Ami Retrouvé

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Ami Retrouvé L’Ami retrouvé Ou l’amitié malmenée par l’Histoire Dossier pédagogique de Marie- Anne LIEB Docteur en Etudes Cinématographiques Janvier 2011 Synopsis New York, 1988. Un vieil homme part pour l’Allemagne, prétextant un voyage d’affaires. Il est en réalité sur les traces de son passé. Un passé lointain et torturant puisqu’en 1932, ce fils d’un médecin juif assiste à la montée du nazisme. Il a alors seize ans et lie une profonde amitié avec un jeune aristocrate fortuné, dont les parents sont nazis. Hans Strauss va chercher à savoir ce qu’est devenu son ami d’enfance, Konrad Von Lorenbourg. Autopsie d’un roman Le film intitulé L’Ami retrouvé (dont le titre original anglais est Reunion) est une adaptation du livre éponyme de Fred Uhlman, paru en 1971. Celle-ci fut réalisée par le réalisateur Jerry Schatzberg et le dramaturge Harold Pinter. Fred Uhlman, né le 19 janvier 1901 à Stuttgart en Allemagne, mort à Londres en avril 1985, était un écrivain ainsi qu’un peintre britannique d'origine allemande. Si ce roman n’est pas au sens strict du terme autobiographique, nous y retrouvons néanmoins de nombreuses corrélations romancées avec la vie de son auteur. Fred Uhlman fréquente le collège de Stuttgart et ses matières de prédilection étaient les mathématiques et l’histoire à l’instar de son héros, le jeune Hans Schwarz. Il devient avocat après des études de droit commencées en 1927 à l’université de Tübingen, puis à Fribourg et Munich. Le premier plan nous présente Henry dans son bureau d’avocat new-yorkais. Par ailleurs, Uhlman eut à s’adapter comme Hans à un nouveau pays, à une nouvelle culture dès 1936. Il rencontre son épouse (Diana Page Croft) en Espagne aux prémices de la guerre civile et s’embarque en sa compagnie pour l’Angleterre en 1938. Il y installe le Comité des Artistes réfugiés un centre clairement anti-nazi pour les réfugiés et les combattants espagnols. Prisonnier en 1940 à l’île de Man pour suspicion de trahison en raison de ses origines allemandes, il fut ensuite enfermé au camp d’Hutchinson. Les internés passaient leur temps à peindre et à écouter des conférences, aussi il devient plus familier de la langue anglaise et pratiquer ses passions artistiques. Ce livre fut rédigé dès 1960 en anglais pour deux raisons qui font directement écho au personnage de Hans (onze ans furent nécessaires pour l’éditer). Fred Uhlman ne veut plus parler allemand et renie son pays d’origine. Il pense par ailleurs que son livre aura plus d’impact. La pertinence de son livre réside dans la description du mécanisme insidieux d’exclusion d’une partie de la population (juifs, étrangers, handicapés…). Au sortir de la guerre, l’auteur refuse inconditionnellement de retourner vivre là-bas. On ne peut parler ni de roman, ni de nouvelle non plus car il manque le volume, l’ampleur et la qualité panoramique caractéristique d’un roman ; il est par ailleurs trop dense pour n’être qu’une nouvelle. Ce livre est un pont entre ces deux rives que chaque scène, chaque détail aide à bâtir un système cohérent alors que les souvenirs autobiographiques évoquent le plus souvent pêle-mêle actes et paroles sans lien de causalité apparent. Portraits du réalisateur et du scénariste Jerry Schatzberg est un scénariste et réalisateur américain né le 26 juin 1927 à New York. Il a remporté le Grand Prix au Festival de Cannes 1973 avec le film L'Épouvantail. Il est l'époux de la comédienne franco-américaine Maureen Kerwin. Parallèlement au cinéma, il a présenté au public des oeuvres photographiques personnelles, après avoir été dans les années 1960 un photographe de mode estimé. Harold Pinter (né le 10 octobre 1930 et mort le 24 décembre 2008 à Londres) est un écrivain, dramaturge et metteur en scène britannique. Il a écrit pour le théâtre, la radio, la télévision et pour le cinéma. Pinter est né dans une famille d'origine russe et de religion juive du faubourg populaire d'Hockney à Londres. Durant sa jeunesse, l'auteur a été confronté au chômage, à la misère, au racisme et aux relents antisémites qui sévissaient au Royaume-Uni à l'aube de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. A Londres, il entre à la Hockney Downs Grammar School puis intègre ensuite brièvement la Royal Academy of Dramatic Art en 1948. En 1951, Pinter est admis à l'École Centrale des Arts de la Scène. La même année, il est engagé dans la troupe théâtrale ambulante irlandaise d'Anew McMaster spécialisée dans Shakespeare qui lui met le pied à l'étrier. Survient le grand succès de The Caretaker (Le Gardien) en 1960 : la pièce est rejouée et reçoit un accueil triomphal. L'auteur est rapproché de la génération des « Jeunes gens en colère », comme ses collègues John Osborne, Arnold Wesker et Edward Bond. L’œuvre de Pinter a dès le début été marquée par l’influence du théâtre de l'absurde et de Samuel Beckett. Pinter se veut l'illustrateur de l'absurdité et de l'horreur cachée du monde moderne tel qu'il apparaît après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. À partir des années 1980 et 1990, l'auteur trouve un nouveau souffle grâce à la contestation politique, se livrant à de virulentes critiques à propos de l'ère Thatcher, de l'invasion de l'Afghanistan, du libéralisme, ainsi que de la guerre du Golfe, de la dictature de Pinochet et plus tard du blairisme. Autant de précisions sur cet homme afin de comprendre son intérêt à s’engager aux côtés de Jerry Schatzberg pour ce long-métrage. Le premier scénario de Pinter, The Servant, est écrit en 1962 d'après le roman de Robin Maugham. Pinter écrit aussi le scénario de La Maîtresse du lieutenant français (The French Lieutenant's Woman), d'après le roman de John Fowles, et publie, à la demande de Joseph Losey, un script basé sur le roman de Marcel Proust, À la recherche du temps perdu, qui ne sera jamais porté à l'écran. Plusieurs des pièces de Pinter furent également adaptées pour le cinéma : The Caretaker (1963), The Birthday Party (1968), The Homecoming (1973) et Betrayal (1983) ou Reunion/ L’Ami retrouvé (1987). Adaptation Jerry Schatzberg et Harold Pinter proposent une adaptation qui met de côté l’œuvre originale et donc les allusions à la littérature : -Quand on demande à Jerry Schatzberg ce qui l’a poussé à tourner L’Ami retrouvé en Europe plutôt qu’aux Etats-Unis, dont il est originaire, il répond : « … C’est un film qui parle de relations humaines. J’ai été très touché par le livre de Fred Uhlman. Quand vous devez traiter un sujet aussi universel que celui-là, il importe peu 1 de savoir où. L’impact reste le même… » Le point de départ du film est un flash-back autour duquel les séquences du passé et du présent immédiat s’articulent. Plusieurs thèmes créent des correspondances d’une temporalité à l’autre comme la coupe de la moustache (celle du père de Hans jeune, celle de Henry/ Hans vieux imitant son père) ou bien celle en petite brosse du professeur de gymnastique raide et tyrannique qui est un écho parfait à celle d’Hitler. Jerry Schatzberg montre peu de choses de l’Allemagne de 1987, entre autres parce que l’action du récit se déroule essentiellement durant l’année 1932 mais aussi parce que les quelques lieux entrevus au présent immédiat ne sont nécessaires qu’en miroir avec le passé. Véritable puzzle, la narration de ce film joue à recomposer progressivement la topologie de cette année de l’amitié trouvée et par la suite éprouvée. « Les années 30 sont traitées dans le style rétro de la souriante mélancolie et cette douceur trompeuse crée un climat de déséquilibre et d’ambiguïté qui colle au propos (…) Un beau film, en vérité, qui allie le sens de l’évocation historique à l’influence de l’Histoire sur les 2 destinées individuelles . » L’introduction du film est constituée d’images du présent aux Etats-Unis, ainsi que de scènes en noir et blanc, d’images d’archives ou bien encore deux extraits du film L’Ange Bleu de Sternberg. Ces éléments produisent cette sensation de souvenirs éparpillés que le spectateur comme le narrateur se doit de reconstituer pour pénétrer le passé de cette amitié entre Hans et Konrad. « On reconnaît une séquence du film de Josef von Sternberg au moment où les deux amis vont au cinéma ; or on avait aperçu plus tôt un passage si bref qu’il n’était guère identifiable ; on comprend alors que cette image de tendresse 3 mensongère suggérait l’amitié trahie ». Jerry Schatzberg explique l’utilisation des différentes nuances de couleurs, l’intervention du noir et blanc pour les archives ou les tout premiers souvenirs de Henry/ Hans mais il précise aussi que le montage dans le récit au passé est de facture classique. En effet, peu de mouvements de caméra, peu de coupes brusques ou de désynchronisation temporelle. La volonté est de coller à une époque révolue et aux avancées esthétiques très récentes sans omettre le point de vue du héros qui doit être cohérent. Les éléments du décor sont rares, à l’exception bien sûr du bureau du père de Henry/ Hans et de quelques objets (paire de ciseaux, stéthoscope, portrait de famille…) en réponse au caractère sélectif de la mémoire de tout un chacun, en l’occurrence ici de Hans. Empruntons les propos de Michel Ciment pour résumer le récit ainsi : « En un sens c’est l’histoire d’une blessure de cinquante ans.
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