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Lehigh University Lehigh Preserve Departmental and College Histories Lehigh History 2015 Seventy-Five Years (1940-2015) of Lehigh University's Chemistry Department Ned D. Heindel Lehigh University Jack A. Alhadeff Lehigh University Gregory Ferguson Lehigh University Natalie Foster Lehigh University K. Jebrell Glover Lehigh University See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://preserve.lehigh.edu/lehigh-history Recommended Citation Heindel, Ned D.; Alhadeff, Jack A.; Ferguson, Gregory; Foster, Natalie; Glover, K. Jebrell; Kraihanzel, Charles S.; Merkel, Joseph; Roberts, James E.; Sturm, James E.; and Zeroka, Daniel, "Seventy-Five Years (1940-2015) of Lehigh University's Chemistry Department" (2015). Departmental and College Histories. 2. http://preserve.lehigh.edu/lehigh-history/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Lehigh History at Lehigh Preserve. It has been accepted for inclusion in Departmental and College Histories by an authorized administrator of Lehigh Preserve. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Ned D. Heindel, Jack A. Alhadeff, Gregory Ferguson, Natalie Foster, K. Jebrell Glover, Charles S. Kraihanzel, Joseph Merkel, James E. Roberts, James E. Sturm, and Daniel Zeroka This article is available at Lehigh Preserve: http://preserve.lehigh.edu/lehigh-history/2 Seventy-Five Years (1940 – 2015) of Lehigh University’s Chemistry Department Preface The 75-years 1940 to 2015 have been exciting ones for the Department of Chemistry; new buildings, new programs, energetic young faculty, enhanced research image, and a far broader coverage of Chemistry than our ancestors ever presumed. Five chairs guided the department through its first 75-years but it took 11 chairs (with two of them serving twice) to manage the second 75-years. As one of the Lehigh founding departments in 1865 our first 75-years have already been covered. The reader is directed to a history written by Robert D. Billinger, A History of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania (1866-1941) which is available in original in the Lehigh Archives and as an on-line document. This sesquicentennial volume is also available in hardcopy with original illustrations in the archives or on-line. Reminiscences from graduate and undergraduate students have been collected and these are included within the text and as supplemental remarks in the Appendix. Since an e-copy of this document shall be maintained on-line by the Lehigh Archives, graduates may continue to submit reminiscences which will be added to the e-copy. Almost all the chemistry faculty played a role in writing this material but the following committee assembled the story. Ned D. Heindel (Cmt Chair) Jack A. Alhadeff Gregory Ferguson Natalie M. Foster K. Jebrell Glover Charles S. Kraihanzel (deceased) Joseph Merkel James E. Roberts, James E. Sturm Daniel Zeroka December 2015 Milestones In the Beginning: a Degree, a Program, a Building: Seventy-five years – the period of this report -- is a long time in the history of a Department of Chemistry. It’s almost half the time that academic units called Departments of Chemistry have actually existed in the United States. But in fact our Department’s history really does begin when chemistry departments were new entities a century-and-a-half ago. Charles Mayer Wetherill, our chair for six-years at the creation, William Henry Chandler, our chair for 35 years in our infancy, and Harry Maas Ullmann, our chair for 24 years in our first growth surge, presided over far less change in their stints in office than the later shorter-term chairs who have managed the department in the last seven-and-half decades. Chandler never changed the one undergraduate degree (the A.C. for Analytical Chemist) which the department granted from the day of its founding under Wetherill and he made only minor changes in its curriculum. Assaying was what chemists did in the mid-19th century and Chandler saw that Lehigh’s chemistry program reflected that truth. Chandler did briefly experiment with graduate education, starting (1891) and then terminating (1896) the PhD program. He did not have to worry about acquiring major instrumentation, recruiting graduate students, or raising external research funding. The few graduate assistants working towards an M.S. were Lehigh undergraduates staying on. Chandler’s faculty was small; only two regular faculty (including Chandler himself) till 1893 and five at the time of his death in 1906. Chandler did use MS candidates and senior undergraduates as teaching assistants. In truth, Chandler achieved one big thing and he did it very well. He convinced the trustees to build a first-class award-winning chemistry laboratory building, planned a number of unique architectural features to be included in it, and supervised every step of its construction to completion in 1885. The building included a Museum of Chemistry which – as one of the first in America – was Chandler’s pride and joy. The trustees appropriately named the building Chandler Laboratory and later Chandler-Ullmann after his successor chair made many additions to the facility. Chandler gave his department a home which lasted a century as a laboratory and 90-years as the department’s headquarters. Chandler Lab was Chandler’s biggest contribution and maybe that was enough for his chairmanship. He came, he served, he passed but all before the modern age of Chemistry. Harry Maas Ullmann and his period of chair service are somewhat better comparators for the progressive Chemistry Department of 2015. He presided over a faculty of 16 in the professorial ranks and five in the lecturer and graduate assistant category. Ullmann did manage considerably more change than Chandler. He, too, persuaded the trustees to expand the building but more than that, he had created the need for that expansion. In the last two declining years of Chandler’s reign (1904-05), young Ullmann with the encouragement and blessing of Lehigh’s new chemist-president (Thomas M. Drown, formerly from MIT), converted the A.C. to a B.S., created a new core course in physical chemistry and designed -- with Drown’s personal involvement – a completely new undergraduate major in chemical engineering. The dying Chandler played virtually no role in these changes but fortunately his replacement chairman, William Bush Schober (1906-1914), strongly supported them. War Brings External Money and Demand for Graduates: Ullmann followed Schober in the leadership role with the biggest element of change being the cumulative effect of World War 1 on the University. Naturally Ullmann supported and promoted the B.S.-chemistry and the B.S.- chemical engineering track because these were his degrees created barely a decade ago. In addition, the First World War stimulated the explosive growth of the chemical industry in America and with it a new culture where large companies looked to universities to provide them with well-trained workers. Dyestuffs, cement, pharmaceuticals, paints, fibers, fertilizers, explosives, and distilled fuels were just some of the many companies needing a relationship with universities to insure a supply of much-needed chemists, chemical engineers, and academic innovations that could become tomorrow’s products. Suddenly, Lehigh had graduate fellowships, summer internships, and research contracts to professors from Dupont, Columbian Carbon, Hunt-Rankin Leather, National Lead, New Jersey Zinc, Portland Cement, Bethlehem Steel, Socony-Vacuum, Raybestos-Manhattan, Hershey Chocolate, Rohm and Haas, Archer-Daniels- Midland, Devoe-Reynolds, R. K. Laros Silk Mills, National Oil Products, Goodrich Rubber, Corn Products Refining, and many other companies. Substantial external support rained on the department and the department responded in two ways. Ullmann began planning for the return of the PhD degree by hiring highly credentialized young faculty to be mentor-leaders in the program; the PhD was officially re-opened in 1937. In addition a number of industrially-supported research centers were created such as Coatings/Paints and Varnishes, Confectionary, Leather, and Iron and Steel to provide bridges between Lehigh’s chemistry and the needs of the corporate underwriters. Examples of inventions by Lehigh chemistry faculty that rewarded the faith of their sponsors were: an instrument to measure trapped hydrogen in steel, a rapid hydration and softening broth for goat hide, a spreadable epoxy paint, an emulsifier which greatly increased shelf life of chocolate candy, an automatic titration unit which signaled the end-point with an electronic ray sensor, a long-lasting patent leather, a synthetic fiber-based paint brush, a cyclic anhydride additive which shortened the drying time of oil-based paints, a vacuum tube relay switch, and tobacco-softening additives which make possible virtually unbreakable cigars. Throughout Ullmann’s chairmanship the Department came to be known to industry as the “go-to” place for practical solutions to real world problems. The Doctorate Reborn, Women Admitted for Graduate Work: In the period covered by this 75-Year History (1940-2015), the Department entered World War II with a research philosophy honed by Ullmann and Neville. The plan was to build a reborn doctoral program in which the support for most students flowed through corporately-oriented Centers and was tightly linked to specific sets of companies supporting those centers. Two PhDs graduated in 1939 – first fruits of the restarted doctoral track --- but then the war virtually shut down the pipeline of available young men and stymied the proposed up-tick in the graduate program. The university responded in a unique way. The all-male Lehigh decided to admit women to the doctoral program to take up the slack. Four or five women became graduate students in the period 1941-1945. Most stopped at the M.S. and did not go on to the PhD but Mary Elizabeth Hertzog Perry (1922-2007) did not stop. Mary was one of the first non-Lehigh B.S.
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