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E:\GR Sharma\Journals 2013=GRS\ Future Prospects of Eco-tourism and Tribal Development in Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary, Nuapada, Odisha LAXMAN KUMAR SAHOO† P. G. Department of Anthropology and Tribal Studies, North Orissa University, Baripada 757003, Odisha E-mail: [email protected] KEY WORDS: Eco-tourism. Sunabeda. Tribal culture. Livelihood. Development. Odisha. ABSTRACT: Eco-tourism and tribal development both are complementary to each other in the forest areas of a sanctuary; because anthropological approaches towards eco-tourism combining ecology, ethnic culture and development. A case is highlighted in the context of eco-tourism potentialities and tribal livelihood issues in and around Sunabeda wildlife sanctuary of Odisha .The paper also reflects the future prospects of tourism and its potentials. It underscores that eco-tourism if properly developed; it can not only enrich the possibilities for attracting tourists from near and far, but will also generate revenue for the state and protect tribal livelihood issues in Sunabeda wildlife sanctuary of Odisha. INTRODUCTION Under the state hegemony the bio-cultural3 India is endowed with natural resources. The real resources are treated as a part of national property capital of this nation is reflected in its bio-cultural and the state bestowed with the maintenance of such diversities and antiquities. If the country could have resources. The state has never approached to develop these resources with the life and livelihood4 of the properly integrated all these natural resources1, then people inhabiting inside these protected areas. The the growth of tourism2 in India would have four times people are not allowed to access these resources as a faster than the world average (WTO, 1994). Small part of their livelihood enhancement programme. countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Tribal communities5 living in and around the Maldives and Bhutan have proved more potential to sanctuaries, reserve forests and biospheres are treated make their national tourism as an Industry .More so, as outsiders, which deprived of their natural livelihood tourism is one of the sources of foreign exchange in and right. The desired effect of ecotourism is yet to countries like Costa Rica, Belize, and in Guatemala be seen and the connection between ecotourism, it is second (Yadav, 2002). In Indian context the plans conservation and livelihoods has not been established and policies formulated and implemented over the yet. decades has threatened the convergence of tourism The paper is having the following objectives: as a major resource to generate and strengthen the economies of the nation, state and people. Since (i) To examine the concept of eco-tourism, the policy 1991 the very process of globalization has been relating to it and changes therein. widening the scope and potentialities of tourism (ii) To highlight a least known primitive tribe of worldwide. Odisha uniquely dominated the entire Sunabeda wildlife Sanctuary, the potential of eco-tourism †Lecturer and the future prospects of development. South Asian Anthropologist, 2013, 13(2): 121-126 New Series ©SERIALS 121 122 Laxman Kumar Sahoo (iii) The paper from empirical finding from Sunabeda International Year of Eco-tourism during 2002 wildlife sanctuary of Odisha explains the reviewed eco-tourism experiences worldwide, potentials of rich ethnic tourism which attracts highlighting three significant aspects: (i) nature, tourists from within and outside Odisha. (ii) tourism, and (iii) local communities. Most of the (iv) Finally, the paper argues that eco-tourism, if studies relating to tourism emphasize the economic promoted can enhance the livelihood basket of dimensions at international and national levels, while the Bhunjia and other communities. very few have investigated local levels. The present research paper is based on empirical observation in DATA SOURCE Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary of Nuapada District of The data for the paper have been collected from Odisha which is largely dominated by Bhunjia tribal both primary and secondary sources. In order to community. collect primary data6 from different categories of informants, the paper adopted observation, eco- TOURISM IN PROTECTED AREAS OF tourism and livelihood approaches in which the socio- INDIA AND ODISHA cultural and livelihood importance of the tribal The term ‘Protected Area’ can be interpreted in communities have been reflected. The secondary data7 many ways – national park, national reserve, game relating to various aspects of ecotourism was collected reserve, forest reserve, marine park, nature reserve, from the Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary station office wildlife management area – that even those working in at Sunabeda. The data was collected during the months the field can be confused . The World Conservation of October to December-2010 and May to June-2011. Union (IUCN), however, has developed the following The villages covered under primary data collection definition of a protected area: “An area of land and/or are Sunabeda, Salepada, Junapani and Chinmundi. sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and CONCEPT OF ECO-TOURISM associated cultural resources, and managed through The concept of eco-tourism has been defined legal or other effective means” (Melchias, 2001). differently by the various national and international The basic objective of creating ‘Protected Areas’ 8 agencies. The Ecotourism society developed the in India is to conserve the natural heritage9. following definition of eco-tourism “responsible Government took the whole responsibility over these travel to natural areas that conserves the environment protected areas and kept people away. The people and sustains the well being of local people” (Epler living inside the Protected Areas are treated as Wood, ’96). “The person who practice eco-tourism outsiders. As far as ecotourism is concerned, there is has the opportunity of immersing him or herself in no exclusive policy formulated to focus the nature in a way most can not enjoy……..” (Boo, ’92; possibilities of this emerging sector both at national Lindberg, ’96; and WTO/UNEP, ’92). Other scholars and state levels. Those states where ecotourism is have also used the term ‘ nature tourism’ (Ceballos being practised to some extent, the compliance if at Lascurain, ’96) which not necessarily ecologically all there is by various stakeholders are only of the sound; while Cohen (’84) raised the issue of neglect tourism policy and other related policies like Wildlife of development in and around protected areas. Protection Act, 1972, Forest Conservation Act,1980, Eco-tourism both at conceptual and empirical etc. But in late on 2nd June 2011, the Ministry of levels is significant in a number of respects. Environment and Forest (MoEF), Government of Traditionally it encapsulates scientific, aesthetic, and India, released a draft guideline on eco-tourism. The philosophical approaches which reflect the structure said guideline lays out a detailed set of framework on and function of the society. Over the decades the selection, planning, development, implementation numerous changes have been observed both in the and monitoring of eco-tourism in India. The guideline content and context of eco-tourism. With globalization does not draw a detailed framework of conservation the process of these changes not only widened and and protection of wildlife through eco-tourism. multiplied, but also gained in importance. The UN Rather, it is aiming at the planning and implementation Future Prospects of Eco-tourism and Tribal Development in Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary 123 process. However, it implies that Government has fort with traces of ancient civilization and river Jonk realized the prospects of eco-tourism to enhance are adding to rich cultural heritage of Odisha. This wilderness protection and wildlife conservation, while wildlife sanctuary being the source of origin and providing nature-compatible livelihoods and greater catchments of Jonk, Sunder and Indra rivers plays an incomes for a large number of people living around important role in socio-economic development of the natural ecosystems. Earlier Amendments to the locality. Many wild animals, birds, and plants attracted Wildlife Protection Act in 2003 has given a people from far and near places. recognition and legal backing to community initiated There are more than fifteen villages having about wildlife protection (MoEF, GoI, 2011). 20 per cent five thousand population. The villages are mostly of forest areas of Odisha, with a variety of wildlife, inhabited by Bhunjia community members. Other are being protected and managed through self initiated communities like Gond, Paharia, Kultha are also forest protection initiatives by 12,000 village living in and around Sunabeda. communities (Rath and Mohanty, 2012). A survey of 200 protected areas of India by Indian Institution of TOURIST SPOTS IN SUNABEDA Public Administration (IIPA), New Delhi (Kothari Sunabeda: Goddess Sunadei Temple, Hamlets of et al., ’89) reveals that 37 per cent national parks, primitive tribe Chuktia Bhunjia, and 83 per cent sanctuaries are officially opened to Interpretation centre. tourism, but over 70 per cent of them do not have visitor’s orientation centers and tourism management Beniadhus: Waterfall of 24 mts height, sorrounded infrastructure. The study also establishes the fact that by dense forest. the protected areas are suffering from high level of Kharaldhus: Waterfall of 50 mts height, ancient disturbances
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