Photography Vocabulary

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Photography Vocabulary Photography Vocabulary Agitate- To move a solution over the surface of film or paper during development so that fresh liquid comes into contact with all surfaces. Aperture- The size of the lens opening through which light passes. Aperture-priority- A mode of automatic exposure in which the photographer gives priority to aperture and adjusts shutter speed accordingly. ISO/ASA- A film speed rating that describes the sensitivity to light of the film. It can also effect the grain of the film (in film photography). Automatic Focus- A system by which the lens automatically focuses on a given area. It’s abbreviated as AF. Back lighting- Lighting that comes from behind the subject. This can cause a silhouette effect on the subject being photographed. Bracket- To make several exposures, some greater and some less than the exposure calculated to be correct. Bracketing allows for error and permits selection of the best exposure. Burn- To darken a specific area of a print by giving it additional printing exposure. Camera- A picture-taking device, consisting of a light-tight box, a film holder (if it’s a film camera), a shutter to admit a measured quantity of light, and a lens to focus the image. Contact print (sometimes referred to as a contact sheet)- The process of placing a negative in contact with light sensitive paper, and then passing light through the negative on the the paper. The resulting image is the same size as the negative. Contrast- The difference in darkness or density between one tone and another. Contrast filter- A colored filter used that selectively absorbs some wavelengths of light passing though it. Crop- To trim the edges of an image, often to improve the composition. Cropping can be done by moving the camera position while viewing a scene, by adjusting the enlarger or easel during printing in the darkroom, by trimming the finished print, or by cropping a picture in a computer program (such as Photoshop for digital images). Darkroom- A room where photographs are developed and printed, sufficiently dark to handle light sensitive materials without causing unwanted exposure. Depth-of-Field- The area between the nearest and farthest points from the camera that are acceptably sharp in an image. Developer- A chemical solution that changes the invisible, latent image produced during exposure into a visible one. Dodge- To lighten an area of a print by shading it during part of the printing exposure. Easel- A holder to keep light-sensitive paper flat and in proper position. Emulsion- The light sensitive material that is on film and photographic paper. It consists of silver halide crystals and other chemicals suspended in gelatin. Enlargement- An image that is larger than the negative. It’s made by projecting an enlarged image of the negative onto light-sensitive paper. Enlarger- An optical instrument used to project an image of a negative onto light- sensitive paper. Film- The material used in a camera to record a photographic image. Its is made of light- sensitive emulsion that is flexible. Fixer- A chemical solution that makes a photographic images no longer sensitive to light. It dissolves unexposed silver halide crystals while leaving the developed silver image. F-stop- The common term for the aperture setting of a lens. Graininess- In an enlarged image, a speckled or mottled effect caused by over-sized clumps of silver in the negative. Manual exposure- A non-automatic mode of camera operation in which the photographer sets both the shutter speed and the aperture. Negative carrier- A frame that holds a negative flat in the enlarger. Photogram-An image formed by placing material directly onto a sheet of light-sensitive paper and then exposing it to light. Photomontage- A composite image made by assembling parts of several photographs together into one image. Safelight- A light used in the darkroom during printing to provide general illumination without giving unwanted exposure. They are often referred to as “red lights”. Shutter- A mechanism that opens and closes to admit light into a camera for a measured length of time. Shutter-priority- A mode of automatic exposure in which the photographer selects the shutter speed as the priority, and changes the aperture accordingly to create a properly exposed image. Solarization- A reversal of image tones that occurs when film is massively overexposed. This is usually done as an purposeful effect. Value- The relative lightness of darkness of an area. Low values are known to have “low contrast”, and high values are known to have “high contrast”. Viewfinder- A small window on the camera through which the subject is seen and framed. Wetting agent- A chemical solution used after washing film. It reduces water spots from forming..
Recommended publications
  • A Quick Guide to HDR Photography
    A quick guide to HDR photography PUBLISHED - 15 AUG 2017 Make sure that what your eye sees is what your camera captures, by using HDR in contrasty light situations. HDR – high dynamic range – imaging enables your camera to create an image that captures all the range of contrast in a scene, from the depths of the shadows to the highlights of the brightest areas. This is essentially how your eyes see, but it's a tall order for a camera to record the furthest ends of such a drastic range – if you meter for the highlights (the bright areas), you might lose detail in the shadow areas of the scene, while the other way round you risk 'blown-out' highlights. A common example is a well-exposed room interior flooded with light from the windows. If you expose to capture what's outside those windows, the room's details will be lost in shadow. Another is when shooting outdoors: the sunlight that creates bright highlights will also create dark shadows, but expose for one and you'll lose detail in the other. When you make an HDR image, on the other hand, what you see is what you're going to get, because you create it with a series of bracketed exposures to capture both the highlights and the shadow detail. 1 of 3 © NIKON SCHOOL Built-in HDR Some Nikon DSLRs have a built-in HDR mode that does it for you. Available when shooting JPEG only, it automatically takes two quick shots – the first slightly underexposed (darker) and the second exposure slightly overexposed (brighter) – then combines them in-camera to create one well-balanced, tonally wide-ranging image.
    [Show full text]
  • Still Photography
    Still Photography Soumik Mitra, Published by - Jharkhand Rai University Subject: STILL PHOTOGRAPHY Credits: 4 SYLLABUS Introduction to Photography Beginning of Photography; People who shaped up Photography. Camera; Lenses & Accessories - I What a Camera; Types of Camera; TLR; APS & Digital Cameras; Single-Lens Reflex Cameras. Camera; Lenses & Accessories - II Photographic Lenses; Using Different Lenses; Filters. Exposure & Light Understanding Exposure; Exposure in Practical Use. Photogram Introduction; Making Photogram. Darkroom Practice Introduction to Basic Printing; Photographic Papers; Chemicals for Printing. Suggested Readings: 1. Still Photography: the Problematic Model, Lew Thomas, Peter D'Agostino, NFS Press. 2. Images of Information: Still Photography in the Social Sciences, Jon Wagner, 3. Photographic Tools for Teachers: Still Photography, Roy A. Frye. Introduction to Photography STILL PHOTOGRAPHY Course Descriptions The department of Photography at the IFT offers a provocative and experimental curriculum in the setting of a large, diversified university. As one of the pioneers programs of graduate and undergraduate study in photography in the India , we aim at providing the best to our students to help them relate practical studies in art & craft in professional context. The Photography program combines the teaching of craft, history, and contemporary ideas with the critical examination of conventional forms of art making. The curriculum at IFT is designed to give students the technical training and aesthetic awareness to develop a strong individual expression as an artist. The faculty represents a broad range of interests and aesthetics, with course offerings often reflecting their individual passions and concerns. In this fundamental course, students will identify basic photographic tools and their intended purposes, including the proper use of various camera systems, light meters and film selection.
    [Show full text]
  • Approj. B~:°;L, /. £=­ •· · · {L !1
    Equipment Evaluation and Design of a Geologically-Oriented Photographic Facility for the Department of Geology and Mineralogy at The Ohio State University SENIOR THESIS-- Presented in fulfillment of requirement for the Bachelor of Science Degree at The Ohio State University Research and compilation by Cecil D. Applegate December 14, 1973 ApproJ. b~:°;l, /. £=­ •· · · {l !1. ·· Advisor...... ·· ·u· ·· · · · · · · · · · partment of Geology & Mineralogy TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Acknowledgements. • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • 2 Abstract•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 Introductory Material••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 Introduction••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 History of Photography••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 Basic Principles of Photography•••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8 Geologic Applications of Photography ••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 Design of a Geologically-Oriented Photographic Facility ••••••••• 15 The Dark:room. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 6 The Enlarger. • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • . • . • • . • . • • • • • • . • • . • • . • • • . • • . • • 20 The Print Washer••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23 Other Darkroom Accessories••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25 The Photographic Studio •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 28 The Cameras ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
    [Show full text]
  • Photographic Films
    PHOTOGRAPHIC FILMS A camera has been called a “magic box.” Why? Because the box captures an image that can be made permanent. Photographic films capture the image formed by light reflecting from the surface being photographed. This instruction sheet describes the nature of photographic films, especially those used in the graphic communications industries. THE STRUCTURE OF FILM Protective Coating Emulsion Base Anti-Halation Backing Photographic films are composed of several layers. These layers include the base, the emulsion, the anti-halation backing and the protective coating. THE BASE The base, the thickest of the layers, supports the other layers. Originally, the base was made of glass. However, today the base can be made from any number of materials ranging from paper to aluminum. Photographers primarily use films with either a plastic (polyester) or paper base. Plastic-based films are commonly called “films” while paper-based films are called “photographic papers.” Polyester is a particularly suitable base for film because it is dimensionally stable. Dimensionally stable materials do not appreciably change size when the temperature or moisture- level of the film change. Films are subjected to heated liquids during processing (developing) and to heat during use in graphic processes. Therefore, dimensional stability is very important for graphic communications photographers because their final images must always match the given size. Conversely, paper is not dimen- sionally stable and is only appropriate as a film base when the “photographic print” is the final product (as contrasted to an intermediate step in a multi-step process). THE EMULSION The emulsion is the true “heart” of film.
    [Show full text]
  • US Army Photography Course Laboratory Procedures SS0509
    SUBCOURSE EDITION SS0509 8 LABORATORY PROCEDURES US ARMY STILL PHOTOGRAPHIC SPECIALIST MOS 84B SKILL LEVEL 1 AUTHORSHIP RESPONSIBILITY: SSG Dennis L. Foster 560th Signal Battalion Visual Information/Calibration Training Development Division Lowry AFB, Colorado LABORATORY PROCEDURES SUBCOURSE NO. SS0509-8 (Developmental Date: 30 June 1988) US Army Signal Center and Fort Gordon Fort Gordon, Georgia Five Credit Hours GENERAL The laboratory procedures subcourse is designed to teach tasks related to work in a photographic laboratory. Information is provided on the types and uses of chemistry, procedures for processing negatives and prints, and for mixing and storing chemicals, procedures for producing contact and projection prints, and photographic quality control. This subcourse is divided into three lessons with each lesson corresponding to a terminal learning objective as indicated below. Lesson 1: PREPARATION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMISTRY TASK: Determine the types and uses of chemistry, for both black and white and color, the procedures for processing negatives and prints, the procedures for mixing and storing chemicals. CONDITIONS: Given information and diagrams on the types of chemistry and procedures for mixing and storage. STANDARDS: Demonstrate competency of the task skills and knowledge by correctly responding to at least 75% of the multiple-choice test covering preparation of photographic chemistry. (This objective supports SM tasks 113-578-3022, Mix Photographic Chemistry; 113-578-3023, Process Black and White Film Manually; 113-578-3024, Dry Negatives in Photographic Film Drier; 113-578-3026, Process Black and White Photographic Paper). i Lesson 2: PRODUCE A PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINT TASK: Perform the procedures for producing an acceptable contact and projection print.
    [Show full text]
  • Color Printing Techniques
    4-H Photography Skill Guide Color Printing Techniques Enlarging Color Negatives Making your own color prints from Color Relations color negatives provides a whole new area of Before going ahead into this fascinating photography for you to enjoy. You can make subject of color printing, let’s make sure we prints nearly any size you want, from small ones understand some basic photographic color and to big enlargements. You can crop pictures for the visual relationships. composition that’s most pleasing to you. You can 1. White light (sunlight or the light from an control the lightness or darkness of the print, as enlarger lamp) is made up of three primary well as the color balance, and you can experiment colors: red, green, and blue. These colors are with control techniques to achieve just the effect known as additive primary colors. When you’re looking for. The possibilities for creating added together in approximately equal beautiful color prints are as great as your own amounts, they produce white light. imagination. You can print color negatives on conventional 2. Color‑negative film has a separate light‑ color printing paper. It’s the kind of paper your sensitive layer to correspond with each photofinisher uses. It requires precise processing of these three additive primary colors. in two or three chemical solutions and several Images recorded on these layers appear as washes in water. It can be processed in trays or a complementary (opposite) colors. drum processor. • A red subject records on the red‑sensitive layer as cyan (blue‑green). • A green subject records on the green‑ sensitive layer as magenta (blue‑red).
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Camera Basics Slides
    DIGITAL CAMERA BASICS BRIC AGENDA • Part 1: Camera Basics • Part 2: Composition PART 1: CAMERA BASICS • The exposure triangle • Depth of field, macro, focus • Shooting modes: Automatic, AV, TV, Manual • White balance • Holding the camera, angles, position THE EXPOSURE TRIANGLE LIGHT METER THE EXPOSURE TRIANGLE: ISO • Film speed, sensor sensitivity: 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200 • Each setting is double or half the brightness than the previous • Low ISO = sharper pictures • High ISO = lowers the light you need • Trade off: while it offers more flexibility, the higher the ISO, the grainier the picture THE EXPOSURE TRIANGLE: ISO ISO 100 ISO 3200 from digital photography school THE EXPOSURE TRIANGLE: ISO A few questions to ask yourself: 1. Do I have a tripod? 2. Do I want a grainy shot? 3. How is the light? 4. Is the subject still or moving around? Situations where you may need a higher ISO: 1. Indoor sporting events 2. Concerts, galleries, churches 3. Birthdays, or dinners THE EXPOSURE TRIANGLE: ISO Rules of thumb: Use a tripod if you can Try to shoot with the lowest ISO possible Rest camera on a solid surface if there's no tripod Hold your breath LET'S TRY IT! Set your camera to the following manual settings: Shutter Speed: 1/60 Aperature: 2.8 ISO: Shoot the same object four times with four different ISO settings, write down which picture has which ISO. What do you notice? THE EXPOSURE TRIANGLE: SHUTTER SPEED THE EXPOSURE TRIANGLE: SHUTTER SPEED Refers to how much time the shutter is open (in seconds) 1/4000, 1/2000, 1/1000, 1/500, 1/250,
    [Show full text]
  • Making the Transition from Film to Digital
    TECHNICAL PAPER Making the Transition from Film to Digital TABLE OF CONTENTS Photography became a reality in the 1840s. During this time, images were recorded on 2 Making the transition film that used particles of silver salts embedded in a physical substrate, such as acetate 2 The difference between grain or gelatin. The grains of silver turned dark when exposed to light, and then a chemical and pixels fixer made that change more or less permanent. Cameras remained pretty much the 3 Exposure considerations same over the years with features such as a lens, a light-tight chamber to hold the film, 3 This won’t hurt a bit and an aperture and shutter mechanism to control exposure. 3 High-bit images But the early 1990s brought a dramatic change with the advent of digital technology. 4 Why would you want to use a Instead of using grains of silver embedded in gelatin, digital photography uses silicon to high-bit image? record images as numbers. Computers process the images, rather than optical enlargers 5 About raw files and tanks of often toxic chemicals. Chemically-developed wet printing processes have 5 Saving a raw file given way to prints made with inkjet printers, which squirt microscopic droplets of ink onto paper to create photographs. 5 Saving a JPEG file 6 Pros and cons 6 Reasons to shoot JPEG 6 Reasons to shoot raw 8 Raw converters 9 Reading histograms 10 About color balance 11 Noise reduction 11 Sharpening 11 It’s in the cards 12 A matter of black and white 12 Conclusion Snafellnesjokull Glacier Remnant.
    [Show full text]
  • Owner's Manual Read Before Using
    Preparation Basic Advance Read before using Owner’s Manual this camera. Mode Thank you for purchasing this product. Please follow the instructions given in this manual carefully. Features d The 28mm F2.8 and 38mm F2.8 SUPER-EBC FUJINON lens delivers high quality images. d The program AE mode offers beginners easy photo taking while the aperture AE mode widens the range of expression. d High-speed shutter up to 1/500 sec. with aperture setting of F2.8 enables various photos to be taken. d The viewfinder display shows all functions you need such as shutter speed (in 1/2 step) and the exposure modes. d Versatile aperture techniques realized with the easy-to-use exposure compensation dial and AEB (Auto Exposure Bracketing) function. d The separate AF lock button best suitable for snapshot photography d The film sensitivity mode enables you to set the film speed (ISO) manually. d N mode generates “natural” photos with non-flash shooting while using an ultra-sensitive film. Accessories The product includes following accessories. Make sure to check the contents of the package. Lithium battery CR2 (1) Owner’s Manual (this document) (1) Neck Strap (1) Warranty Certificate (1) 2 Contents Features ......................................... 2 Mode Important Safety Notice .......................... 4 Selecting Modes ............................. .40 Part Names. ..................................... 6 List of Modes ................................ .43 Preparation Selecting Flash Mode ........................ .44 e AEB (Auto Exposure Bracketing) Attaching the Strap........................... .12 Photography . 48 Loading the Battery .......................... .12 m Manual-Focus Photography . 52 Turning the Camera ON ...................... 14 b Bulb Photography . 56 Turning the Camera OFF..................... 14 T Self Timer Photography .
    [Show full text]
  • I the Journal of \ Photographic Science
    i- i The Journal of i \ Photographic Science SEP 15 1969 JULY / AUGUST 1969 • • ' !, ' • ,, , ': • I I VOLUME 17 NUMBER 4 • 0 • • • . ... CONTENTS PHOTOGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAVURE: HISTORY OF PHOTOMECHANICAL REPRODUCTION E. OSTROFF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPEED AND GRAIN SIZE G. C. FARNELL MICROIMAGE PHOTORESIST EVALUATION K. G. CLARK and R. G. TURNER HIGH SPEED PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF LUBRICATED CONTACTS USING OPTICAL INTERFEROMETRY F. J. WESTLAKE and A. CAMERON FUTURE MEETINGS The Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain Ostroff: Photography and Photogravure 101 Photography and Photogravure: History of Photomechanical Reproduction EUGENE OSTROFF Curator of Photography, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. ABSTRACT. The first practicable photomechanical system-contact-screen photogravure-was invented in 1852 by W. H.F. Talbot of England. Many of the approaches introduced by Talbot are still used in current practice: contact cross-line "master" and "working" screens: metal plate etching through a bichromated gelatin emulsion: etching with ferric chloride solutions of different concentrations: and selective local etching for "retouching" purposes. To provide the tiny image ink-holding components in the printing plate, Talbot used fine gauze fabrics for the contact cross-line screens and fine resin particles (aquatint) applied as a powder or liquid. He also experimented with contact screens of ruled lines on paper: scored cartilage: waxed paper with scribed lines: aquatint pattern on paper and a blackened film with uniform grid of clear circular openings. INTRODUCTION By 1852, the year in which the first practicable photo- this coating was insufficient for camera exposures but ade- mechanical system was introduced, two different approaches quate for photogenic drawings (photograms) and contact had been devised-heliogravure (1826), and chemically etched printing.
    [Show full text]
  • Black & White Photography PGY 3406C CRN:15845 Pre-Reqs
    Photo by Keith Carter Black & White Photography PGY 3406C CRN:15845 Pre-reqs: PGY 2800C, ART 2600C, or permission of the department Florida Atlantic University- Fall 2018 VA 116 Tuesdays + Thursdays from 9-11:50am Professor: Sharon Lee Hart [email protected] Office Hours: Tuesdays/Thursdays 1-2pm and by appointment Course Description: This course concentrates on analog black and white photography and will utilize pinhole and film cameras. Initially the focus is on the acquisition of necessary technical skills in printing, film processing, and darkroom practices. Through projects, readings and critiques, students will continue working on critical issues in photography as well as on composition and content. Analog/digital hybrid practices will be explored. A working 35mm film camera with manual controls and a tripod are required. Course Objectives: -Develop an understanding of the technical basics of B&W analog photography -Gain knowledge about creating compelling black and white imagery -Develop the ability to process and print 35mm film -Further develop the ability to use photography to communicate an idea visually. -Enhance critical writing skills and visual literacy that allow for the evaluation of the content and aesthetics of a photograph -Develop an appreciation for the medium through the study of past and contemporary photographers. -Gain/strengthen research skills. Learning Methods: Formal demonstrations, hands on practice, readings, lectures, research projects, class discussions, photographic assignments in and out of class and critiques. Attendance Students are expected to attend all of their scheduled University classes and to satisfy all academic objectives as outlined by the instructor. The effect of absences upon grades is determined by the instructor, and the University reserves the right to deal at any time with individual cases of non-attendance.
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Photographic Techniques
    /O 7* - NASA SP-5914(02) , U^^ COPY TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION SELECTED PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES A COMPILATION NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Eoreword- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Atomic Energy Commission have established a Technology Utilization Program for the rapid dissemination of information on technological developments which have potential utility outside the aerospace and nuclear communities. By encouraging multiple application of the results of their research and development, NASA and AEC earn for the public an increased return on the investment in aerospace research and development programs. This publication is part of a series intended to provide such technical information. A selection has been made of methods, devices, and techniques developed in the field of photography during implementation of space and nuclear research projects. These items include many adaptations, variations, and modifications to standard hardware and practice, and should prove inter- esting to both amateur and professional photographers and photographic tech- nicians. This compilation is divided into two sections. The first section presents techniques and devices that have been found useful in making photolab work simpler, more productive, and higher in quality. Section two deals with modi- fications to and special applications for existing photographic equipment. Additional technical information on individual devices and techniques can be requested by circling the appropriate number on the Reader Service Card in- cluded in this compilation. Unless otherwise stated, NASA and AEC contemplate no patent action on the technology described. We appreciate comment by readers and welcome hearing about the relevance and utility of the information in this compilation. Technology Utilization Office National Aeronautics and Space Administration NOTICE • This document was prepared under the sponsorship of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
    [Show full text]