History of the Peking Summer Palaces Under the Ch'ing Dynasty

HISTORY OF THE PEKING SUMMER PALACES UNDER THE CH'ING DYNASTY BY Carroll Brown Malone PARAGON BOOK REPRINT CORP. New York 1966 Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 66-30338 All Rights Reserved An unaltered and unabridged reprint of the work first published in Urbana 1934. Reprinted by special arrangement with the University of Illinois Press Printed in the United States of America TO ALMA EARL MALONE WHOSE LOYALTY, ENCOURAGEMENT, AND COOPERATION ARE LARGELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS STUDY FOREWORD To speak of the "Summer Palaces" of Chinese emperors is to recall the well- known lines of Coleridge: In Xanadu did Kublai Khan A stately pleasure dome decree Where Alph, the sacred river, ran Through caverns measureless to man Down to a sunless sea. Xanadu, or Shang Tu*, as the Chinese call it, is a forgotten, grass-grown ruin in Mongolia, about two hundred miles north of Peking, for Kublai was a Mongol, and, although he rebuilt and beautified the Peking which his grandfather had destroyed, he loved to spend the summer days in the wide, free world of his ancestors. The Manchus, too, had many parks and forest reserves in which they sought pleasure "far from the madding crowd." One of these was the hunting lodge at Jehol 熱河, four days journey northeast of Peking, where massive buildings in imitation of Lhasa's Tibetan lamasery were surrounded by many square miles of woodland. It was there that Chia Ch'ing 嘉慶 was killed by lightning and there that Hsien Feng 咸豐 died after being driven by British and French armies from Peking in 1860. To those who have lived in Peking the mention of "Summer Palaces" at once recalls a vision of rare loveliness, the Wan Shou Shan 萬壽山, or Hills of Long Life, the summer home of the great Empress Dowager, Tz'u Hsi 慈禧, who built it with funds raised ostensibly for the creation of a modern navy: — a placid lake of limpid water, lying at the foot of the Western Hills, high-arched bridges of white marble, beautiful gardens, palaces with roofs of golden-colored tiles, a temple for worship, and a theatre for entertainment. Near this enclosure on the northeast are the ruins of the far-famed Yuan Ming Yuan looted by French and British troops in 1860 and destroyed by the British in reprisal for the torture and murder of prisoners taken under a flag of truce. These two pleasure gardens and others now in ruins are described by Dr. Malone. *上都廣為西方認識，原因是 13 世紀馬可孛羅於此地獲忽必烈覲見，於其《遊記》中記載都城生活的奢華：「內有大理石宮殿，甚美，其房舍內皆塗金，繪重重鳥獸花木，工巧之極，技術之佳，見之足以娛樂人心目」。18 世紀英國詩人柯勒律治閱《遊記》後，於其詩篇中讚美：「上都坐忽必烈汗，恢宏皇城樂御邦」（In Xanadu did Kubla Khan, A stately pleasure- dome decree...）。後來西方人以「Xanadu」比擬作「世外桃源」。土衛六上的最大亮區俗稱為「上都」，因為沒有人知道那裡是什麼樣子。 Today Peking is no longer the capital. To assist us in forgetting its proud past, we are asked to call the place "Peip'ing," (Beiping 北平) one of the many names by which it was known in the centuries gone. The palaces are deserted and emperor and courtiers are fled into obscurity. It is well that there should be preserved some record of the beauty that once delighted the eyes of mighty monarchs. The future historian will be indebted to Dr. Malone for the painstaking labor with which he has collected the information stored in this volume. When peace shall once more be restored to unhappy China, it is to be hoped that a government of the people will not utterly neglect these memorials of the imperial splendor of an era that has passed. Edward Thomas Williams University of California ACKNOWLEDGMENT The writer wishes to acknowledge an unpaid debt of gratitude to a host of friends in China, Chinese, Manchus, and foreigners, teachers, pupils, and colleagues, sinologists, missionaries, and travelers, officials, eunuchs, and common folk, who have contributed facts and fancies, maps, materials of all kinds, and helpful suggestions. This debt is large to my Manchu friends, Ts'un Feng 存峯, Jung Hua (rong hua 榮華), and Huang Ju Lan (huang ru lan 黃汝嵐), and to the police officers, Wen and Yuan, who are mentioned in Appendix II. I am grateful to Mr. Wilfahrt of Peking, who permitted me to have copies made of his rare engravings of the foreign buildings in the old summer palace, and to the late Dr. Morrison, who allowed me to use his library before its removal to Tokyo. In America, I have been most deeply indebted to Professor Albert H. Lybyer, of the University of Illinois, for his wise and friendly guidance in the preparation of this material as a doctoral dissertation, to Dr. Harley F. MacNair of the University of Chicago, and Professor William Hung of the Harvard-Yenching Institute, for reading the manuscript and making a number of valuable suggestions for its improvement, and to the library authorities at the University of Illinois, Oberlin College, and the Library of Congress, for the loan of valuable books and manuscripts. C. B. Malone Colorado College CONTENTS I. Introduction and Summary 15 II. The Reign OF K'ang Hsi 19 III. The Reign of Yung Cheng 45 IV. The Yuan Ming Yuan in the Reign of Ch'ien Lung 61 V. Other Summer Palaces in the Reign of Ch'ien Lung 102 VI. European Influences in Ch'ien Lung's Time 134 VII. Reigns of Chia Ch'ing, Tao Kuang, and Hsien Feng 171 VIII. The Looting and Destruction of the Yuan Ming Yuan 177 IX. The New Summer Palace 194 Appendix I. Chinese Characters for Important Names 219 Appendix II. Sources and Bibliography 230 Index 241 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Emperor Ch'ien Lung, by Castiglione Frontispiece Sketch Map of the Region of the Summer Palaces, Northwest from Peking 16 Sketch Plan of K'ang Hsi's Gardens, Ch'ang Ch'un Yuan, and West Flower Garden 22 Ch'ien Lung's Archery Monument at Ch'ang Ch'un Yuan 25 Marble Trough for Emperor K'ang Hsi's Donkey 25 Emperor K'ang Hsi's Birthday Procession Approaching the Hsi Chih Men, the Northwest Gate of Peking 30 Emperor K'ang Hsi's Birthday Procession Entering the Hsi Chih Men 31 Emperor K'ang Hsi's Birthday Procession Crossing the Kao Liang Bridge, near Hsi Chih Men 33 Emperor K'ang Hsi's Palanquin in His Birthday Procession 34 The Gate of the Ch'ang Ch'un Yuan 36 The Summer Palace Region as Seen from the Pagoda at Yenching University 48 Sketch Map of the Yuan Ming Yuan, Garden of Long Spring, and Ch'i Ch'un Yuan 52 Sketch Map of the Garrisons of the Eight Banners of the Yuan Ming Yuan Guards 54 South Gate of the Plain Blue Banner Garrison 56 Courtyard of the Temple of the God of War, Inside the North Gate of the Plain Blue Banner Garrison 57 Archery Practice of the Yuan Ming Yuan Guards 58 The East Gate of the Three Banner Garrison of the Pao I 59 Approach to the Ruins of the Great Palace Gate of the Yuan Ming Yuan 68 Ch'ien Lung's Monument on the West Bank of Fan Lake, 1763 69 Main Audience Hall (Number One in "Forty Pictures," from original woodcut) 70 Main Audience Hall (Number One in "Forty Pictures," from a later reprint) 71 A Portion of the Official Map of the Yuan Ming Yuan 72 Barrows' Plan of the Hall of Audience 73 Picture of the Main Audience Hall (from Staunton's Embassy) 74 Site of the Main Audience Hall 74 The Emperor's Private Apartments 78 Ruins of Swastika Building 81 Swastika Building (Number Thirteen in "Forty Pictures") 82 The Ancestral Shrine (Number Seventeen in "Forty Pictures") 84 The Approach to the Ancestral Shrine 85 Ch'i Lin Standing amid the Ruins of the Outer Walls of the Ancestral Shrine Which He Formerly Guarded 86 Gates in the Outer Wall of the Ancestral Shrine 87 Inner Courtyard of the Ancestral Shrine 87 Huge Monolith of Water-worn Rock at the Wen Yuan Ko 90 Fang Hu Sheng Ching 92 Road South of the She Wei Ch'eng (Number Thirty-eight in "Forty Pictures") 95 Gate of the Ch'i Ch'un Yuan 97 A Water Gate in One of the Many Walls Which Divided the Ch'i Ch'un Yuan 97 A Portion of the Official Map of the Garden of Long Spring 99 Ornamental Monument by Ch'ien Lung in the Garden of Long Spring 100 Rock Garden in the Garden of Long Spring 100 Stone Lion Guarding the East Gate of the Garden of Long Spring 101 The En Yu Ssu, Temple to Emperor K'ang Hsi; the En Mu Ssu, Temple to Ch'ien Lung's Mother; Shadow Walls 105 The En Mu Ssu, from the Road 106 Military Review Tower near the Ch'ang Ch'un Yuan 107 The Old Tiger Pit at the Ch'ang Ch'un Yuan, Now Used for a Pig Pen 108 View from the Island in the K'un Ming Lake toward the Temples on the Wan Shou Shan 110 The Bronze Pavilion 113 The Very Precious Glazed Tile Pagoda 115 Hui Shan Yuan, or Grace Mountain Garden, Built by Ch'ien Lung 116 Image of Yeh-lü Ch'u-ts'ai 118 The Seventeen Arch Bridge as Seen from the Island 119 Stone Gateway East of the Green Dragon Bridge 121 Jade Fountain Hill and Stream from the Jade Fountain 123 Jade Fountain Hill as Seen from the North Side of the Wan Shou Shan 123 View from the Cliffs in the Hsiang Shan Park 124 View through the White-barked Pines in the Hsiang Shan Park 125 Glazed Tile Pagoda on the Hill behind the Tibetan Temple at Hsiang Shan 126 The T'uan Ch'eng, or Circular Wall, near the Temple of True Victory 127 The Feng Shui Wall 128 Headquarters of the Chien Jui Garrisons near Hsiang Shan 128 Watch Tower Built by Tibetan Prisoners 129 Watch Towers in the Chien Jui Garrisons near Wo Fo Ssu 130 The Square Temple and the Round Temple 131 The White Marble Pavilion in the Grove of White-barked Pines 132 Manchu Banner Troops with Muskets and Gingals 133 Sketch Plan of the Foreign Buildings 140 South Front of the Hsieh Ch'i Ch'ü (Number One of Twenty Engravings) 142 The Hsieh Ch'i Ch'ü after Its Destruction in 1860 (from Favier's Peking) 142 The Hsieh Ch'i Ch'ü after Further Destruction in 1900 and Since 142 North Side of Hsieh Ch'i Ch'ü (Number Two of

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