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Colorectal Cancer Screening and Surveillance

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Colorectal Cancer Screening and Surveillance Cigna Medical Coverage Policy Effective Date ............................ 6/15/2014 Subject Colorectal Cancer Screening Next Review Date ...................... 6/15/2015 Coverage Policy Number ................. 0148 and Surveillance Table of Contents Hyperlink to Related Coverage Policies Coverage Policy .................................................. 1 Genetic Testing for Susceptibility to General Background ........................................... 2 Colorectal Cancer Coding/Billing Information ................................. 19 Tumor Markers for Cancer and Serum References ........................................................ 21 Marker Panels for Liver Disease INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE The following Coverage Policy applies to health benefit plans administered by Cigna companies. Coverage Policies are intended to provide guidance in interpreting certain standard Cigna benefit plans. Please note, the terms of a customer’s particular benefit plan document [Group Service Agreement, Evidence of Coverage, Certificate of Coverage, Summary Plan Description (SPD) or similar plan document] may differ significantly from the standard benefit plans upon which these Coverage Policies are based. For example, a customer’s benefit plan document may contain a specific exclusion related to a topic addressed in a Coverage Policy. In the event of a conflict, a customer’s benefit plan document always supersedes the information in the Coverage Policies. In the absence of a controlling federal or state coverage mandate, benefits are ultimately determined by the terms of the applicable benefit plan document. Coverage determinations in each specific instance require consideration of 1) the terms of the applicable benefit plan document in effect on the date of service; 2) any applicable laws/regulations; 3) any relevant collateral source materials including Coverage Policies and; 4) the specific facts of the particular situation. Coverage Policies relate exclusively to the administration of health benefit plans. Coverage Policies are not recommendations for treatment and should never be used as treatment guidelines. In certain markets, delegated vendor guidelines may be used to support medical necessity and other coverage determinations. Proprietary information of Cigna. Copyright ©2014 Cigna Coverage Policy In certain markets, delegated vendor guidelines may be used to support medical necessity and other coverage determinations. Coverage of colorectal cancer screening is generally subject to the terms, conditions and limitations of a preventive services benefit as described in the applicable benefit plan’s schedule of copayments. Please refer to the applicable benefit plan document and schedules to determine benefit availability and the terms, conditions and limitations of coverage. If coverage for colorectal cancer screening is available, the following conditions apply. For an average-risk individual age 50 years and older, Cigna covers as medically necessary the following colorectal cancer (CRC) screening testing regimens: annual fecal occult blood test (FOBT) or fecal immunochemical test (FIT) flexible sigmoidoscopy every five years double-contrast barium enema (DCBE) every five years colonoscopy every 10 years computed tomographic colonography (CTC)/virtual colonoscopy every five years For an increased- or high-risk individual who fits into any of the categories listed below, Cigna covers as medically necessary more intensive colorectal cancer screening, surveillance or monitoring: personal history of adenoma or adenomatous polyps found on colonoscopy Page 1 of 34 Coverage Policy Number: 0148 familial history of adenoma or adenomatous polyp found at colonoscopy in a first-degree relative personal or family history of colorectal cancer personal history of inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease) personal or inherited risk of a colorectal cancer (e.g., familial adenomatous polyposis [FAP], attenuated FAP, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer [HNPCC], MYH polyposis) Cigna does not cover stool-based deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing for the screening or surveillance of colorectal cancer, as its use is experimental, investigational, or unproven. Cigna does not cover in vivo analysis of colorectal polyps (e.g., chromoendoscopy, fiberoptic polyp analysis, narrow band imaging, and confocal fluorescent endomicroscopy) for any indication including, but not limited to, the screening, diagnosis or surveillance of colorectal cancer, as its use is experimental, investigational, or unproven. Cigna does not cover the following tests for any indication including, but not limited to, the screening, diagnosis or surveillance of colorectal cancer, because each is considered experimental, investigational, or unproven: methylated Septin 9 testing (e.g., Abbott RealTime mS9 Colorectal Cancer assay, Colovantage™ , Septin 9 [SEPT9]) ColonSentry® General Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosed in men and women and the second leading cause of deaths from cancer in the United States. CRC primarily affects men and women aged 50 years or older. Age-specific incidence and mortality rates show that most cases are diagnosed in individuals over age 50 (National Cancer Institute [NCI], 2013a). Incidence rates for CRC have been decreasing for most of the last two decades. This decline has been greater over the most recent time period which is considered to be partly due to an increase in screening, which can result in the detection and removal of colorectal polyps before they progress to cancer (American Cancer Society [ACS], 2013a). The etiology of CRC is heterogeneous and may be influenced by both the environment and genetics. There are groups with a higher incidence of CRC. These include those with hereditary CRC conditions, a personal or family history of CRC and/or polyps, or a personal history of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease). In addition there are several factors that are considered to be modifiable. These include: obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, diet high in red or processed meat and inadequate intake of fruits and vegetables (ACS, 2013b). Hereditary CRC conditions include the following: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and attenuated FAP (AFAP) which are caused by changes to the APC gene. MYH-associated polyposis (MAP), which is caused by biallelic germ line mutations in the MutY human homolog (MYH) gene. Hereditary nonpolyposis CRC (HNPCC), or Lynch syndrome which is associated with mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, MS2, and EPCAM/TACSTD1 Risk Stratification The population has been stratified into risk categories for the potential development of CRC. These groups include: average risk, increased risk with a personal history, increased risk with a family history and increased/high risk due to hereditary conditions. Guidelines for CRC screening, surveillance and monitoring have been developed based on these categories. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network® (NCCN®) and ACS definitions of these groups include (NCCN, 2013; ACS, 2013b): Page 2 of 34 Coverage Policy Number: 0148 Risk NCCN ACS average individuals 50 years or older with no individuals with no first-degree relatives having a risk history of adenoma or colorectal history of CRC or adenomatous polyps and has not cancer, and inflammatory bowel experienced these problems personally disease and a negative family history increased individuals with personal history of individuals who have a personal history of CRC or risk adenomatous polyps/sessile serrated adenomas, a family history of CRC or adenomas polyps (SSP), CRC, colorectal cancer, diagnosed in any first-degree relative before age 50, or inflammatory bowel disease as well or in two or more first-degree relatives diagnosed at as those with a positive family history any age (if not a hereditary syndrome). According to of CRC or advanced adenomatous the ACS, individuals who have a personal history of polyps CRC or adenomatous polyp require regular surveillance, not screening. hereditary/ individuals who have had CRC before individuals who have a personal history of CRC or high risk the age of 50 years; those with family adenomas, a family history of CRC or adenomas history of multiple cases of CRC or diagnosed in any first-degree relative before age 50, HNPCC related cancers; personal or or in two or more first-degree relatives diagnosed at family history of polyposis; or any age (if not a hereditary syndrome). According to individuals with HNPCC/Lynch the ACS, individuals who have a personal history of syndrome CRC or adenomatous polyp require regular surveillance, not screening. Screening is defined by the ACS as the search for disease, such as cancer, in people without symptoms. Surveillance is considered to be the screening of individuals known to be at an increased risk. Monitoring is the follow-up after a diagnosis or treatment. Tests and Procedures for CRC Screening/Surveillance/Monitoring The objective of cancer screening is to reduce mortality through a reduction in incidence of advanced disease. It is thought that CRC screening can reach this goal through the detection of early-stage adenocarcinomas and with the detection and removal of adenomatous polyps, which are generally accepted as the nonobligate precursor lesions. There is a range of options for CRC screening for average-risk individuals. The choices fall into two general categories
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