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Geddes) Introduction “by leaves we live” (Image: National Library of Scotland) ‘……….there is arising anew the most real and vital of all educational developments – that of starting from the local experience, seeing our world, and taking part in it……….Observe how people live and work: and this as far as may be by sharing in their work and life, from hills down to sea and back again…..So – as I have been saying all along – get beyond books, and even ball games, and into active survey, always growing and extending, of the real world around you. And seeking out, and finding out, what your life can best do to help in that, to be of service to it …..’ (Geddes) Introduction Family home at Mount Tabor Cottage, Kinnoull Hill, Perth, Scotland Tay Valley image used as an educational resource at the Outlook Tower, Edinburgh Kinnoull Tower, an inspiration for Geddes’s Outlook Towers Perth City within its valley section The Naturalist’s Classroom - Perth and its hinterland inspired Geddes’s interest in the natural world during his formative school years at Perth Academy and in his youth. Located in the scenic and historical landscape of Kinnoull Hill, his family home at Mount Tabor Cottage presented the ideal outdoor laboratory for Geddes; a place from which to explore and experience Perthshire. The Tay valley and surrounding region had an enduring influence on his life, teaching and work in places such as Edinburgh, London, Paris, Cyprus, America, India and Palestine. As Geddes described it, the family cottage had the open country at its back and an urban cultural centre in front: a strategic location in a complete natural region from mountains to sea. Examples of the many Valley Section diagrams: notations, sketches, drawings and images (Source: University of Strathclyde) The Valley Section - Geddes often used notations or as they became known ‘thinking machines’ as a means to investigate and present many of his ideas; simple and complex. An example of Geddes’s most recognised ‘thinking machine’ used throughout his life is known as the Valley Section. This particular notation was used as a means to graphically represent his observations and theories on cities and town planning. As a mapping diagram it illustrated the connectivity and interrelationship between Place - where we live, Work - what we do and Folk - who we are. It’s enduring qualities as a ‘thinking machine’ is evidence in its use and reference by many architects, planners and urbanists - past and present. Selection of Geddes’s notations: conceptual and fully developed, they became known as ‘thinking machines’ (Source: University of Strathclyde) Notations - Hugh MacDiarmid said of Geddes that he had a profound distrust of the modern habit of ‘verbalistic empaperment’. Geddes used schematics, sketches, hand written notes and notations as a means of exploring ideas through visual thinking. The use of notations clearly demonstrates an ongoing iterative process of investigation and reflective thinking throughout Geddes’s life – ‘the perfecting of this intellectual apparatus or ‘thinking-machine’ and the mapping of the world and life and time have been the great intellectual adventures of Geddes’s life’. As his ideas developed towards real world outcomes the notations became more formalised in lectures, publications and built form. Biography 1854 Born 2 October in Ballater, Aberdeenshire 1857 Family move to Mount Tabor, Perth. Attended Perth Academy 1875-1878 Studies in London (under TH Huxley), Roscoff and Paris 1884 Publishes John Ruskin: Economist 1887 Organises first summer school meeting of art and science 1889 Appointed to Chair of Botany, University College Dundee. Publishes The Evolution of Sex (with J Arthur Thomson) 1889-91 Visits Institute de Botanique, Montpellier 1891-6 Redevelopment and conservation in Royal Mile, Edinburgh 1895 Founds Franco-Scottish Society 1895-6 Publishes The Evergreen: A Nothern Seasonal 1899 + 1900 Lecture tour in USA 1900 Special summer school, Paris 1904 Publishes City Development: a Study of Parks, Gardens and Cultural Institutes: A Report to the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust 1910 Civic survey of Edinburgh at Royal Academy, London 1913 Cities and Town Planning Exhibition wins gold medal at the Exposition International, Ghent. Initial design for the Edinburgh Zoo 1915 Publishes Cities in Evolution 1915-16 Planning exhibitions in India 1919 Appointed to Chair of Sociology and Civics at Bombay University. Resigns from post in Dundee. Plans Hebrew University at Jerusalem 1924 Retires to France. Founds the College des Ecossais in Montpellier 1925 Design proposals for centre of Tel Aviv 1930 Founds Indian College in Montpellier 1932 Receives knighthood in London. Dies 17 April in Montpellier ‘it is only by thinking things out as one lives them, and living things out as one thinks them, that a man or a society can really be said to think or even live at all’ (Geddes) Geddes and botany students at University College, Dundee Principal and professors at University College, Dundee (Geddes standing behind D’Arcy Thompson) (Source: University of Dundee) (Source: University of Dundee) Geddes and friends, London (Source: University of Strathclyde) Summer school meeting of Art and Science, Courtyard of Ramsay Garden (Source: University of Strathclyde) Studies and Scholarship - Following a period of study under T.H.Huxley at the Royal School of Mines, London, Geddes continued his botanical and biological interests in Roscoff and Paris. His early studies included correspondence with great thinkers of the time including John Ruskin and Charles Darwin. In 1889 Geddes was appointed Chair in Botany, University College, Dundee. During this period, in partnership with J. Arthur Thomson, Geddes published ‘The Evolution of Sex’; the first of many collaborative academic activities with Thomson. Geddes’s continuing interest in the sharing and exchanging of ideas were developed to full effect in the organising of summer schools. A form of educational outreach programme; a Geddesian tradition that become a legacy for interdisciplinary practice and teaching culminating at the Scots College, Montpellier, France. Geddes commissioned design work from Mackintosh (Source: University of Strathclyde) MacDiarmid’s ‘The Company I’ve Kept’ referenced Geddes Hugh MacDiarmid, Poet (1892-1978) Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Architect (1868-1928) Margaret Morris, Dancer (1891-1980) Morris met her husband JD Fergusson in Paris and they Charles MacIntosh, Composer and Naturalist (1839-1922) spent much of their time in (Inspiration for Mr Macgregor - Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter) France. Morris taught classes Geddes wrote the introduction to the ‘A Perthshire Naturalist: Charles at Geddes’s summer schools, MacIntosh of Inver, by Henry Coates Scots College, Montpellier France. JD Fergusson, Artist (1874-1961) (Source: Culture Perth & Kinross) Thompson, author of ‘On Growth and Form’ was a colleague of Geddes at University College, Dundee. D’Arcy W Thompson, Biologist, Mathematician Letter from Darwin to Geddes Charles Darwin, Naturalist and Geologist and Classic Scholar (1860-1948) (1809-1882) (Source: National Library of Scotland) Influences and Connections - Throughout his life Geddes contributed to other fields of study and enquiry including science, visual arts, drama, literature and above all the Scottish tradition of Generalism. This brought Geddes into contact with many influential thinkers and creative’s of the time, some of whom contributed directly to the work and ideas of Geddes such as the Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore. The process of collaboration was fundamental to Geddes’s practice in developing such diverse interests across a broad cultural spectrum. In many projects the working partnership included family members, friends, co-operatives and professionals commissioned for specific expertise. Out with the formalities of established team work Geddes also encouraged the exchange of ideas and knowledge through organised gatherings, classes, fieldtrips and other innovative educational gatherings. The Evergreen: A Northern Seasonal (Published by Patrick Geddes and Colleagues 1895) Master Plan of Tel Aviv 1925 City Development: A Study of Park, Gardens and Culture Institutes for the Carnegie Trust, Dunfermline 1904 Cities in Evolution 1915 Independent publications Cities Exhibitions 1890’s-1931 Cities Exhibitions 1890’s - 1931 Dissemination - Exhibitions, reports and publishing were essential to Geddes’s working methods for engaging people and translating his ideas into actions. The Outlook Tower, Edinburgh become the focus and source for many of Geddes’s outreach activities; encouraging people to become more active citizens. This included public participation in the dramatisation of historical events known as ‘Masques of Learning’. Lecture series, travelling exhibitions and other public events contributed to the raising of public awareness and educational developments. Whilst not a prolific writer himself, Geddes’s publishing company was responsible for encouraging small independent publications. The extent of Geddes’s achievements were not only realised at a local and national level, a significant contribution towards the study of cities was recognised internationally. Legacy Le Carré Bleu - A publication formed in 1958 to represent the views and work of a multidisiplinary group of architects, planners, designers, philosophers and poets. One of it’s founders André Schimmerling (1912-2009) was a student at the Scots College shortly after the death of Geddes. He was responsible for actively seeking
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