Stephen De Weger Thesis
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CLERICAL SEXUAL MISCONDUCT INVOLVING ADULTS WITHIN THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH Stephen Edward de Weger BA; Grad. Dip Teaching (Secondary); Grad. Cert. Social Science. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Justice (Research) School of Justice Faculty of Law Queensland University of Technology [3rd June, 2016] Statement of Original Authorship The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted to meet requirements for an award at this or any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made. Signature: QUT Verified Signature Date: 3rd June, 2016 i Acknowledgements To those who responded to this survey: What champions you are. I only hope that you get to read this and realise that you have contributed to hopefully bringing about some change so that you may receive the very much needed recognition, justice and healing you absolutely deserve. To my supervisors, Doctor Jodi Death and Associate Professor Molly Dragiewicz for their patient guidance and support in getting me through this roller-coaster ride. I would not have managed without you both. You made a great team of assertiveness when warranted and support when needed. To my wife who has always provided so much support for me to complete this project. Your patience and loyalty astound me. Without your ‘kindred spirit’, I doubt I would have lasted as long as I have. Also, to my three children who kept asking me, “are you there yet”? You have all had to go without at times and I thank you for never holding this against me. Your support has inspired me. ii Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................... vi Key Terms .............................................................................................................................. vii List of Acronyms .................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1 1.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................................................9 1.2 CHAPTER OUTLINE ........................................................................................................9 1.3 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................10 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 11 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................11 2.2 CLERICAL SEXUAL MISCONDUCT INVOVLING ADULTS WITHIN THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH ...........................................................12 2.3 CLERICAL SEXUALMISCONDUCT INVOLVING ADULTS WITHIN THE BROADER CHRISTIAN CHURCHES .................................................15 2.4 THE PERPETRATOR/VICTIM RELATIONSHIP .........................................................25 2.4.1 The Perpetrator’s Positional and Personal Power ............................................................. 26 2.4.2 The Victim’s Positional and Personal Vulnerability......................................................... 28 2.4.3 Power over Vulnerability.................................................................................................. 29 2.5 GROOMING OF ADULTS IN CLERCIAL SEXUAL MISCONDUCT ........................32 2.5.1 Grooming in Action .......................................................................................................... 34 2.6 DEFINING CONSENT ....................................................................................................36 2.7 DISCLOSURE AND REPORTING .................................................................................40 2.7.1 Non-Disclosure (including Non-Reporting) ..................................................................... 41 2.8 THE LANGUAGE OF SEXUAL ASSAULT AND CLERICAL SEXUAL MISCONDUCT ...............................................................44 2.8.1 New Definitions of Clerical Sexual Misconduct Involving Adults ................................... 48 2.9 HARM ..............................................................................................................................50 2.9.1 Physical Harm .................................................................................................................. 51 2.9.2 Spiritual Harm .................................................................................................................. 52 2.9.3 Psychological Harm .......................................................................................................... 54 2.9.4 Relational Harm ............................................................................................................... 56 2.9.5 Practical Harm .................................................................................................................. 57 2.10 CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................58 Chapter 3: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...................................................... 60 3.1 FEMINIST STANDPOINT THEORY .............................................................................60 3.2 CRITIQUES OF FEMINIST STANDPOINT THEORY .................................................64 3.3 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................65 iii Chapter 4: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................ 67 4.1 SAMPLING STRATEGY ................................................................................................67 4.2 THE SURVEY ..................................................................................................................68 4.3 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ......................................................................................69 4.4 VALIDITY .......................................................................................................................69 4.5 LIMITATIONS .................................................................................................................70 RESULTS ……… ..................................................................................................... 71 Chapter 5: THE RESPONDENTS .......................................................................... 71 5.1 DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION.................................................................................71 5.2 RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS AT THE TIME OF MISCONDUCT ................72 5.3 OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................73 5.4 RELATIONSHIP WITH OFFENDER .............................................................................74 5.5 CHARACTERISTICS OF CLERICAL SEXUAL MISCONDUCT INVOLVING ADULTS ..................................................................................................75 5.5.1 Years when the misconduct occurred ............................................................................... 75 5.5.2 Age at first experience ...................................................................................................... 75 5.5.3 Descriptions of the misconduct experienced .................................................................... 76 5.5.4 Frequency ......................................................................................................................... 79 5.5.5 Reasons the misconduct ended ......................................................................................... 81 5.6 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................82 Chapter 6: LANGUAGE .......................................................................................... 84 6.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................84 6.2 DEFINITIONAL CONFUSION / DIVERSITY ...............................................................85 6.3 HOW RESPONDENTS NAMED THE MISCONDUCT ................................................89 6.5 RESPONDENT NAMING AS AN ‘AFFAIR’ .................................................................92 6.6 RESPONDENT NAMING AS ‘ABUSE’ ........................................................................97 6.6.1 ‘Seduction’ ....................................................................................................................... 98 6.6.2 ‘Sexual Abuse’; ‘Sexual Molestation’; Sexual Violation’; ‘Sexual Misconduct’. .......... 103 6.7 HOW DISCLOSURE INFLUENCES NAMING ...........................................................108 6.7.1 Reporting to the Church ................................................................................................. 109 6.8 NAMING IN INTER-CLERIC SEXUAL MISCONDUCT ...........................................112 6.9 NAMING AND SAME-SEX MISCONDUCT ..............................................................113