626 SIGRADI 2015 Introduction Exploring newExploring designframework for transportations TransportationBiomorphic Frameworks for CitiesoftheFuture that connects Bangkok with its neighbouring provinces in Bangkok provinces that with its neighbouring connects Part 1”that“Design focus onatrain station infrastructure networks (Batty, 2008,p.770). andrail of street andgeometry arrangement, topology ofgrowththe direction through physical infrastructural them intobiomorphicgrowth, wecanattempt tocontrol to understand the urban sprawltwo theories and translating metabolism movement (Miles, 2013) (Figure 1). By using the (Doxiadis,1968)andthe Doxiadis’Ekisticstheory theories, ontwocitygrowth transportation based system developed (Doxiadis,2005). Constantinos Doxiadis’Ekisticstheory growing commuting of whichalignwiththeview distances, ofthecity,sprawl, inthecore congestion irrational andever from ofagriculturalsuch as;thedissolution urban settlements imbalance causingmany problems toanecological has led futureflexible cityplanning,intermsofprojected growth, area (Tonmanee 2004,p.117).Thelackof &Kuneepong, agricultural land,forests andwater basinssurrounding that intheeliminationthe cityhasresulted existing ofvital expansionof area.the metropolitan Thisunprecedented immigration, resulting inasurgeofsuburbanization around inBangkokopportunities have toaninfluxoflabour led growth and employment in high economic Rapid increases Growth Urban Processing, Design, Generative Algorithm, Biomorphic Keywords: growth. urban and context thesurrounding thatrespondto designs we generate can process design the into systems generative biomorphic integrating thatby suggests Thispaper growth. future thesite’s respondto that will projected network ofatransportation design architectural inan implemented be can systems generative athow whichlooks framework design ofa onasection focuses Thispaper growth. balanced ecologically an to contributing whilst expansion accommodate thatwill system ofatransportation inthedesign assist potentially could generation, throughbiomorphic expansion, ofcity inthestudy Development Abstract [email protected] UniversityVictoria ofWellington,New Zealand AurelMarc Schnabel [email protected] UniversityVictoria ofWellington,New Zealand Mint Penpisuth Wallace We present hereWe present thisfirstpartofadesign research ispartofaresearch a thatThis paper proposes of integrating toinfrastructural biomorphicgrowth models illustrated inFigure 2,withthemainfocus ontheprocess Methods infrastructural design.’ into be implemented and caninfluence growth models questionsbefore ‘howbiomorphic inthepast,thispaper Problem Statement growth ofcity’snetworksystem (Doxiadis,2005,p.52). transportation infrastructure thedirectional wouldinfluence Theprogrammaticagricultural settlements. imperative ofa urban sprawl urbanization and another unbalanced between totransform sitehasahighpotential into The proposed p. 116)andtheThaiGovernment’s urban planningguideline. of agricultural land (Tonmaneedecrease 2004, & Kuneepong, growth of Bangkok on: the continual and the based chosen designers that allowsfor simulations artscoding. andvisual language (Terzidis, for sketchbook 2009),whichisasoftware using biomorphicgrowth simulation thoughProcessing our research weemploybiomorphicgrowth systems. The overall research framework for is thispaper Whist generative designsystems implemented have been Lopburi insouthern inThailand was The site is located Part on thestation 1’focuses ‘Design infrastructure design are codes that inthesoftware. areare expressed codes Recursions andAntColony Optimization Algorithms, which suchasCellularAutomata,tested, Lindenmayer Systems, (Lange, 2012). on biomorphic algorithms growthfully self-generated based high parameter inputs (lowlevels ofself-generations) to ofgrowthThis stageexplores mimicryfrom thepossibilities framework, starting with growth simulation using Processing. on relevant studiesallowsthegeneration case ofadesign from “Kolb Learning Cycle” (Kolb, 2015).Experimentation through thesystems adapted generation that hasbeen process transportationgrowth networkare oftheoptimized generated 2011) cities. (Weinstock, effects inthenetworksofurbansystemssimilar scaling and as biologicalnetworkswhichevolves over time,itfollows a that reviews suggested transportation viewed systems canbe Theliteratureduring thedesignexperimentation process. out inputanalysis toprovide which wascarried contextual 2012). Adesignbriefisthenformulated oncriticalsite based (Doxiadis, 1963)andtheMetabolism movement (Kuan&Lippit, on citygrowth, focusing mainlyontheEkisticsTheory evaluate ofintegration thepossibilities withthedesign. operate inorderto understandingof howeachmodel better design. Thestudyofbiomorphicgrowth systems allowsfor a Figure 2:Framework for Integrating toInfrastructural Growth Models Biomorphic Design. Figure 1:Research for Framework andConnections aTransportation oftheProcess onCityGrowth Theories. System Development Based After theexperimentation, the results isthentranslated ofdifferentA collection are growth then studytypes Development ofthebiomorphicgrowth system and afterrelevant literature commences The paper reviews Naito (Naito,2013). ofAsahikawa Stationfollowing byHiroshi adesignprecedent rail station. the designbrieffor astructural system ofthe highspeed areiterativeanalysis inbeing resulted to whichled process Results ontotheoverall implemented urbandesignframework.be informs thenextandwere numerousprocess revisited times. consultations, 3Dfabrications optimisations. Each andcode integrative abilities, are thenother growth tested. models However, iftheresults are unsatisfactory, intermsofdesign for designintegration Development Stage. before theDesign andintegrativecodes flexibility of possibilities tothedesign. bythe measured DevelopmentStage.Thiscanbe Design productive, itmoves tobe experimentation intothe appears at differentdesign process stages. materials, ofexport theyare integratedin thetypes intothe data (XLSfiles) for calculations Varying anddatacollection. translation (OBJ files) or Excel 3D objects of the design, virtual intovector graphicsfrom (SVGfile) Processing for 2D The Lindenmayer system, was used as a case study asacase The Lindenmayer system, was used The formulation of the design brief and the critical site Lastly, thefinaldesigniteration andwaitsto isfinished of: evaluations, Development Stageconsists The Design theoutcome tooptimise isrevisited aspect The coding During theReflective Observation Stage,ifthe 627 GENERATIVE SYSTEMS 628 SIGRADI 2015 platform theunderlying structure but for also the canopy. integrated be into the design as not only the structure for the to allowfor aneasiertransition totheplatform design. wereSpheres generated at each branch separation (Figure 6) sketch. oftheFT3D circulation tofurtherre-coding whichled onadesignevaluationtrain based ofthe were merged trainheight andwidthrequirements tracks. for high-speed the toaccommodate wasadjusted of rail systems, thecode for wasarranged of eachtree the station’s basicrequirement thescaling (Figure 5).Once to thestation inplanandsection consultation with astructural engineer. onthedesignevaluation, base fully re-coded sections some Fractal Tree with andoptimised, 3Dsketch wasmodified on designdevelopment. ofonemonth,the Over thecourse station. toStage4oftheframework whichfocuses Thisled the basicprogramStage 1determined requirements for the Output inBlender3D. toVirtual3DObject from Processing Figure 4:Framework for Integrating Growth Models Biomorphic inBlender3D.geometry the translation output of theProcessing of3Dplanestosolid (http://www.blender.org). software Modelling Figure 4shows Zoellner, in Blender 3D 2013) and the output was imported (Louis-Rosenberg for & thepluginOBJExport Processing via Paio, (Lopez, techniques &Sousa,2014). for structural loadssimilartothat ofFrei Otto’sform finding in termsofrotation ofbranches, system creating abalanced station.transport Thesketch embrace ofPi, theusagedivision the varying for possibilities integration intothedesignof Figure 3:David King’sFractal Tree 3DinProcessing. (Figure 3) and sitecontext. furthertomatch developed thedesignbrief tobe potential it isfound that David King’sFractal Tree 3D(King,2014)has At this stage, the FT3D demonstrated the possibility demonstratedto At this thepossibility stage, the FT3D The platform train andtheregular for thehigh-speed The Fractal Tree system 3D(FT3D) wasfirstintegrated requirementsThe core ofthestation formulated from The output intoanOBJfile generated wasthenexported The above sketch andtweaked totest out wasstudied After numerous testingofdifferent sketches, Processing Figure 5: Plan & Section Integration.Figure 5:Plan&Section the structure to create for space thepanelsthat would to ensure apractical design. andcapabilities inthisprocess considered specifications were ofeach branch astheygradually grow.connection Materials configurations (Figure 8). totheprevious modifications andmaterials according delivered from Processing. to strengthen theoutput modifier surface subdivision the designdevelopment towardstheutilisation ofthe core structure. toonlythe theouter surface reduce modifier and removestrengthening the base excess geometry. The bone to modifier of thisexperimentation withsub-division surface sketchthe FT3D output. Figure 7illustrates examples some of geometry withthebase were used modifiers geometric through afabrication usinganABS3Dprinter. Several canopy ofthestation. forsteel therest ofthestructure themainmaterial for the reinforced for concrete heightslowerthantheplatform and outputthe FT3D intotwomaterials, wasseparated and Platform andTransition ofTree Structure inElevation andPlan. StudiesforFigure 6:Sectional VerticalRelation oftheTree Structure The canopy was divided from each connection of from eachconnection The canopywasdivided Generations through ofthe canopywere the developed output FT3D isthentranslated Growth oftheoptimised Fabrication andtheconsultations informed process iterations wereShape thentested base oftheconcrete After several consultations with astructural engineer, the result of‘Part 2Future Urban Planning’. infrastructure designframework to isready tocorrespond that The one ofthepossibilities thisframework canproduce. train platform.high speed theground level, regular between trainadded platform, and relation tothecanopyanditsframing. canopystructure structure in tothesteel base the concrete theelementsofwholedesignfromrelationship between the form generated.accommodate Figure 9 shows the Figure 10: Final Design Iteration.Figure 10:FinalDesign Axonometric andStructure. oftheCanopy Figure 9:Exploded Result oftheTranslatedFigure 8:Optimised Output from FT3D. (right) . Modifier Surface division Figure 7:3DPrintingResults (left)andSub- withtheBoneModifier The final design iteration (Figure 10) is an example of Circulation oftheprogrammes ontheplatforms wasthen Figure 11:InteriorRendering Structure. ofCanopy 319(5864), 769-771. Batty, ofCities.Science, M.(2008).TheSize,Scale,andShape References andinfrastructuralbiomorphic growth model design. akeyintegration integration tobe toaseamless appears of and design coding the growththe relationship model between compatibility to structural elements. The understanding of which investigates and evaluates each sketch by the toinfrastructuralimplemented designusingaframework of theresearch. developbe intoanautomatic for future process inPart use 2 by theL-system. can theprocedure Withtheform finalised, Theresults (Figureprocess. 11)generated adesigninfluenced branchestree were manuallycreated through aform finding to even more optimisation oftheoutcome. each iteration. Further investigation canlead intothis process aswellthestrength of for understandingofscale abetter output from tothedesign. thebiomorphicgrowth models the were helpfulintermofassessing consultation sessions the development thedesign. ofthesketch toaccommodate tutorials from theonlinecommunities played agreat role in informed. Theavailabiltiesto be sketches and ofProcessing studiesinorderformany case theevaluation ofeachsketch forgenerated furtherdevelopment. andexported allowsforthe software basicandadvance simulations tobe coding, for ofcomputer designed artistswithbasicknowledge was for asthesoftware was anexcellent choice thispaper Discussion In conclusion, a biomorphic growth model can be canbe abiomorphicgrowth model In conclusion, ofthecanopystructureGeneration from process the Fabrication oftheelementsusing3Dprinterallows Throughout theself-evaluation and thedesignprocess, relies heavilyThis method on understanding and testing Exploration usingProcessing ofbiomorphicgrowth models 629 GENERATIVE SYSTEMS 630 SIGRADI 2015 Based onFrei Otto’sGenerativeBased Form-finding Process. J.,Lopez, Paio, A.,&Sousa,J. (2014).Parametric Urban Models world. London; Baden:LarsMüller. Kuan, S., & Lippit, Y. (2012). Kenzo Tange: architecture for the Education Pearson Ltd. New Jersey: oflearning and development. Saddle River, Upper source asthe Kolb, D. learning:experience A.(2015).Experiential openprocessing.org/sketch/153474 King, D. (2014).Fractal Tree 3D. 2015,from http://www. 72(430-435), 39-66. Doxiadis, C.A.(2005).Towards anekistictheory. Ekistics, London: Hutchinson. of humansettlements. tothescience Doxiadis, C.A.(1968).Ekistics:anintroduction Hutchinson. Doxiadis, C.A.(1963).Architecture intransition. London Design, 81(4),102-107. Design, M.(2011).Themetabolism ofthecity.Weinstock, Architectural 115. Landscapes, Planning Metropolitan change inbangkok andsuburban metropolitan areas. Tonmanee, P. N.,&Kuneepong, (2004).Impactoflanduse IN:WileyPub. language.Indianapolis, Processing Terzidis, K.(2009).Algorithmsfor designusingthe visual Tokyo-to Minato-ku :TOTO Shuppan. Naito, H.(2013).Hiroshi Naito:from protoform toprotoscape: Politics, 9(1),70-85.doi:10.1215/17432197-1907181 Cultural Modernism. Miles, M.(2013).Metabolism: AJapanese obj/ Tools 2015,from http://n-e-r-v-o-u-s.com/tools/ |OBJExport. Louis-Rosenberg, J., &Zoellner, M.(2013).Nervous Systems |