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Ductile Iron Pipe Subaqueous Crossings

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Ductile Iron Pipe Subaqueous Crossings DUCTILE IRON PIPE SUBAQUEOUS CROSSINGS ® DUCTILE IRON PIPE SUBAQUEOUS CROSSINGS Typical ball and socket river Introduction crossing joints. UCTILE IRON pipe with boltless ball and socket joints Dis an extremely versatile pro- duct for use in subaqueous construction. Important in this context are the flexibility and the restraint Flex-Lok ® (4” - 24”) against joint separation provided by the ball and socket. In addition, the proven strength and durability of Ductile Iron pipe assure a trouble-free installation and a maintenance-free pipeline. The high pressure rating and large safety factors used in the design of this pipe also Flex-Lok ® (30” - 54”) provide assurance against unforeseen pressure increases. Although Ductile Iron pipe with ball and socket joints is not inexpensive compared with the various types of land piping, its adaptability with respect to rigorous construction techniques and its long, dependable service life make it a prudent choice for subaqueous crossings. Snap-LOK ™ (6” - 24”) The installation of underwater pipe- lines is a challenging undertaking, and in order to achieve maximum economy, the constructor must be free to choose the best procedure for a particular job. Since the available construction methods are demanding not only on the skill of the contractor but also on the strength and versatility of the pipe material, that material most suitable to the widest range of installation methods should be Ball and Socket (6” - 36”) specified. The characteristics of Ductile Iron subaqueous pipe have for many years made it a favorite of utilities, engineers, and contractors. This brochure will present general methods of construction that are used in installing Ductile Iron ball and socket pipe and the factors that must be considered in choosing the proper USIFLEX ® (4” - 36”) procedure for a specific project. The first section discusses the basic characteristics of the ball and socket joint, followed by a discussion of the various underwater construction prac- tices and the several factors that must be considered to successfully install sub- aqueous pipelines. USIFLEX ® (42” - 48”) 1 The Joint The ball and socket joints available for Ductile Iron pipe are boltless. They consist of a precision-machined ball which fits into a machined socket, a rubber gasket to provide a pressure-tight seal, and a retainer ring which provides longitudinal restraint. The joint is designed so that the rubber gasket is properly compressed and the joint is leak-free throughout the full range of deflection. Maximum deflection is 15º per joint in sizes up to and including 24-inch pipe; in sizes 30-inch and larger, maximum 1 Above:W orkers use come-alongs while installing Ductile Iron pipe with boltless ball and socket deflection varies from 12 /2º to 15º. At joints. These joints consist of a precision-machined ball that fits into a precision-machined maximum deflection, the joint remains socket, a rubber gasket that provides a pressure-tight seal, and a retainer ring that provides pressure-tight and retains the full flow longitudinal restraint. The joint is leak-free throughout the full range of deflection. area available in the undeflected joint. Below:I n many subaqueous installations, the majority of the assembly can be done on dry land. Here, a crew lowers a piece of Ductile Iron pipe into place on top of a launching ramp from which cables will pull it across the water. Good design practice dictates that no Each manufacturer provides detailed Above: An installation crew member is shown driving a steel joint be installed in a final position in a instructions for the proper and most wedge into a pipeline joint. The fully deflected alignment. This allows for efficient assembly of its particular wedge provides a lock that slightly more deflection, if needed, joint. Special lubricant which clings prevents rotation of the locking during subsequent settlement of the line. tenaciously to joining surfaces is recom- gland after assembly. For design purposes, the deflection mended for underwater or extremely Next Page:For some pipe sizes, should be limited to 80 percent of the wet installation conditions (this includes it is necessary to provide maximum recommended by the manu- cases where water is flowing into and out additional buoyancy to float the facturer. Ductile Iron ball and socket pipe of joints during installation). Such special pipe into position. Here, steel is normally furnished in 18- and 20-feet lubricant can be obtained from pipe drums are used for that purpose. nominal laying lengths, depending on the manufacturers. particular pipe being used. Where greater deflection of the line is required Construction Methods than is available in one joint, pipe of short laying lengths can usually be furnished to Ductile Iron pipe with ball and socket provide additional deflection. joints is adaptable to the full range of The Ductile Iron ball and socket subaqueous construction methods; joints are designed to provide end therefore, the constructor is free to restraint against joint separation not only select the most economical procedure. due to internal pressure in service, but The method used will necessarily be also against the large longitudinal loads unique to the requirements and specifi- that may be encountered during cations of each particular job. construction. Allowable safe end loads There are three general categories of for each type of joint can be supplied by construction techniques employed in the manufacturer. Assembly of the ball laying subaqueous pipelines: the pipe can and socket joints is relatively simple. be assembled on one bank and pulled 3 into place from the other bank; the pipe In the vast majority of installations, smaller sizes, generally 4-inch through can be lowered from a barge; or the the pipe is pulled along the bottom 16-inch, is heavier than the water it water can be diverted and the pipe laid in through a previously prepared trench. It displaces and will not float even when it a dry trench according to normal good is recommended that the first length of contains no water. installation practice. pipe be floated in order to prevent its Additional buoyancy can be provided Bank installation. Except in small, leading end from digging into the trench for long pulls or for the flotation method shallow streams where the water can bottom. While this method is preferable, of installation by attaching steel drums or easily be diverted, assembly of the pipe the line may be floated into position and other flotation devices to the pipe as it is on a bank and pulling the line into place subsequently lowered to the bottom if assembled. from the opposite bank is usually the dictated by rough bottom or other Ductile Iron ball joint pipe, par- most economical means of construction. circumstances. If the line is floated into ticularly in the 18-inch and larger sizes, Joints should be assembled in line with position, it should be lowered to the may be lighter than the water it displaces the crossing and pulled as straight as bottom in a controlled manner to avoid and therefore float when empty of water. possible to avoid over-deflection of the damage to the pipe. In such instances, Heavier classes of pipe may be available joints and excessive beam loads during particular care should be taken to avoid for installations where flotation is not installation. over-deflection of joints in the bank desired or weights may be attached to In this method, sections of pipe approach locations. In such installations, the pipe to overcome buoyancy. consisting of one or more lengths are it may also be necessary to consider the Buoyancy data for each type of ball assembled on the bank. The assembled effects of fluid drag on the pipeline due to pipe can be supplied by the manufacturer. section of the line is then pulled into current, etc. When employing the pulling method, the water and the process repeated until It is highly recommended to cap or a cable or harness is attached behind the the installation is complete. The pulling plug the lead end of the first pipe to first joint and the pulling cable is secured force is usually provided by a winch prevent water from entering, thereby to the lead end to keep it up during located on the opposite bank, attached providing buoyancy and reducing the end pulling. Special pulling flanges are also to the leading end of the line by a steel pull required to move the pipe once it is available from some manufacturers. cable. in the water. Ductile Iron ball joint pipe in Under certain conditions it may be 4 advisable to provide the lead end with a The length of the crossing is another Next Page:F inishing assembly sled to reduce resistance from the trench important factor. For extremely long touches are made to a Ductile Iron pipe joint. This particular pipeline is bottom. crossings, the pulling force required to cradled in an inclined launching ramp To determine whether the pulling move the entire line may be excessive. that prevents the pipe from touching method of construction is appropriate for Also, strong currents may preclude the ground. This facilitates clean joints a given job, several factors must be floating the pipeline into position or and will make it easier and faster to considered. First, there must be access require special alignment control. pull the pipeline across the water. to the banks. On the assembly bank, When the pulling method is employed, Below:P ortions of three parallel there must be room to store the a ramp is often constructed extending into pipelines assembled on land are shown pipe, to accommodate the pipe-handling the water from the assembly bank. The prior to their being pulled across the equipment, and to effect the assembly.
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