased toward the serial murder and childhood animal 2004; Fox & Levin 2005; Rule 1986 serial killer’s home centre. Serial killers cruelty (Wright & Hensley 2003; Jenkins cited in Holmes & DeBurger 1998) 1988); persistent bedwetting; arson in general target locations they know • serial killers are usually aged in their (Douglas & Olshaker 1999); prior sexual best, concentrating on potential victims mid-twenties with a mean age of 30, offending (Francis & Soothill 2000); within their immediate environments and the typical age range between 25 and childhood neglect and social and and surrounding areas (Brantingham and 40 years (Aki 2003: 17; Kraemer, psychological deprivation (Riedel 1998; & Brantingham 1981; Godwin & Lord & Heilbrun 2004; Godwin 1999) Wright & Hensley 2003; Power 1996; Canter 1997). • serial killings are usually intra-racial Jenkins 1988). However, it has been (Hazelwood & Douglas 1980; argued there is an ‘overemphasis on Types of serial killers Hickey 2006) environmental or biological determinism’ While forensic techniques and, in recent • serial killers are more likely to act as a means of diffusing the responsibility times, behavioural evidence analysis alone (Kraemer, Lord & Heilbrun 2004) of serial killers for their crimes (Fox & assist in establishing the differing types of • serial killers most commonly use Levin 2005: 113). serial killers (see Turvey 2002), there are strangulation or beating as a means sociological, psychological, cultural, and of killing (Kraemer, Lord & Heilbrun 2004) 2 AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF CRIMINOLOGY biological explanations for the motivations • Mission-oriented – concentrates on • identify the characteristics of serial of serial killers (Egger 1998). the actual killing and its outcome. murder offenders, including their They see it as their duty to eliminate modus operandi, signature and A common classification of serial killers individuals they consider unworthy antecedent behaviour is the organised–disorganised typology, or undesirable, such as prostitutes, where personality characteristics of serial • identify the characteristics of the from society. killers are determined from crime scene victims of serial murder to develop information (Ressler, Burgess & Douglas • Hedonistic – divided into two sub- a victimology profile 1988). Criminal behaviour is analysed in categories of lust killer and thrill killer. • compare serial murder with homicide terms of the level of organisation in the The central focus for the lust killer is in general.
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