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ERDC TR-06-11 Screening Level Ecological Risk Assessments of Some Military Munitions and Obscurant-related Compounds for Selected Threatened and Endangered Species Katherine Von Stackleberg, Craig Amos, C. Butler, October 2006 Thomas Smith, J. Famely, M. McArdle, B. Southworth, and Jeffrey Steevens Engineer Research and Development Center Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ERDC TR-06-11 October 2006 Screening Level Ecological Risk Assessments of Some Military Munitions and Obscurant-related Compounds for Selected Threatened and Endangered Species Katherine Von Stackleberg, Craig Amos, C. Butler, J. Famely, M. McArdle, and B. Southworth Menzie-Cura & Associates, Inc. 8 Winchester Place, Suite 202 Winchester, MA 01890 Thomas Smith Construction Engineering Research Laboratory PO Box 9005 Champaign, IL 61826-9005 Jeffrey Steevens Environmental Laboratory 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199 Final Report Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Prepared for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 Under Work Unit #3B6GFD ABSTRACT: Preparation for anticipated, unknown, and invariably adverse battlefield conditions requires military train- ing activities involving military smokes and obscurants (S&Os) and related chemical compounds, and can result in the release of other chemical agents and military unique compounds (MUCs) associated with munitions. This study evalu- ates the potential long-term impacts on selected threatened and endangered species resulting from dispersion and deposi- tion of vapors and particles found in the fog oils, hexachloroethane smoke, colored smokes, white phosphorus, and ob- scurants such as brass flakes and graphite flakes used during training. Residue from these constituents can deposit directly on plants and prey species favored by higher vertebrates and other species or can be taken up by plants and prey species from the soil. From the literature and installation use reports, the authors develop estimates of toxicity and expo- sure to calculate installation-specific screening-level risk for selected threatened and endangered species. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN IT IS NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR. ERDC TR-06-11 iii Contents List of Figures and Tables .............................................................................................................. vi Conversion Factors....................................................................................................................... viii Preface............................................................................................................................................... ix 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Background......................................................................................................................... 1 Objective............................................................................................................................. 4 Approach ............................................................................................................................ 4 Mode of Technology Transfer ............................................................................................. 5 2 Description of Installations....................................................................................................... 6 Fort Rucker, Alabama ......................................................................................................... 6 Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona .......................................................................................... 7 Fort Irwin, California............................................................................................................ 7 Fort Benning, Georgia ........................................................................................................ 8 Fort Gordon, Georgia........................................................................................................ 10 Fort Stewart, Georgia........................................................................................................ 11 Fort Campbell, Kentucky .................................................................................................. 12 Fort Knox, Kentucky ......................................................................................................... 12 Fort Polk, Louisiana.......................................................................................................... 13 Camp Shelby, Mississippi................................................................................................. 14 Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri ........................................................................................... 15 Fort Bragg, North Carolina................................................................................................ 15 Fort Sill, Oklahoma ........................................................................................................... 17 Fort Jackson, South Carolina ........................................................................................... 18 Camp Bullis, Texas (and Fort Sam Houston, Texas)........................................................ 20 Fort Hood, Texas .............................................................................................................. 20 Wind Rose Information ..................................................................................................... 21 3 Problem Formulation............................................................................................................... 88 Selection of Assessment Endpoints.................................................................................. 88 Selection of Measurement Endpoints............................................................................... 88 Profiles for Receptors of Concern .................................................................................... 89 Indiana Bat .................................................................................................................................. 89 iv ERDC TR-06-11 Gray Bat ......................................................................................................................................91 Gopher Tortoise........................................................................................................................... 93 Desert Tortoise ............................................................................................................................ 95 Red-cockaded Woodpecker ........................................................................................................97 Black-capped Vireo ..................................................................................................................... 99 Golden-cheeked Warbler........................................................................................................... 100 Conceptual Model........................................................................................................... 102 Smoke and obscurant exposure pathways................................................................................102 Munitions related chemical exposure pathways ........................................................................ 103 4 Exposure Assessment .......................................................................................................... 117 Step 1: Determine Constituent Use at Each Installation................................................ 117 Step 2: Determine Chemical Profiles of Smokes and Obscurants and Munitions......... 117 General Munitions Database ..................................................................................................... 118 Smokes and obscurants ............................................................................................................ 121 Expected Soil Concentrations ........................................................................................ 121 Modeling Contaminant Migration.................................................................................... 122 Predicted concentrations in tree foliage and herbaceous plants................................................ 122 Predicted concentrations in terrestrial insects ...........................................................................124 Predicted concentrations in aquatic insects...............................................................................124 Predicted Doses to Receptors of Concern ..................................................................... 125 5 Effects Assessment...............................................................................................................127 Literature Review............................................................................................................ 127 Characterize the