Tourism / Turyzm

Manuscript 1380

Museums in former residences: castles, palaces and manor houses

Beata Krakowiak

Jolanta Latosińska

Follow this and additional works at: https://digijournals.uni.lodz.pl/turyzm DOI 10.2478/V10106-009-0005-x

Tourism 2009, 19/1–2

Beata Krakowiak Jolanta Latosińska Łódź University Institut of Urban Geography and Tourism [email protected]

MUSEUMS IN FORMER RESIDENCES: CASTLES, PALACES AND MANOR HOUSES

Abstract: The article concerns former residences in Poland and their contemporary use as museums. The authors present the history of Polish residences, the development of museums in castles, palaces and manor houses, their spatial distribution and the relations between the type of building and that of the museum collection.

Key words: museum, residence, castle, palace, manor house, cultural heritage.

1. INTRODUCTION

Museums as a tourism asset are an important destina- eclectic palaces. The word ‘castle’ is used to describe tion. According to KOBiDZ1, about 95% of museums a 19th c. residence whose architectural style recalls in Poland are located in historical buildings – former gothic or renaissance edifices such as the neo-gothic churches and monastic complexes; urban buildings castle in Kórnik or the neo-Renaissance castle in such as town halls, old tenement houses; and in Gołuchów. industrial buildings such as factories, granaries, etc. Chronologically, castles can be divided into The authors decided to focus particularly on museums medieval and modern castles (GUERQUIN 1984). The located in former residences: castles, palaces and medieval ones were built in the gothic style, and manor houses. adapted to vertical defence (e.g. the castles in For the purposes of this article, castles, palaces Chęciny, Olsztyn near Częstochowa, Niedzica, and manor houses are referred to as ‘former Bolków, Międzyrzecz, Swobnica, Gniew, Malbork, residences’. They are either single, individual build- Czersk, and Kwidzyń). They were built until the end ings or building complexes, including elevations, of the 15th c. as royal, princely, knightly, episcopal, pavilions and outbuildings (KUBALSKA-SULKIEWICZ capitular and monastic castles (Teutonic stronghold- 1996). The authors also discussed the museums monasteries and castle-treasuries built by the Order situated within the premises of palace-garden and of St John). From the 16th c. onwards, due to the manor house complexes but outside the main common use of firearms, castles were built so that residential building, as well as the museums located they were prepared for horizontal defence. They in urban palaces that used to belong to great were the palazzo in fortezza type of castles (e.g. manufacturers (the palaces of Upper Silesian cities Krasiczyn, Janowiec), the bastion castles in the and Łódź). renaissance and mannerist style (e.g. the Krzyż- topór castle in Ujazd), and the already existing, modernized medieval castles (e.g. the castles in 2. RESIDENCES IN POLAND Pieskowa Skała, Danków). From the 18th c. the – A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE defensive character of castles weakened and the palazzo in fortezza type (Nowy Wiśnicz, Ujazd, Residences in Poland were being built for nearly 1000 Łańcut, Baranów Sandomierski) is treated as a transi- years, from the times of the formation of Polish tional form between a castle and a palace. They were statehood until World War II. First as castles and usually residences of wealthy aristocratic families fortified manor houses (until mid-17th c.), and later as such as the Lubomirscy, Ossolińscy, Potoccy or palaces and baroque, neo-classical, historicist and Leszczyńscy. The construction and distribution of

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castles was severely affected by the fragmentation of Palaces and manor houses as a social phenomenon Poland, the emergence of the Teutonic state on the ceased to exist in 1944. The agricultural reform Baltic Sea, the building activity organised by the liquidated all property with over 50 hectares of Order of Saint John and Kazimierz (Casimir) the arable land, and on the territory annexed by Prussia Great, as well as the territorial development of (due to a different ownership structure) – of over 100 Poland under his rule. Land endowments on merit hectares of land in general. Very often, however, and for civil functions also contributed to the smaller property was parcelled up as well. The appearance of huge ‘latifundia’ and estates, mainly in majority of landed as a social group south-eastern Poland, as well as the building of disappeared as a result of the reform. In the years family seats. 1944-8, 9707 estates were taken over by the state. In the mid-17th c. palaces appear in Poland – at Palaces and manor houses still exist as an first as baroque and rococo entre cour et jardin, i.e. architectural phenomenon, however, and in Poland palace and garden complexes (e.g. Nieborów, Biały- there are 5190 residences: 418 of which are castles, stok, Radzyń Podlaski), and from the end of the 2018 are palaces and 2754 are manor houses 18th c. as neo-classical palace-park complexes (e.g. (KOBiDZ). A large number of these, especially Śmiełów, Dobrzyca). Later palaces were built in the palaces and manor houses, are in very bad condition, romantic, neo-gothic, neo-renaissance or eclectic often in ruins. There are about 450 very interesting styles. Originally, palaces were two-storey buildings, or well preserved buildings of this type, including but of differing arrangement of the floors: the piano 150 castles, 244 palaces and 53 manor houses nobile type of palace had its reception area on the first (KACZYŃSCY 2001, OMILANOWSKA 2005). floor (Nieborów), with a casa di villa on the ground floor (Śmiełów) (MIŁOBĘDZKI 1982). The development of the Polish manor house 3. MUSEUMS IN RESIDENCES, lasted for nearly 1000 years. According to Rydel ACCORDING TO CATEGORY (1993), the period from the 10th to the mid-17th c. was the time when the fortified manor house was Among the 5190 residences in Poland, only 208 have developing as the home of the ‘-landowner’. been turned into museums, which is only 4% of all At the beginning they were medieval fortalitia the residences, although as much as 47% of the ‘most (Oporów, Dębno), and later renaissance castelli interesting’ ones2. The castles which house museums (Szymbark, Frydmark). Defensive manor houses constitute 1.4% of all the residences, palaces – 1.4% were one-storey buildings because of their function. and manor houses – 1.2%. The percentages are very The period between the mid-17th c. and the similar, but it must be stressed that castles make up penultimate decade of the 18th c. was the time when only 8% of all residences, palaces – 39% and manor the manor house with ‘corner annexes’ was develop- houses – 53%. Thus, it is the castles that are mostly ing (Ożarów, Koszuty) as the countryside home of used as museums (17%). They are followed by . It was followed by the neo-classical palaces (3.7%) and manor houses (2.3%). The limited manor house – typically Polish (e.g. the manor use of the latter two categories should be linked to houses in Lusławice, Rożnów, Legonice), whose the fact that they perform other functions (they are development lasted until 1863. From the end of the often used as hotels, offices, libraries, schools, 19th c. until World War II historicist and eclectic kindergartens, social care homes, hospitals, etc.). influences could be seen in the development of the In total, 920 museums all over Poland were Polish manor house. The style also appeared in analyzed, which means that 23% of them (208) are hunting lodges and presbyteries. Starting from the situated in former residences, including 71 in castles 17th c., manor houses had only one floor, were (34%), 75 in palaces (36%) and 62 in manor houses surrounded with a yard and a garden, orchard, farm (30%). Locating museums in this kind of building buildings, fish breeding ponds, etc. The existence of gives the latter a chance to remain in as good each manor house was based on land property. a condition as possible, survive and maintain Sometimes it is difficult to differentiate between their character. Organizing a museum in a former a small palace and a large manor house, and residence certainly raises its significance and similarly, between a medieval castle and a fortified prestige, and the attractiveness of the place (history, manor, called a fortalitium. Full agreement on this architecture, the surroundings) attracts more people. subject cannot be found in the literature either. As It must be stressed that residences are a good a result of historical turbulence, Polish noble’s background for exhibitions. This is reflected in palaces and manor houses appeared in Central expressions such as Castle-Museum, Palace-Museum, Poland, and others, belonging to Prussian gentry, on Manor house-Museum, which combine the former the territory previously annexed by Prussia. and the present functions of the residences, high-

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lighting both the value of the museum exhibits and the state took over those which had already changed the qualities of the building. their function from defensive to residential and were in the hands of their former owners’ descendants.

4. THE TIME OF MUSEUM FOUNDATION IN FORMER CASTLES, PALACES Number of museums in residences AND MANOR HOUSES 220 200 Museology in Poland dates back to the 19th c. when 180 the ‘Sybilline Shrine’ and the ‘Gothic Cottage’ 160 were created on the initiative of Izabela 140 Czartoryska (in 1801 and 1809, respectively). They 120 are considered to be the first museums in Poland, 100 and were part of the idea propagated by Stanisław 80

August Poniatowski, called Museum Polonicum. Their 60 main task was to create a sense of national unity, 40 make people proud of their past and national 20 memories. This idea was important because at that 0 time Poland did not exist on the maps of Europe, and 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Polish territory was split among occupants. What Years made the king’s idea difficult to realize was the fact Fig. 1. The number of museums in former residences in 1900-2008 that the museums were private, not public. (s o u r c e: authors’ compilation) Generally speaking, until the end of the 19th c. public museums in Poland were rare. The situation started to change after Poland regained in- The other important event was the passing of the dependence and after the world wars. Some legal Cultural Goods Protection Act in 1962. On the strength decisions made during the inter-war period were of this act, museums and museum repositories helpful, such as the Public Museums Protection Act started to be organized (muzealizacja zabytków) in from 1933. In the late 1940s there were about 200 nationalized residences. The purpose was to preserve museums (CEMKA 2001) and from the 1950s onwards and protect architectural historical monuments for the number steadily grew. According to GUS academic, didactic and educational reasons, as well (Central Statistical Office) records, in 1970 there were as to create cultural institutions in them. Both the 335, in 1980 – 427, in 1990 – 563 and in 2005 – 690 agricultural reform and the act aroused interest in museums in Poland (according to KOBiDZ – 881). former residences as museums and opened them to Museums located in former residences are part of this kind of activity. As a result, about 23% of Polish museology. It was the private collections museums located in residences were founded in the belonging to wealthy families in the 19th c, kept in 1960s alone. In the early 1970s the interest in castles, palaces or manor houses that made Polish residences as museums slightly dropped (Fig. 2), but culture strong and enriched it with valuable items they still played an important role and in the which today are the core of many museum collec- following decades new museums appeared in such tions. Museum-residences, founded by the aristocracy buildings. and landed gentry (the castle in Kórnik – the Dzia- At first museums were founded mainly in castles łyński family, the castle in Łańcut – the Lubomirski’s, and palaces (Fig. 2). The castles started to lose their the Potocki’s, the palace in Rogalin – the Raczyński’s, original functions in the middle of the 17th c., while the palace in Nieborów – the Radziwiłł’s), followed the palaces only in the early 20th c. Post-insurrection the example set by the Czartoryski Museum, and repressions, the aristocracy’s loss of prestige, and their idea was based on emotions and feelings such later the political and economic transformations as respect for the national past, need for freedom, etc. resulted in many buildings of this type, often (AJEWSKI 2001). The phenomenon is illustrated in deserted, going into the hands of the state sooner Fig. 1, presenting the number of museums in than the those that belonged to the landed gentry. residences from the beginning of the 20th c. until the Museums founded in manor houses are a later present day. After the war this was certainly caused phenomenon. They really developed only from the by two important events. The first one was the mid-1950s as a result of the agricultural reform agricultural reform in 1944 as a result of which the mentioned above. A constant increase in the number state became the owner of land and many residences, of museums located in this category lasted until mainly palaces and manor houses. As regards castles, the end of the 1980s. Afterwards, probably due to

46 Tourism 2009, 19/1–2

1,4 1,4 4,6 1,3 6,5 9,8 6,2 1,6 6,2 8,1 4,5 5,7 6,0 2,8 3,2 2,1 4,0 in (%)

Museums residences

2005).

5 3 3 6 7 9 6

11 13 19 31 32 14 11 12 26 208

in (no.) Museums residences

MILANOWSKA 7

43 17 33 12 24 42 50 16 30 20 33 17 28 47 23 447

(no.) 2001;O The The most residences interesting

9

74

774 348 277 22 289 315 516 181 223 242 208 115 315 803 281 to 5190 ACZYŃSCY (no.) K

KOBiDZ according Residences

1 2 6 1 5 8 0 5 2 3 1 2 0 8 1 18 63

(no.) houses in manorin Museums

0 1 7 0 5 0 2 2 2 1 1 1 5 1

10 15 53 (no.) manor

houses The The most interesting

7 77 80 56 85 67 97

187 235 15 208 217 347 152 156 188 443 2754

(no.) KOBiDZ

accordingto Manor houses d Documentation d of Historical Monuments (

4 1 4 1 3 1 5 4 2 6 3 1 9 3 10 17 74

(no.) Museums palacesin

7 8 5

23 20 11 14 31 10 19 11 17 10 12 34 12

244 (no.)

palaces The The most interesting

9

88 62 66 73 52 14 73 86 30 99 485 107 12 155 337 162 to

2018 (no.) Palaces KOBiDZ according a bT 1.l e Museums in former residences according towojewództwo

6 2 3 1 4 7 2 4 0 6 5 2 8 9 2

10 71

(no.) in castlesin Museums

9 6 4 8 9 6 9 0 7 6 8

20 18 15 15 10 150 (no.) castles

The most interesting

4 25 13 23 19 32 14 28 19 13 37 18 28 23 22

100 418 to

(no.) Castles KOBiDZ according

-

-

-

Województwo Mazurskie Dolnośląskie Kujawsko Pomorskie Lubelskie Lubuskie Łódzkie Małopolskie Mazowieckie Opolskie Podkarpackie Podlaskie Pomorskie Śląskie Świętokrzyskie Warmińsko - Wielkopolskie Zachodnio Pomorskie Poland

S u o ce:r Authors’ compilation basedon the materials theof National Centre Researchof an

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privatization, they went more often into private skie (6) Województwos. The first three cover small hands, and became residential houses again or areas, with relatively few residences, while the assumed a new function, for instance tourist (hotels, Podlaskie Województwo has the smallest number restaurants). of residences (74) and they are mainly palaces and manor houses. The Zachodniopomorskie and

3 3 3 Period 2000–07 9 10 6 11 1990–99 27 8 18 2 1980–89 28 12 11 9 1970–79 32 18 13 17 1960–69 48 5 2 2 1950–59 9 6 2 9 1940–49 17 7 1 4 1930–39 12 2 2 6 1920–29 10 1 1 1910–19 2 3 1 5 1900–09 9 5 1 przed 1900 6

2 4 6 8 % 0 10 20 30 40 50 manor Category: palace house castle Number of museums

Fig. 2. Museums in castles, palaces and manor houses in order of appearance (s o u r c e: authors’ compilation)

5. THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MUSEUMS IN FORMER CASTLES, PALACES AND MANOR HOUSES

The distribution of museums is determined by the POMORSKIE location of castles, palaces and manor houses, and 63 WARMIŃSKO-MAZURSKIE they are spread unevenly. Most residence-museums 27 can be found in the Małopolskie, Podlaskie, Łódzkie, 28 32 Mazowieckie, Podkarpackie and Świętokrzyskie KUJAWSKO-POMORSKIE Wojewodztwos – from 6.2% to 9.8%, while the smallest ZACHODNIOPOMORSKIE 38 MAZOWIECKIE PODLASKIE number are from the Lubelskie, Kujawsko-Pomor- 17 skie, Dolnośląskie, Opolskie and Zachodnio-pomor- 99 skie Województwos – from 1.3% to 2.1%. This results LUBUSKIE from the number of residences and their category WIELKOPOLSKIE LUBELSKIE 48 129 (Table 1, Fig. 3, 4). DOLNOŚLĄSKIE

An analysis of absolute figures shows that the ŁÓDZKIE 52 OPOLSKIE 29 majority of museums in residences (Table 1) are 61 ŚLĄSKIE found in the Mazowieckie (32), Małopolskie (31), ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKIE 15 Wielkopolskie (26) and Łódzkie (19) Województwos 45 Museums: 57 which are those with large cities: Warsaw, Kraków, in residences PODKARPACKIE

Poznań and Łódź. They are at the same time areas in other buildings 141 where the castles, palaces and manor houses MAŁOPOLSKIE 45 Number of museums survived World War II in good condition and could be turned into museums. The smallest number is Fig. 3. The distribution of museums in former residences recorded in the Lubuskie, (3), Opolskie (3), Kujawsko- according to Województwo Pomorskie (5), Podlaskie (6) and Zachodnio-pomor- (s o u r c e: authors’ compilation)

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The analysis of the relations between the occurrence of museums and the category of building shows the following regularities: – in the majority of województwos, except Opolskie, Podlaskie and Warmińsko-Mazurskie, museums are located in all types of residences: castles, palaces and manor houses. We can distinguish województwos with museums founded primarily in castles (Dolnośląskie, Pomorskie), palaces (Mazowieckie, Łódzkie, Śląskie) or manor houses (Małopolskie, Lubelskie), – in Wielkopolskie and Podkarpackie Wojewódz- twos the numbers of castles, palaces and manor houses with museums are in balance, Number of museums – in Podlaskie Województwo museums are located 60

30 only in palaces and (mostly) manor houses, and in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie and Opolskie Wojewódz- 6 1 twos – in castles and (mostly) palaces (Fig. 5). Museums: in residences other

Fig. 4. The distribution of museums in Poland contrasted with museums located in residences 6. MUSEUMS IN FORMER CASTLES, PALACES (s o u r c e: authors’ compilation) AND MANOR HOUSES CONTRASTED WITH THE TYPES OF COLLECTION

The main objective of a museum is to collect POMORSKIE exhibits and to present them to the public in the form 11 WARMIŃSKO-MAZURSKIE 6 of temporary or permanent exhibitions. Considering 9 6 the types of collections, museums are divided into several groups, including multi-section, art, bio- ZACHODNIOPOMORSKIE KUJAWSKO-POMORSKIE 5 graphical, historical and specialist museums. MAZOWIECKIE PODLASKIE According to the Central Statistical Office, the 3 26 majority of museums in 2006 were regional, multi- section museums. They present exhibits regarding LUBUSKIE WIELKOPOLSKIE LUBELSKIE different areas of life, divided into a number of 32 DOLNOŚLĄSKIE sections (usually typical of a given region, e.g. 19 ŁÓDZKIE archaeological, ethnographical, historical, etc.). Such 11 OPOLSKIE 7 places made up 29% of all the museums in Poland. ŚLĄSKIE 13 ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKIE They were followed by historical museums, present- 3 Category: PODKARPACKIE ing the history of cities, regions and communities 12 palace (c. 17%), as well as art museums, collecting pieces of

manor house 31 art or crafts (c. 12%). 14 castle 11 Number of museums Compared to the general classification of museums MAŁOPOLSKIE in Poland, the situation of museums in residences is Fig. 5. The distribution of museums in residences according slightly different. Although multi-section museums to the category still dominate (81 – 38.8%), following the general (s o u r c e: authors’ compilation) pattern in the whole country, their percentage is higher than for museums in general (Fig. 6). This probably results from the fact that due to the Lubuskie Województwo have few museums despite importance and influence of their former owners, the a significant number of palaces and manor houses. residences are identified not only with one particular Probably, these buildings perform other functions or, site, but with a larger region (its history) and treated due to their poor condition, are not suitable for as its ‘visiting card’ (e.g. the Museum of Warmia and development. It is also possible that there are some Mazury in Olsztyn, the Museum of Średzka district historical reasons behind the situation (those re- in Koszuty, the Regional Museum in Bełchatów). settled from the east were not interested in founding Multi-section museums located in residences are museums). found above all in former castles (c. 50%). This shows

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that the spacious, often austere interiors of these in Wiśnicz, Chopin’s Birthplace in Żelazowa Wola), buildings lend themselves better to presenting They present both the interiors and the items and exhibits from different areas one next to another than souvenirs connected with a given person. It is worth palaces or manor houses (Fig. 6). noticing that this kind of museum is first of all typical of manor houses which accommodate about 70% of them. Palaces and castles play a small role in this Museums: case. military 3 technological 3 ethnographical 5 57,7 21,1 4,2 5,6 5,6 archaeological 5 specialist 6 natural history 7 Castles two-section 13 historical 13 27 19 28,6 4,8 4,8 6,3 biographical 26

50 Manor art houses

81

multi-section 28,9 26,3 6,6 9,2 5,3 6,6 6,6

0 5 10 15 20 Palaces Number of museums

Fig. 6. Museums in former residences according to the type of collections 0 20 40 60 80 100% (s o u r ce : author) Museums: historical ethnographical

natural history multi-section technological High in the ranking are the residences with art art specialist military museums, which make 24% of all the buildings biographical archaeological two-section (50). Pieces of art – paintings, sculptures and items of everyday use from different historical periods and Fig. 7. Museums in former castles, palaces and manor houses according to the type of collections geographical areas are exhibited in castle chambers, (s o u r c e: authors’ compilation) palace drawing rooms and in manor houses. Among the art museums, a special position is held by These three groups of museums make up from museums of interiors. In their publication on the 62% (palaces) to c. 82% (castles) of all museums, and most interesting Polish museums, SOŁTYSIAK & outdistance all the remaining types. They are WIERZBICKA (2003) placed them into a separate followed by historical and other3 kinds of museums group, although there were only thirty. The group (6.2% each). As for residences, the most diversified includes museums like the Royal Castle in Wawel in and relatively evenly distributed collections are Kraków, the Museum of Palace Interiors in found in palaces which also house specialist, natural Choroszcz, or the Museum of Manor House Interiors in Ożarów. Residences open to visitors and the fairly history and other types of museums. accurately recreated interiors, combined with appropriate explanations revoke the former atom- sphere of those places. The former life in castles, 7. CONCLUSION palaces and manor houses is also revived by events organized in or around the buildings e.g. ’ Both the residences and the museums are parts of tournaments (museums in Malbork, Gniew, Łęczy- cultural heritage and contribute to the attractiveness ca), concerts of old music (museums in Łańcut, of a country or region. Former residences, as the seats Tubądzin), or other (e.g. a Sunday at the Niechcic’s – of rulers, aristocratic families or land owners, were at the museum in Russów). Art museums are usually built over a period of 1000 years. On the other hand, located in palaces, followed by castles. museums in Poland have existed for only about 200 Among the three most popular types of museums years. Founding the first museum in a palace showed organized in residences are the biographical museums the right way of using residences, both in the (26–12%). They are usually buildings directly past and today, as well as leading to a harmonious connected with the lives and activity of famous co-existence of the two institutions, both of which people – writers, painters, composers or politicians are important from the point of view of national (Sienkiewicz Museum in Oblęgorek, Matejko Museum heritage.

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It seems that alongside the many functions BIBLIOGRAPHY currently performed by former residences, the AJEWSKI, K., 2001, Polskie siedziby rodowe – muzea w XIX w., Spotka- museum function (a museum in a historical monu- nia z Zabytkami, nr 4, Dwieście lat muzeów w Polsce. Dodatek. ment) is the most appropriate for this type of CEMKA, F., 2001, Polskie muzealnictwo w drugiej połowie XX w., building; it certainly increases its value and provides Spotkania z Zabytkami, nr 9, Dwieście lat muzeów w Polsce. additional aesthetic experience. It seems that it is the Dodatek. primary function of historical buildings today. GUERQUIN, B.,1984, Zamki w Polsce, Arkady, Warszawa. KACZYŃSCY, I. and T., 2001, Polska. Najciekawsze zamki, Sport i Turystyka, Muza SA, Warszawa. KUBALSKA-SULKIEWICZ, K., 1996, Słownik terminologiczny sztuk pięknych, PAN, Warszawa.

MIŁOBĘDZKI, A.,1982, Polskie rezydencje wieku XVII- typowe programy i rozwiązania [in:] Architektura rezydencjonalna historycznej Mało- FOOTNOTES polski. Materiały Sesji Stowarzyszenia Historyków Sztuki, Łańcut, czerwiec 1975, pp. 7–17. 1 KOBiDZ – the National Centre of Research and Documenta- OMILANOWSKA, M.,2005, Polska. Pałace i dwory, Sport i Turystyka tion of Historical Buildings (Krajowy Ośrodek Badań i Dokumentacji Muza S.A., Warszawa. Zabytków). RYDEL, M.,1993, Jam dwór polski, Fundacja Rozwoju Uniwersytetu 2 The ones mentioned in the Muza publications: Palace i dworki Gdańskiego, Gdańsk. and Zamki. SOŁTYSIAK, M., WIERZBICKA, K., 1997, Muzea w Polsce. Informator, 3 The ‘other’ museums are two-section museums which cannot Ministerstwo Kultury i Sztuki. Ośrodek Dokumentacji Zabyt- be included either in a single category (because of the kind of ków, Warszawa. exhibits), or in the group of multi-section museums, for instance SOŁTYSIAK, M., WIERZBICKA, K., 2003, Polska. Najciekawsze muzea, the Historical-Ethnographical Museum in Andrychów. Sport i Turystyka, Muza SA, Warszawa. Ustawa o muzeach, 1996. Ustawa o ochronie dóbr kultury, 1962. Wykaz muzeów w Polsce, 2007, Krajowy Ośrodek Badań i Doku- Translated by Ewa Mossakowska mentacji Zabytków, Warszawa.