Methods for Evaluation of Waste Management in Thailand in Consideration of Policy, Environmental Impact and Economics

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Methods for Evaluation of Waste Management in Thailand in Consideration of Policy, Environmental Impact and Economics Methods for Evaluation of Waste Management in Thailand in Consideration of Policy, Environmental Impact and Economics vorgelegt von M.Eng. Poonsak Chanchampee aus Bangkok, Thailand Von der Fakultät III – Prozesswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften Dr.-Ing. genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. M. Finkbeiner Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dr. h.c. B. Bilitewski Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. S. Rotter Gutachter: Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Siebel Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 28.05.2009 Berlin 2010 D 83 Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to dedicate my work to my family. Without them, I could not have any inspiration to achieve the Ph.D. degree. Although my father has gone since I had enrolled only three months as a Ph.D. student at TU. Berlin. ‘Do not give up’ the last voice that he spoke to me at Bangkok international airport three years ago still be kept in my mind. If you were here today, I would say to you that your slogan is valuable and effective. My mother, she does not only finance me but also provides me the last resource of problem solving. I also thank to my family who support all of my life and look after our love mom during her tough time. Secondly, I would like to thank my Professor Dr.-Ing Susanne Rotter for valuable suggestions and supports throughout my study. Your willingness and enthusiasm are the key of this achievement. In addition, I would like to thank Prof. Dr.-Ing.habil Dr. h.c. B. Bilitewski, Institute of Waste Management and Contaminated Sites Treatment, Technical University Dresden, Germany and Ass. Prof Dr. Maarten A. Siebel, Department of Environmental Resources, UNESCO-IHE, The Netherlands who evaluate and assist for dissertation review. Finally, I would like to thank my fellow PhD students and colleagues in Department of Solid Waste Management for doing a lot of supports. I want to thank Prof. Dr. Thomas H. Christensen and staff of Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark who give valuable suggestion for using the EASEWASTE software in developing country. I also thank staff of the Bureau of environment, Bangkok metropolitan administration, Suratthani city municipality, Angthong town municipality, Wiangfang township Municipality, Kudkao sub-district administration, and all assisting persons helping me on data collection. Summary The waste hierarchy has been a basic principle in worldwide waste management. In Thailand, a waste management policy for 2011 has been set up with various purposes: a 30% recycling target aims to promote a waste hierarchy concept. A 40% safe residual waste management policy proposes the protection of environmental impact and human health. In addition, an 8% alternative energy target proposed 102.5 MW energy recovered from municipal solid waste. To comply with such policies, the assessment of available infrastructure is essential. In addition, due to budget limitations, the priorities of waste management need to be considered. To support decision making, three decision support tools are used. The anticipation of various waste managements in 2011 as well as an assessment of treatment, disposal and secondary material processing infrastructures is performed using material flow analysis (MFA). Life cycle assessment (LCA) and full cost accounting (FCA) provide information on the potential environmental impact and full costs of the target achievement, respectively. These two latter tools are used to prioritize seven waste management options related to waste management and alternative energy policies. In this study, the four largest secondary materials such as glass, paper, plastic and steel are assessed the effect from future waste management. The results show that recyclable waste in municipal boundaries alone cannot fulfil the 30% recycling target based on the assumption of maintaining the secondary fraction of the base case in 2005. The formation of recycling networks in rural areas, therefore, is required. In terms of nationwide considerations, a maximum recycling rate of about 42% can be proposed based on the available production capacity. The recycling target causes an over- demand in the glass industry, whilst the remaining three secondary materials can be managed by the current infrastructure. The effects of policies on the treatment and disposal infrastructures reveal remarkable developments. An alternative achievement of the 30% recycling target with biological waste recovery would require about 2.2 Mt of composting facility capacity (10-fold increase of the existing capacity). To boost safe residual waste management to 40%, an upgrade of 373 engineered and open dumping landfills for the open dumping diversion scenario and 107 engineered landfills for both open burning diversion and home composting options are required. With regard to the alternative energy target, three anaerobic digestion plants and four incinerators are needed. The major source of the environmental impact of waste management in Thailand is through the open burning of unspecified waste. As a result, a safe residual waste management with open burning diversion reveals the largest reduction of impact potential compared to i other policy achievements. The 30% recycling policy reveals marked total expenses compared to the other policies. Nevertheless, with regard to the revenue from secondary materials, only the recycling policy shows negative net costs. In terms of setting up waste management priorities based on impact potential and an economic analysis, the safe management of unspecified waste in rural boundaries becomes the most favorable option for future waste management in Thailand. In this sense, the waste hierarchy concept is not the most preferable waste management form in Thailand where principally non-hygienic waste management, open burning in particular, is operated. This study demonstrates a situation using decision support tools based on life cycle thinking for municipal solid waste management in a developing country where the limits of waste treatment/disposal options and a lack of local databases are clear. To support decision making, the development of national information on waste management is essential. Keywords: National municipal solid waste policy, secondary materials, decision support tools, material flow analysis, life cycle assessment, full cost accounting, infrastructure assessment, Thailand ii Zusammenfassung Die Abfallhierarchie ist eines der allgemeinen Grundprinzipien in der Abfallwirtschaft. Thailand hat in verschiedenen Politikplänen abfallwirtschaftliche Ziele für 2011 festgelegt: • Mit dem 30-% Recyclingziel soll der Abfallhierarchie gefolgt werden. • Das Ziel von mindestens 40 % geordneter Restabfallentsorgung soll die Umwelt und die menschliche Gesundheit vor schädlichen Einflüssen schützen. • Zudem soll 8 % erneuerbarer Energie aus Siedlungsabfällen erzeugt werden, was einer prognostizierten zu installierenden Leistung von 102,5 MW entspricht. Um diese Ziele durchsetzen zu können, ist eine Bewertung der vorhandenen Infrastruktur unerlässlich. das beschränkte Budget muss ebenfall bei einer Prioritätensetzung für das Abfallmanagement betrachtet werden. Um Entscheidungen treffen zu können, wurden drei Entscheidung-Tools benutzt. Die Prognose von verschiedenen Szenarien, die der allgemeinen Thailändischen Abfallpolitik im Jahre 2011 folgen, wie auch die Bewertung der Behandlung, der Ablagerung und der Herstellung von Sekundärrohstoffen wurde mit Hilfe der Stoffflussanalyse (SFA) durchgeführt. Das Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) und das Full Cost Accounting (FCA) liefern Informationen über mögliche Umweltwirkungen und die jeweiligen Gesamtkosten zur Zielerreichung. Die genannten Entscheidungs-Tools wurden genutzt, um sieben Szenarien des Abfallmanagement und der alternativen Energiepolitik zu proirisieren. In dieser Studie werden die vier bedeutendsten als Sekundärrohstoffe in Frage kommenden Fraktionen Glas, Papier, Kunststoffe und Stahl auf ihre Relevanz auf das zukünftige Abfallmanagement hin bewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass, unter der Annahme einer gleichbleibenden Sekundärrohstoffmenge bezogen auf das Jahr 2005, die Menge recyclebarer Abfälle allein aus städtischen Regionen nicht ausreicht um das 30 % Recyclingziel im Jahr 2011 zu erreichen. Die Errichtung von Recyclingnetzwerken in ländlichen Umgebungen ist daher unabdingbar. In Hinblick auf eine landesweite Betrachtung und der vorhanden Verarbeitungskapazitäten für sekundäre Rohstoffe könnte eine maximale Recyclingrate von etwa 42 % erreicht werden. iii Das Recyclingziel verursacht einen zusätzlichen Bedarf an Recycling-Infrastruktur in der Glasindustrie, während die Recyclingziele der Eisen-Metall, Papier und Kunststoffe auch im Zielszenario 2011 durch die momentane Infrastruktur abgefangen werden können. Der Einfluss der Politik auf die für Behandlung und Ablagerung notwendige Infrastruktur weisen noch beachtlichen Entwicklungsbedarf auf. Eine alternative Erreichung des 30 % Recyclingziels mit Hilfe der Sammlung von biologischem Abfall würde etwa 2,2 Mt Kompostierkapazitäten erfordern, was einer 10-fachen Steigerung der momentanen Kapazität entsprechen würde. Um ein den Anteil der geordneten Restabfallentsorgung auf 40 % anzuheben, wäre ein Aufrüstung auf 373 technisch fortschrittliche Deponien gegenüber der offenen Ablagerung und 107 technisch fortschrittliche Deponien für eine Änderung weg vom unkontrollierten Verbrennung sowie Eigenkompostierungs-Optionen
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