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Non-OECD Donors 4. POLICIES AND EFFORTS OF BILATERAL DONORS TURKEY Gross Bilateral ODA, 2003-04 average, unless otherwise shown Change By Income Group (USD m) Clockwise from top Net ODA 2003 2004 2003/04 6 LDCs Current (USD m) 67 339 409.0% 32 Constant (2003 USD m) 67 243 264.5% Other Low-Income In Liras (billion) 100 388 288.2% 0 Lower Middle- ODA/GNI 0.04% 0.11% 6 49 Income Bilateral share 40% 86% Upper Middle- Net Official Aid (OA) Income High-Income Current (USD m) 8 101 1174.0% Unallocated Top Ten Recipients of Gross 66 ODA/OA (USD million) By Region (USD m) 1 Kyrgyz Rep. 19 Sub-Saharan 2 Kazakhstan 15 2 Africa 3 Azerbaijan 13 31 South and Central Asia 4Iraq 13 Other Asia and 5 Turkmenistan 11 Oceania 6 States Ex-Yugoslavia Unsp. 7 Middle East and 17 72 North Africa 7Iran 7 Latin America and 8 Russia (OA) 6 Caribbean 0 9 Bulgaria (OA) 6 Europe 10 Mongolia 5 Unspecified By Sector 28 8 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Education, Health & Population Other Social Infrastructure Economic Infrastucture Production Multisector Programme Assistance Debt Relief Emergency Aid Unspecified Non-OECD donors Estonia In 2004, Estonia disbursed USD 4.9 million in ODA, of which USD 0.6 million was bilateral and the rest multilateral, with a USD 3.3 million contribution to the EC. OA flows amounted to over USD 3 million. Estonia shares its reform experiences and practical knowledge with countries interested in learning from its know-how, mainly the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Balkan countries, including Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyz Republic, Moldova, Tajikistan and Ukraine. Fields of co-operation have included WTO accession negotiations, reforming a national health care system, and implementation of information technology in state administration. The aim of Estonian development co-operation is to ensure long-term stability and sustainable development in recipient countries. Israel Israel’s ODA disbursements totalled USD 65.8 million in 2004, of which 87% were bilateral and 13% multilateral. Of bilateral aid, 50% went to Africa and 30% to Asia. Included in ODA reporting are first-year sustenance expenses for persons arriving from developing countries, many of which are experiencing civil war or severe unrest, or individuals who have left their countries of origin due to humanitarian, religious or political reasons. Israel provides ODA through several ministries. The Centre for International Development Co-operation of Israel’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MASHAV), provides guidance and training in Israel and abroad. Part of MASHAV’s activities take place in co-operation with other countries and international institutions, or with their financial assistance in integrated regional projects. MASHAV’s priorities are poverty alleviation, food security, empowerment of women and improvement of basic health and education services. 2005 DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION REPORT – VOLUME 7, No. 1 – ISBN 92-64-03651-2 – © OECD 2006 107 4. POLICIES AND EFFORTS OF BILATERAL DONORS MASHAV operates an extensive training programme in fields such as agriculture; medicine and public health; science and technology; management and entrepreneurship; education; and economic, social, community and rural development. Kuwait After significant fluctuations in recent years, Kuwait’s ODA increased in 2004 to reach USD 208.6 million. The bulk of Kuwaiti aid focuses on Asia (USD 155.8 million), especially the Middle East and south and central Asia. Eighteen per cent of bilateral aid goes to Africa, with over half of this to north Africa. Europe, Oceania and America are also included in the Kuwaiti aid programme. Kuwait also provides some USD 24 million in multilateral ODA. The Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development is charged with the disbursement of the country’s bilateral ODA and also channelled resources to multilateral development institutions. It provides concessional loans and grants, the latter towards technical, economic and financial studies often in relation to development assistance investments. The partner countries which received the highest volume of loans in 2004 were Bahrain, Bangladesh, China, Egypt and Mauritania. The main grant recipients were in Afghanistan, Bahrain, and the Palestinian Administered Areas. The partners of the Kuwait Fund in recipient countries include central and regional governments, public utilities and other public institutions. The sectoral focus of the assistance is on infrastructure development in transport, agriculture and irrigation, water and sewerage, energy and social development. Latvia Latvia’s total ODA in 2004 increased to USD 8.3 million, representing 0.06% of GNI. The increase was largely due to Latvia’s accession to the EU. Approximately 97% of Latvia’s ODA was disbursed through multilateral channels including the EC, UN agencies, the IMF, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Organisation of Migration (IOM). Bilateral ODA was implemented through ad hoc technical assistance projects. In 2004, bilateral assistance was mainly directed towards the Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Macedonia [FYROM], Moldova and countries in south and central Asia [Georgia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan]). In addition humanitarian assistance was provided to Iran after the earthquake in Bam. The year 2005 marks the first year for a separate budget for development. The Policy Plan for 2005 defines the main activity sectors for development co-operation: strengthening democratic civil society; promotion of national economic reforms; support for public administration and security system reforms; as well as providing technical assistance in the fields of environment protection, education, social work, health, domestic and judicial affairs. The priority recipient countries for Latvia are Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Lithuania Lithuania’s total 2004 ODA flows reached USD 9.08 million, consisting of USD 0.8 million bilateral and USD 8.28 million in multilateral flows, including a USD 7.09 million contribution to the EC development assistance budget. In addition, Lithuania’s OA flows totalled USD 6.75 million, again with the bulk going to the EC. Lithuania concentrates its bilateral development co-operation mainly on regional projects with the Balkans, Belarus, the Caucasus, the Kaliningrad Region, Moldova and Ukraine, but also has development assistance projects in Afghanistan and Iraq. Humanitarian assistance, provided in the case of natural disasters, is customarily delivered to countries in neighbouring regions and those most seriously affected. Lithuania seeks to share with development partners its comparative advantage in having undergone political and economic reform. Development assistance efforts focus on the areas of democratisation, human rights, good governance, market reforms, justice and home affairs, European integration, health and social security, culture, education and environmental issues. Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has the largest known ODA programme among non-OECD donors. In 2004, it disbursed a total of USD 1.7 billion, of which the bulk was bilateral. Its ODA/GNI ratio was 0.69%. The Saudi Fund is the main channel for Saudi Arabia’s bilateral development assistance. The Fund maintains an independent financial status, managed by a Board of Directors which is chaired by the Minister of Finance. ODA is disbursed through soft loans provided directly to the governments of 108 2005 DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION REPORT – VOLUME 7, No. 1 – ISBN 92-64-03651-2 – © OECD 2006 4. POLICIES AND EFFORTS OF BILATERAL DONORS partner countries. In conducting its concessional financing activities, the Saudi Fund places a strong emphasis on co-operating with other bilateral and multilateral development institutions and co-financing of programmes and projects. In 2004, priority was given to the social infrastructure sector, especially health and education. The Saudi Fund’s new 2004 project commitments included Algeria, Ghana, Guinea, Jordan, Mauritania, Morocco, Rwanda, Sri Lanka, Tunisia and Yemen. Chinese Taipei In 2004, Chinese Taipei’s ODA amounted to USD 421 million, of which the bulk was bilateral assistance. The strongest regional focus has been on Africa, followed by Latin America, the Caribbean, Asia and the Pacific. Since 1996, Chinese Taipei’s development assistance has been implemented through the International Co-operation and Development Fund (ICDF), which operates a three-year rolling programme for its international development activities. The assistance provided by the ICDF includes concessional lending, technical co-operation, human resource development and humanitarian assistance. In delivering its development assistance, Chinese Taipei supports a strategy of combining official assistance from the government with private assistance, and in the future intends to strengthen co-operation with NGOs. A particular focus is placed on public health and medical technology, as well as information and communication technology. Other areas of co-operation include macroeconomic policy formulation, small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) development, agriculture and vocational education. 2005 DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION REPORT – VOLUME 7, No. 1 – ISBN 92-64-03651-2 – © OECD 2006 109 ISBN 92-64-03651-2 2005 Development Co-operation Report Volume 7, No. 1 © OECD 2006 Technical Notes 2005 DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION REPORT – VOLUME 7, No. 1 – ISBN 92-64-03651-2 – © OECD 2006 257 TECHNICAL NOTES Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts
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