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PUBLIC and PERSONA in the LIFE and CAREER of SIR ROGER L'estrange, 1616-1704 by Copyright 2011 DARRICK

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PUBLIC and PERSONA in the LIFE and CAREER of SIR ROGER L'estrange, 1616-1704 by Copyright 2011 DARRICK CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by KU ScholarWorks L’ESTRANGE HIS LIFE: PUBLIC AND PERSONA IN THE LIFE AND CAREER OF SIR ROGER L’ESTRANGE, 1616-1704 BY Copyright 2011 DARRICK N. TAYLOR Submitted to the graduate degree program in History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy _____________________ Chairperson Committee members* ____________________* ____________________* ____________________* ____________________* Date defended: _April 15, 2011 ________ ii The Dissertation Committee for Darrick Taylor certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: L’ESTRANGE HIS LIFE: PUBLIC AND PERSONA IN THE LIFE AND CAREER OF SIR ROGER L’ESTRANGE, 1616-1704 Chairperson Date approved: April 15, 2011 iii ABSTRACT This dissertation concerns the life and career of Roger L'Estrange, who was a licenser of Books and Surveyor of the Press for Charles II, as well as a royalist pamphleteer. It seeks to answer the question of how conceptions of public and private changed in late seventeenth century England be examining the career of L'Estrange, which involved him in many of the major pamphlet campaigns of the Restoration period. It argues that there was no stable "public sphere" in seventeenth century England, one that clearly marked it off from a private sphere of domesticity. It argues that the classical notion of office, in which reciprocal obligation and duty were paramount, was the basic presupposition of public but also private life, and that the very ubiquity of ideals of office holding made it semantically impossible to distinguish a stable public realm from a private one. Furthermore, the dissertation also argues that the presupposition of officium not only provided the basis for understanding relationships between persons but also of individual identity in seventeenth century England. It argues that L'Estrange saw his own identity in terms of the offices he performed, and that his individual identity was shaped by the antique notion of persona--of a mask that one wears, when performing a role--than to modern notions of individual identity. Lastly, it will argue that people in seventeenth century England still understood their world in terms of offices, but that changes in the way they understood office, visible in L'Estrange's writings, helped prepare the way for the reception of more modern ideas about public and private spheres that would eventually come to fruition in the nineteenth century. iv CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 6 1. THE ORIGINS OF L’ESTRANGE’S PUBLIC LIFE, 1616-1659 40 2. PRINT, OPINION & PERSONA AT THE RESTORATION, 72 1659-1662 3. THE GOD OF ORDER: RELIGION, CONSCIENCE 112 AND TOLERATION, 1662-1673 4. CENSORSHIP AS CONSCIENCE, 1662-1678 174 5. AGE OF NARRATIVES: POWER, POPERY, & PRINT, 1678-1681 224 6. THE RISE AND FALL OF THE OBSERVATOR , 1681-1688 284 7. THE PRIVATE L’ESTRANGE, 1688-1704 336 CONCLUSION 375 WORKS CITED 385 v To my family and especially my parents, Richard and Holly, whose love and support allowed me to pursue my own path To C. John Sommerville: quis dabit historico quantum daret acta legenti? —Juvenal, Satire VII To my advisor, J.C.D. Clark, who taught me the importance of knowing what the question was before attempting to answer it Pro Joseph Ratzinger, Benedictus PP. XVI, qui est exemplum fortitudinis intellectus, et moriae agendi officium suum de amore 1 INTRODUCTION This dissertation examines the life and career of Roger L’Estrange, an unsuccessful soldier and prisoner for the king, royalist pamphleteer and Tory apologist, licenser of books and Surveyor of the Press, scourge of Protestant dissent and the first Whig party, literary translator and amateur musician. His public career spanned nearly forty years, and L’Estrange’s activities put him in the middle of most of the critical junctures of English political life in the seventeenth century, though he was always of figure “of the second rank” 1 in terms of power and importance. But this very fact makes him a useful subject, as one can presume his beliefs and outlook on public life were not exceptional, as in the case of writers such as John Locke or Thomas Hobbes, and so more characteristic of the age in which he lived. This study of his life is both matter and occasion for attempting to answer a simple but daunting question: how did people conceive of “public” life in seventeenth century England, and how did their conceptions change in the course of the century? The answer that this study of his life will make to the question posed above is that the presuppositions that allowed people to make distinctions between what counts as public and private differ in crucial ways from those which undergird contemporary presuppositions about public life, and that those presuppositions only began to change at the end of the seventeenth century. In particular, it will argue that the presuppositions of seventeenth century Englishmen about public and private life differ from the influential theory of the “public sphere” articulated by the German philosopher Jürgen Habermas, so 1 Kitchin, Sir Roger L’Estrange (London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., 1913; reprinted, New York: Augustus M. Kel1ey, 1971), p.1. 2 influential among historians of the period. It will argue that these presuppositions are apparent in L’Estrange’s sense of his own individual identity as it emerges from his writings. In doing so, this dissertation will argue that L’Estrange’s life illustrates well two interrelated truths about early modern England. One is that there was no disjunction between a “public” persona and private “self.” The other is that there were virtually no stable “private” spheres of life, activities which could be considered free of the duties and obligation which characterized public life. This is because even the most minute, seemingly private aspects of life could still be conceived the same way that public activities were: in terms of office or duty, and that other types of rhetoric (that of liberty or of rights) were largely determined by it. No new study of L’Estrange’s career has been undertaken in nearly a hundred years since George Kitchin published his biography of him. Whereas Kitchin’s work focused on the legal and institutional aspects of the press, this dissertation will concern itself with the ideas and beliefs about the press that L’Estrange and his contemporaries held. Though knowledge of the institutional, legal framework under which the press operated in during the seventeenth century is crucial for understanding public debate in that period of history, this study seeks to build on the efforts of Kitchin and other historians by examining the nature of L’Estrange’s basic beliefs. From this, it will demonstrate how those beliefs shaped his actions with regards to public debates in the Restoration. Because of his involvement in so many aspects of Restoration culture, L’Estrange is now receiving serious attention as an important figure in historical studies of the period as he has not in some time, and perhaps never has before. As historians have recognized 3 the importance of religion to the wars of the mid seventeenth century,2 L’Estrange has become a crucial figure, in that his activities as a licenser of books and Surveyor were rooted in his belief that dissent from the Church of England was responsible for the upheavals of his age. Scholars such as Jonathan Scott and Tony Claydon have in different ways argued that religious links with Europe shaped conflicts in England into the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries; these links help explain the persistence as well as the bitterness of those conflicts, and contemporaries such as L’Estrange were well aware of such continental connections.3 His works demonstrate the saliency of religious justifications for political violence in the Restoration, as fear of “popery” (Roman Catholicism) was used to justify attacks, both in print and on the battlefield, against the restored monarchy. L’Estrange spent a large part of his career insisting that the accusation of popery was used to advance political agendas at the government’s expense under the guise of religion.4 L’Estrange’s awareness of the continuing importance of religion in the affairs of seventeenth century England marks 2 John S. Morrill, “The Religious Context of the English Civil War,” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society , Fifth Series, Vol. 34, (1984), pp. 155-178; Conrad Russell, The Causes of the English Civil War (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1990); Glenn Burgess, “Was the English Civil War a War of Religion? The Evidence of Political Propaganda,” The Huntington Library Quarterly , Vol. 61, No. 2 (1998), pp. 173-201; Edward Vallance, “Preaching to the Converted: Religious Justifications for the English Civil War,” The Huntington Library Quarterly , Vol. 65, No. 3/4 (2002), pp. 395-419. 3 Jonathan Scott, England’s Troubles: Seventeenth Century Political Instability in a European Context (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000); Tony Claydon, Europe and the Making of England, 1660-1760 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2007). For his view of French Protestantism, see Anne Dunan-Page, “Roger L’Estrange and the Huguenots: Continental Protestantism and the Church of England,” Roger L’Estrange and the Making of Restoration Culture , pp. 109-130. 4 Caroline Hibbard, Charles I and the Popish Plot (Chapel Hill: U. of N. Carolina Press, 1983); J.P. Kenyon, The Popish Plot (London: Phoenix Press, 2000); Peter Lake, “Anti- popery: the structure of a prejudice,” in The English Civil War , eds. Richard Cust & Anne Hughes (London: Arnold, 1997), pp. 181-210. 4 him out as an important figure in discussions of the period. By exploring his life and career, this dissertation will contribute to a couple of key historiographical debates in the field of early modern British history.
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