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Housing Conditions and Improvement Guidelines for the Elderly Living In Housing Conditions and Improvement Guidelines for the Elderly Living in Urban Areas: Case Studies of Four Bangkok’s Districts Nakhara: Journal of Environmental Design and Planning Volume 18, 2020 Housing Conditions and Improvement Guidelines for the Elderly Living in Urban Areas: Case Studies of Four Bangkok’s Districts Trirat Jarutach a / Nutcha Lertpradit b a Center of Excellence in Universal Design, Faculty of Architecture, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand Corresponding author: [email protected] b Center of Excellence in Universal Design, Faculty of Architecture, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand Received 2019-12-26; Revised 2020-04-10; Accepted 2020-04-13 ABSTRACT The demographic structure of the Thai population has shifted to an ageing society with an increasing number of elderly people living in urban areas. This research, therefore, is aimed to study and analyze the housing conditions of the elderly as well as relevant behaviors and issues, and provide recommendations for improvement. This research employs interviews and onsite-surveys for data collection. Findings showed that the current conditions are inappropriate; bedroom furniture should be less high; handrails should be installed in bathrooms; stair risers should be shortened, and a common area e.g. a gazebo, should be provided for the elderly to spend time outside together. Keywords: housing condition, living inside a dwelling, elderly people, urban area Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 18 (2020) Nakhara : 117 117 Trirat Jarutach / Nutcha Lertpradit INTRODUCTION Therefore, this research set out to investigate the housing conditions of older persons living in Bangkok According to the United Nations’ (2017) estimate of areas; including the 4 districts of Phasi Charoen the world’s older population, year 2001 to 2100 has (Khlong Lat Phachi, Sirin & Friends, and Rasi Tham been designated the century of the elderly; when Communities) (Rattanapaisal, 2018), Pra Nakorn the population aged 60 or over exceeds 10% of the (Praeng Puthorn and Praeng Nara Communities) world population. In 2017, the number of the older (Laksameewattana, 2018), Wang Thonglang population reached 12.7%, which was the first time (Sub Sin Mai Community) (Thupoltab, 2017), and in world history that the number surpassed that of Din Daeng (Din Daeng Community Restoration the children. The number of those of extreme old Project) (Buapradit, 2018). It includes the analysis of age is likely to surpass that of the past century. conditions, relevant behaviors and housing issues. These growing numbers means that there will be Consequently, the research arrives at housing a smaller proportion of the working-age population improvement recommendations and guideline, which which will lead to the reduction of labor production, could lead to future design prototypes suitable for the as well as savings. The implication also includes a living of the elderly. greater government budget must be allocated to social welfare and medical expense to support the ageing population. Therefore, resource management studies and preparation are crucial for economic and HISTORY AND BACKGROUND social stability. This research was conducted in the 4 urban districts of Phasi Charoen, Pra Nakorn, Wang Thonglang, Thailand shares the trend of an ageing population and Din Daeng. Each has its own history and with the world. From the estimate of the Thai background given different context of location, population projection from 2010 – 2040 (Office of environment, and key events in history. Details are the National Economics and Social Development as follows: Council, 2013), Thailand will have an increased number of elderly dependents. This is in line with the data from the National Statistical Office (2014) showing that Thailand has become an aged society Phasi Charoen District (Khlong Lat since 2005, having an old-age population of 10.4%. Phachi, Sirin & Friends, and Rasi It is also expected that numbers will be increase to Tham Communities) 20% which makes Thailand become a complete aged society in 2021, and turn to be a super-aged Phasi Charoen District’s Ban Man Kong Community society in 2035 when an old-age population reach is a housing project accommodating those inflicted to 28% of country population. by gentrification in the past. As consequence of aggressive land development in Bangkok, those From studies about older people living in Bangkok without the land ownership were forced to leave as by the College of Population Studies, Chulalongkorn the owner wished to realize its financial potential. University, and Department of Older Persons, the Ban Man Kong Housing Development Project was post-implementation report of the National Plan for initiated to solve the issues by providing affordable Older Persons No. 2 during 2002 – 2021 and Phase accommodation to those affected. 3 during 2012 – 2016, it was found that in Bangkok, only 7.3% of the houses were in suitable condition for the living of older persons. As urbanization is Pra Nakorn (Praeng Puthorn and Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 18 (2020) driving higher prices of land and houses, it also shifts housing design from horizontal to vertical Praeng Nara Communities) development. All of which have created barriers for the older persons’ living. It is pertinent to study and Pra Nakorn District is located on the Rattanakosin Nakhara : find the proper housing conditions for older people Island. From the city plan1, the area is in reserved living in the urban environment. for promotion of Thai cultural identity. Buildings in the 118 118 1 Principle City Plan of Bangkok by Department of City Planning Housing Conditions and Improvement Guidelines for the Elderly Living in Urban Areas: Case Studies of Four Bangkok’s Districts conservation zone typically have limited space and accordingly, resolved to pass the Din Daeng with steeper stairways, which are not friendly to older Community Restoration Master Plan (2016 - 2024), people. The area, under the ownership of Bureau of of which included the 28-story Residential Building the Crown Property, went through the Restoration G. The G Building was completed, and ready for Project which consisted of 6 sub-projects; including move-in on July 2018. The majority of its occupants the 114 and 123-year-old commercial buildings of were from the old Din Daeng Flat. The Building G Praeng Puthon and Praeng Nara. Currently, the was designed by considering its older residents. two buildings are registered as historical sites and, The 8th and 9th floors were specifically dedicated though not yet improved by the owner, were included to the senior tenants. The building was, therefore, in the plan. Key highlights of this study area were 1) an interesting case studying as it offers a look into its buildings’ long history dating back to the reign of 1) the housing conditions of the building designed to King Rama I, registered to the Fine Arts Department meet the needs of the elderly and 2) limitations to the as historical sites 2) its reputable, long-established older people living in a high-rise building. local restaurants 3) its current local occupants who who adopted and would pass on the lifestyle to the next generation. RELEVANT CONCEPTS AND THEORIES Wang Thonglang This research concerns housing conditions of older (Sub Sin Mai Community) people. Important ideas and theories pertinent to this research are Age-friendly City, Ageing In Place The community in Wang Thonglang district, and Accessible City. also under the Bureau of the Crown Property’s patronage, was developed as the model for Older People’s Living Quality Improvement Program. It Age-friendly City has the distinction of being the urban community with over-30-year family relations as its foundation. An age-friendly city refers to a city responsive to Older people lived in the area including locals and living of older people. The United Nations has laid migrants; some of which moved in for jobs from other out 8 key areas for a framework for development parts of the country. This group also includes the including “1) Outdoor spaces and buildings 2) elderlies who moved into the city to look after their Transportation 3) Housing 4) Social participation 5) grandchildren; as the parents worked away from Respect and social inclusion 6) Civic participation home. The migration directly impacted the living of and employment 7) Communication and information these older persons. and 8) Community support and health services,” which need support from each and all units. Among these, the areas pertinent to physical environments Din Daeng (Din Daeng Community are 1), 2), and 3), which directly determine people’s Restoration Project) living quality in terms of convenience and efficiency of their daily routine. Previously, the area of National Housing Authority’s Din Daeng Housing Project2 was allotted for the Most of all those keys would be used from the City’s dump site. Later, it was occupied by the poor beginning of this research. The key number 3 and became a slum. The government, therefore, (Housing) would be concerned in the analyzing part assigned the Public Welfare Department to build a to summarize the housing improvement guideline Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 18 (2020) flat for the low-income tenants. It was named Din with the key number 4 (Social participation) and Daeng Flat. Currently, the 50-year-old flat is in a 5 (Respect and social inclusion) which describes deteriorated state, and might not be considered as the participation of the community and the elderly Nakhara : healthy for living. The National Housing Authority, participants who live in all 4 districts area. All sample 119 119 2 Phaen Maebot Khrong Kan Fuenfu Mueang Chumchon Dindaeng 2559-2567 BE [Din Daeng Community Resto- ration Master Plan (2016 - 2024)]. Trirat Jarutach / Nutcha Lertpradit services. However, in fact, more than 90% of the older people wish to stay at their own houses in their community, as it feels at home and comfortable, which could help them to experience a faster physical health recovery.
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