Vol. 6(2), pp. 77-88, February 2018 DOI: 10.14662/ARJASR2017.069 Academic Research Copy©right 2018 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article Journal of Agricultural ISSN: 2360-7874 Science and Research http://www.academicresearchjournals.org/ARJASR/Index.htm Full Length Research Review on the status and management strategies of Fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum) of wheat Belachew Bekele Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Research center. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 18 October 2017 Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is counted among the most commonly cultivated cereal crops with over 600 million tons harvested each year. It is an important crop commodity, which could contribute a major part in achieving the country's agricultural policy objective of food grain self-sufficiency. The most important constraints affecting wheat production include drought, diseases, insects and weeds. Diseases are the major once, which decreases the yield, quality and profitability for producers. Fusarium Head Blight (FHB or scab) is common and damaging fungal disease of wheat that causes losses up to 70% and contaminates harvested grain with mycotoxins. FHB is caused by one or more Fusarium species, mostly by F. graminearum (Schwabe). Its infections cause problems concerning the quality of harvested wheat seeds by producing a variety of mycotoxins, of which deoxynivalenol (DON) is perhaps the most famous. If present in food or feed, DON can result in serious health problems. Moreover, the seeds infected with Fusarium not only have a lower 1000 grain weight but also the present Fusarium fungi can infect the seedling after sowing, thus causing less dense plant stand due to seedling blight. The improvement of FHB resistance has become a major breeding objective worldwide. Environmental conditions have a huge influence on disease development and if prolonged humid weather persists after initial infection, severe FHB will occur. Favorable temperatures for the production of ascospores and macroconidia vary between 16°C to 36°C. Temperature and weather condition determines the severity of disease development. Individual management options are unlikely to fully protect crops from FHB, therefore multiple strategies provide the best means of maintaining yield potential, reducing the risk of mycotoxin contamination, protecting quality, and enhancing producer returns, but it is difficult due to confounding environmental conditions. Key words: Wheat, Fusarium, Mycotoxin, Resistant, Management practices Cite this article as : Bekele B (2018). Review on the status and management strategies of Fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum ) of wheat. Acad. Res. J. Agri. Sci. Res. 6(2): 77-88 INTRODUCTION Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is counted among the most Neolithic revolution that was distinguished as a period of commonly cultivated cereal crops with over 600 million transition from hunting and gathering food to one of tons harvested each year (Priyamvada et al., 2011). It settlement and agriculture (Gupta et al ., 2006). Wheat is was cultivated over a wide range of climates with year well adapted to harsh environments, from severe dry to round production about 10,000 years ago as part of the cold conditions, compared to other major cereal crops 1 78 Acad. Res. J. Agri. Sci. Res. (Schery, 1969). The center of origin of wheat is presumed when wheat is sown in the residue from a previous host to be near present day Turkey. Findings suggest that crop such as maize ( Zea mays L.), followed by warm wheat was grown in the Nile Valley around 500 B.C. and humid conditions during flowering. It was first reported in had extended through India, China, and England during 1884 in England (Arthur, 1891) and was recognized as a the same time (Schery , 1969). key problem of wheat during the early twentieth century It is ranked as the 3 rd largest grain crop after corn and (Stack, 2003) and it is one of the most destructive rice in terms of world production (653 million MT diseases of wheat worldwide (Osborne and Stein, 2007 ). annually) (FAO , 2012a). China, India, USA, Russia, and The importance of Fusarium species is related not only France are the leading wheat producing countries; the to the diseases produced to infected plants but also to US ranks third among these (FAO , 2012b). The US is the mycotoxin biosynthesis (trichothecenes) and largest exporter of wheat in the world, which exports 50% accumulation in infected plant material. F. graminearum of its total annual production (FAO , 2012d). strains usually express one of three sets of Ethiopia is the 2 nd largest producer of wheat in Sub- trichothecenes – nivalenol and its derivates (NIV Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, it is one of the major cereal chemotype), DON and 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (15- crops grown between 6 and 14 oN latitudes; and between ADON chemotype), and DON and 3-acetyl 35 and 42 oE longitude ranging in altitude from 1500 m to deoxynivalenol (3-ADON chemotype) (Ward et al . 2002). 3200 m. The most suitable regions, however, fall The disease negatively affects yield and grain quality by between 1900 masl and 2700 masl. It is the fourth most damaging wheat kernels and contaminating the grain with important cereal crop in Ethiopia. In area of production, it mycotoxins (Gilbert and Tekauz, 2000). ranks 4 th after teff, maize and sorghum and in total grain Moisture appears to be the most important production, it also ranks 4 th after maize, teff and sorghum. environmental factor influencing the severity of infection In productivity, it ranks second to maize. It is an important caused by F. graminearum in small grain cereals, given crop commodity, which could contribute a major part in that fusarium head blight development can occur at achieving the country's agricultural policy objective of temperatures that range from approximately 9°C to 30° C food grain self-sufficiency. (de Wolf et al., 2000 ). Generally, the disease is more The current total area of production of both durum important in warm and humid areas (Dubin et al., 1996). (Triticum turgidum var. durum ) and bread wheat ( Triticum In the field, (FHB) is recognized by premature bleaching aestivum ) is about 1,627,647.16 ha with an annual of infected spikelet and the production of orange, spore production of 34,347,061.22 quintals (CSA, 2012/2013). bearing structures called sporodochia at the base of the Its productivity (21.10 q/ha) is still below the world glumes. During wet weather, there may be whitish, average (65.5 q/ha) (FAO, 2013). occasionally pinkish, fluffy fungal growth on the infected Wheat is used for consumption by both humans and heads in the field animals (Han et al., 2005). From direct use, wheat To minimize the severity and incidence of FHB and provides more than 35% of dietary calories in the DON content different management strategies, Cultural developing world and 74% in the developed countries practices (tillage, rotation, nutrient management), Host (Shiferaw et al., 2013). The most important constraints plant resistance, Biological control (Trichoderma, affecting wheat production include drought, diseases, Bacillus) (Da Luz et al., 2003) Fungicides insects and weeds. One of the major limiting factors in (Prothioconazole, Tebuconazole) (Baturo Ciesniewska et wheat production is diseases, decreasing the yield, al., 2011) are recommended. quality and profitability for producers. Fusarium head blight (FHB or scab) is common and damaging fungal disease of cereals that causes losses in grain yield and OBJECTIVES quality and contaminates harvested grain with mycotoxins (Buerstmayr et al., 2003). It can cause yield V Review on the impact of Fusarium head blight on losses up to 70% under favourable conditions (Bai et al., wheat grain and quality. 2000). FHB, white heads and pink mold, is mainly V Review on the management strategies of caused by, Fusarium graminearum Schw., with perfect fusarium head blight stage of Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch., Seventeen different Fusarium species have been associated with the disease. Among these, Fusarium graminearum is the DISCUSSION most internationally predominate, which is followed by F. culmorum (W.G. Smith) Saccardo and F. avenaceum Distribution (Parry et al., 1995 ; Ruckenbauer et al., 2001 ). FHB is an important disease throughout the wheat F. graminearum is cosmopolitan. It has been reported growing areas of the world. The disease is more severe wherever wheat is grown (Goswami and Kistler, 2004), 2 Bekele 79 Figure 1. Macroconidia of F. graminearum Source: M S Saharan et.al ., 2001. and infection has reached epidemic proportions in the Host Range United States over the last decade (O’Donnell et al., 2000). Fusarium graminearum persists within all of F. graminearum survives on a wide range of hosts central Europe and south western Russia, and infects including not only living plants such as wheat, barley, oat, wheat fields grown along the eastern coast of China, and rye, corn, soybean, sorghum, rice, wild grasses and further inland where irrigation is used (Hope 2005; Qu et. common weeds but also on dead tissue of many plant al., 2008). It is also one of the important diseases of species (Xu YG, Chen LF. 1993). Crop residues on the wheat in Ethiopia (Mengistu et al., 1991). The incidence soil surface are the major reservoir of pathogens of FHB and severity of Fusarium head blight (also called (Shaner GE. 2003). It can also cause disease in Acacia Gibberella zeae ) has increased worldwide (Xu , 2003). (Mill.), Eucalyptus , and carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus L.), (Urban, M., et.al, 2003). Causal agent Disease development/ cycle Cultural characteristics F. graminearum overwinters as chlamydospores or mycelia in the soil or in host crop residues which serve as F. graminearum in agar culture appears gray, pink, a source of primary (initial) inoculum in the spring. The brown, or burgundy. The temperature optimum for growth fungus also can survive on wheat seed. F. graminearum , in culture ranges from 23-29 0 C.