Treaty of Peace Between the Allied & Associated Powers and Turkey Signed at Sevres
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Treaty of Versailles I
Treaty of Versailles I. Wilson’s Vision forWorld Peace A. Fourteen Points to End All Wars 1. Wilson’s first goal was to eliminate the causes of wars by calling for an end to secret agreements and alliances, protecting freedom of the seas, and reducing armaments. 2. Wilson’s second goal was to ensure the right to self-determination so ethnic groups and nationalities could live under governments of their own choosing. 3. The last of the fourteen points called for setting up a League of Nations to ensure world peace. B. Wilson’s Unusual Decisions 1. Wilson broke with tradition by traveling out of the United States while president to lead the U.S. delegation to the peace conference in Paris. 2. Wilson weakened his position when he asked Americans to support Democrats in the 1918 midterm elections, but then the Republicans won a majority in Congress. 3. Wilson made matters worse by choosing all Democrats and only one Republican to serve as the other delegates to the peace conference. II. Ideals Versus Self-Interest at Versailles A. Peace Without Victory Gives Way to War Guilt and Reparations 1. Wilson’s vision for a peaceful world was different from the vision of other Big Four leaders. 2. France’s Georges Clemenceau was most concerned about French security. 3. David Lloyd George wanted Germany to accept full responsibility for the war through a warguilt clause and reparations. 4. Wilson tried to restrain from punishing Germany but ultimately agreed to gain support for the League of Nations. B. Self-Determination Survives, but Only in Europe 1. -
World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives
AP European History: Period 4.1 Teacher’s Edition World War I Concept Learning Outline Objectives I. Long-term causes of World War I 4.1.I.A INT-9 A. Rival alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente SP-6/17/18 1. 1871: The balance of power of Europe was upset by the decisive Prussian victory in the Franco-Prussian War and the creation of the German Empire. a. Bismarck thereafter feared French revenge and negotiated treaties to isolate France. b. Bismarck also feared Russia, especially after the Congress of Berlin in 1878 when Russia blamed Germany for not gaining territory in the Balkans. 2. In 1879, the Dual Alliance emerged: Germany and Austria a. Bismarck sought to thwart Russian expansion. b. The Dual Alliance was based on German support for Austria in its struggle with Russia over expansion in the Balkans. c. This became a major feature of European diplomacy until the end of World War I. 3. Triple Alliance, 1881: Italy joined Germany and Austria Italy sought support for its imperialistic ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa. 4. Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty, 1887 a. It promised the neutrality of both Germany and Russia if either country went to war with another country. b. Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew the reinsurance treaty after removing Bismarck in 1890. This can be seen as a huge diplomatic blunder; Russia wanted to renew it but now had no assurances it was safe from a German invasion. France courted Russia; the two became allies. Germany, now out of necessity, developed closer ties to Austria. -
The Terms of the Treaty of Versailles
1 The terms of the Treaty of Versailles The treaty can be divided into a number of sections; territorial, military, financial and general. The Punishment of Germany Territorial The following land was taken away from Germany: 1. Alsace-Lorraine (given to France, military buffer zone) 2. Saar Basin (given to France, full of coal and buffer zone) 3. Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia) (became independent) 4. West Prussia (given to Poland, became independent) The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies. • Germany’s colonies possessions were divided among the Allies. • France gained supervisory control over some German territorial colonies in the Middle East. • Britain was granted a mandate – control but not possession – over some German-controlled territory in the Middle East • Italy gained control over the southern Tyrol, a region in the Alps inhabited by 200,000 Germans. • Japan was granted a mandate over German colonies in the Pacific and Asia (including their sphere of influence in China). • Germany had to return to Russia land taken in an earlier Pre-War treaty (the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk). Some of this land was made into new states: Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. Military • Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; • the army was not allowed o tanks o an airforce o 6 naval ships o submarines • The west of the Rhineland (west Germany) was made into a demilitarised zone (DMZ). No German soldier or weapon was allowed into this zone. The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years. -
Marshal Ferdinand Foch and the British, 1919–1931
Commemorating the Victor: Marshal Ferdinand Foch and the British, 1919–1931 Elizabeth Greenhalgh University of New South Wales Synergies Royaume-Uni Royaume-Uni Summary: There has always been an understandable tension between the justified pride of Sir Douglas Haig in the achievements of the British Army in 23-33 pp. the 1918 victory and the fact that he had accepted an Allied generalissimo et in the person of General Ferdinand Foch and had agreed to place the British Irlande Army under his orders. The agreement barely survived the Armistice, and was destroyed by the treaty negotiations. By 1931, with the publication of Foch’s n° 4 memoirs and Basil Liddell Hart’s biography, the tension had become hostility. This paper charts the decline in Foch’s reputation from the 1919 victory parades, - 2011 through the fuss over the commemorative statue to be erected in London and over the appointment to the new Marshal Foch chair in Oxford University, to the final disenchantment. It argues that the antipathy of the British military and political establishment and the greater influence of the maison Pétain in Paris on French security matters hastened a decline in the esteem which Foch had enjoyed in 1918 and 1919 – a decline which has persisted to this day. Keywords: Foch, Haig, Liddell Hart, commemoration, Great War Résumé : On comprend facilement la tension entre la fierté de Sir Douglas Haig devant les exploits de l’armée britannique pendant la marche à la victoire de 1918 et l’obligation où il s’était trouvé d’accepter un généralissime, le Maréchal Ferdinand Foch, et de placer son armée sous ses ordres. -
T.C. Balikesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Türk Dili Ve Edebiyati Anabilim Dali
T.C. BALIKESİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TÜRK DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI ANABİLİM DALI GİRESUN ÇEPNİ FOLKLORU YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Abonoz KÜÇÜK Balıkesir, 2011 T.C. BALIKESİR ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TÜRK DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI ANABİLİM DALI GİRESUN ÇEPNİ FOLKLORU YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Abonoz KÜÇÜK Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Ali DUYMAZ Balıkesir, 2011 ÖN SÖZ Halk edebiyatı ve halk bilimi araĢtırmalarının temelinde, bir milletin varlığının teminatı olan halk kültürü ürünlerini yok olmadan tespit etmek gayesi yatmaktadır. Günümüzde yaĢanan teknolojik geliĢmeler paralelinde ortaya çıkan popüler kültür, geleneksel kültürün unutulup gitmesinde baĢlıca rol oynamaktadır. Halkbilimi araĢtırmaları tarihine baktığımızda, araĢtırmaların özellikle Fransız Ġhtilali sonrasında geliĢen milliyetçilik akımları paralelinde oldukça büyük bir geliĢim kaydettiği görülmektedir. Bu akım etkisinde geliĢen Halkbilimi, milletleĢme süreçlerinde en önemli dayanak noktalarından biri olarak görülmüĢtür. Bu bağlamda Finliler, Almanlara karĢı kendilerine has kültürü olan bir millet olduklarını ispat etmek amacıyla Kalavela Destanını derlemiĢlerdir. Türk kültürüne ve tarihine ait ilk bilimsel çalıĢmalar Avrupalı oryantalistler tarafından yapılmıĢtır. Anadolu sahasında halk edebiyatı ürünleri bağlamında ilk derleme faaliyeti yapan Ģahıs da Macar bilim adamlarından Ignacz KunoĢ‟tur. Bu araĢtırmacının dıĢında Ġbrahim ġinasi, Ahmet Vefik PaĢa gibi yerli isimler tarafından da konuyla ilgili çeĢitli çalıĢmalar yapıldığı görülmektedir. Fakat bizde halkbilimi ve halk edebiyatı -
The Great War
AP European History: Unit 9.1 HistorySage.com The Great War I. Long-term causes of World War I Use space below for A. Rival alliances: Triple Alliance vs. Triple Entente notes 1. 1870: Balance of power of Europe upset by decisive Prussian victory in Franco-Prussian War. a. Bismarck feared French revenge and negotiated treaties to isolate France b. Bismarck also feared Russia, especially after the Congress of Berlin in 1878 when Russia blamed Germany for not gaining territory in the Balkans 2. 1879, Dual Alliance: Germany and Austria a. Bismarck sought to thwart Russian expansion b. Dual Alliance based on German support for Austrian in its struggle with Russia over expansion in the Balkans c. Became a major feature of European diplomacy until the end of World War I. 3. Triple Alliance, 1881: Italy joined Germany and Austria Italy sought support for its imperialistic ambitions in the Mediterranean and Africa. 4. Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty of 1887 a. Promised neutrality of both Germany and Russia if either country went to war with another country. b. Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew reinsurance treaty after removing Bismarck in 1890 This can be seen as a huge diplomatic blunder; Russia wanted to renew it Germany, now out of necessity, developed closer ties to Austria France courted Russia and the two became allies 5. "Splendid Isolation" for Britain: After 1891, Britain was the only non-aligned power 6. Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902): Britain sought Japanese agreement to "benevolent neutrality" to counter possible Russian threat in India. End of Britain’s “splendid isolation” 7. -
The Forgotten Fronts the First World War Battlefield Guide: World War Battlefield First the the Forgotten Fronts Forgotten The
Ed 1 Nov 2016 1 Nov Ed The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The Forgotten Fronts The First Battlefield War World Guide: The Forgotten Fronts Creative Media Design ADR005472 Edition 1 November 2016 THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | i The First World War Battlefield Guide: Volume 2 The British Army Campaign Guide to the Forgotten Fronts of the First World War 1st Edition November 2016 Acknowledgement The publisher wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the following organisations in providing text, images, multimedia links and sketch maps for this volume: Defence Geographic Centre, Imperial War Museum, Army Historical Branch, Air Historical Branch, Army Records Society,National Portrait Gallery, Tank Museum, National Army Museum, Royal Green Jackets Museum,Shepard Trust, Royal Australian Navy, Australian Defence, Royal Artillery Historical Trust, National Archive, Canadian War Museum, National Archives of Canada, The Times, RAF Museum, Wikimedia Commons, USAF, US Library of Congress. The Cover Images Front Cover: (1) Wounded soldier of the 10th Battalion, Black Watch being carried out of a communication trench on the ‘Birdcage’ Line near Salonika, February 1916 © IWM; (2) The advance through Palestine and the Battle of Megiddo: A sergeant directs orders whilst standing on one of the wooden saddles of the Camel Transport Corps © IWM (3) Soldiers of the Royal Army Service Corps outside a Field Ambulance Station. © IWM Inside Front Cover: Helles Memorial, Gallipoli © Barbara Taylor Back Cover: ‘Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red’ at the Tower of London © Julia Gavin ii | THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS THE FORGOTTEN FRONTS | iii ISBN: 978-1-874346-46-3 First published in November 2016 by Creative Media Designs, Army Headquarters, Andover. -
Foreign Policy Concepts Conjuncture, Freedom of Action, Equality
Foreign Policy Concepts Conjuncture, Freedom of Action, Equality Reşat Arım Ambassador (Rtd.) Dış Politika Enstitüsü – Foreign Policy Institute Ankara, 2001 CONTENTS Introduction 3 The Study of Some Concepts: Conjuncture, Freedom of Action, Equality 3 Conjuncture 5 A Historical Application Of The Concept Of Conjuncture: The Ottoman Capitulations 6 Application Of The Concept To Actual Problems 8 Relations with Greece 8 The Question of Cyprus 18 The Reunification of Germany 21 The Palestine Question 22 Freedom Of Action 29 A Historical Application: The Ottoman Capitulations 29 Application in Contemporary Circumstances 30 Neighbours: Russia, Syria and Iraq 30 Geopolitics 33 Some Geopolitical Concepts: Roads, Railroads, Pipelines 35 Agreements 41 Equality 44 A Historical Application: The Capitulations 45 Equality in Bilateral Relations 47 Equality in the Context of Agreements 48 International Conferences and Organizations 51 The Method Of Equality Line 52 Conclusions 54 2 INTRODUCTION Turkey’s foreign policy problems are becoming more numerous, and they are being exam- ined by a wider range of people. In order to help promote a systematic analysis of our interna- tional problems in various institutions, the formulation of concepts would be of great use. When we debate foreign policy problems, we want to find answers to some questions: 1. How can we find solutions to problems with our neighbours? 2. What would be the best way to tackle issues with the European Union? 3. Which is the determining factor in our relations with the United States? 4. To which aspect of our relations with Russia should we pay more attention? 5. What are Turkey’s priorities in her relations with the Central Asian republics? 6. -
The Last Phase
The Eastern Question: THE LAST PHASE A STUDY IN GREEK-TURKISH DIPLOMACY Harry J. Psomiades Queens College and The Graduate School The City University of New York With an Introduction by Van Coufoudakis THE EASTERN QUESTION: THE LAST PHASE A STUDY IN GREEK-TURKISH DIPLOMACY The Eastern Question: The Last Phase A STUDY IN GREEK-TURKISH DIPLOMACY Harry J. Psomiades Queens College and the Graduate School The City University of New York With an Introduction by Van Coufoudakis PELLA PELLA PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. New York, NY 10018-6401 This book was published for The Center for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, Queens College of the City University of New York, which bears full editorial responsibility for its contents. MODERN GREEK RESEARCH SERIES, IX, SEPTEMBER 2000 THE EASTERN QUESTION: THE LAST PHASE Second Edition © Copyright 2000 The Center for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, Queens College of the City University of New York Flushing, NY 11367-0904 All rights reserved Library of Congress Control Number 00-134738 ISBN 0-918618-79-7 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY ATHENS PRINTING COMPANY 337 West 36th Street New York, NY 10018-6401 To Kathy and Christine Acknowledgments The Eastern Question: The Last Phase has been out of print for some years, although it has survived the test of time and continues to be widely quoted by scholars dealing with the vital decade of the twenties in Greek-Turkish relations. As a result of continued demand for the book and its usefulness for understanding the present in Greek-Turkish relations, it is being presented here in a second printing, but with a new introduction by Professor Van Coufoudakis, in the Modern Greek Research Series of the Queens College Center for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. -
Alliance System
Alliance System Triple Alliance Triple Entente How did the nations of Europe find themselves in this situation? In order to answer this question you need to focus on the events that occurred in continental Europe following the end of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. Germany’s role is very important. Historical Context – 1870’s Great Britain had adopted a policy of “Splendid Isolation” – which meant that it had chosen to stay out of the affairs of the nations of continental Europe as long as these nations did nothing to challenge the British status as the dominant global superpower. Traditional Order France – British Enemy #1 Germany – Viewed as friendly state Following the end of the Franco- Prussian War of 1870-71 German unification is complete. Kaiser Wilhelm the First makes the decision to establish Germany as the dominant power in Continental Europe. He will challenge France to do this but has no intentions of challenging Great Britain. Task is given to his most senior advisor – Otto Von Bismarck. Bismarck initiates an elaborate system of alliances aimed at isolating France within the confines of continental Europe. • Dual Alliance – 1879 ( Austria-Hungary ) • Triple Alliance – 1882 (adds Italy ) • Reinsurance Treaty with Russia - 1887 Dual Alliance / Triple Alliance / Reinsurance Treaty These alliances accomplish two things for Germany • Isolates France • Does this without angering Great Britain • Avoids imperialism • No naval challenge Turning Point - 1888 Kaiser Wilhelm 1 dies and is replaced by his “ambitious” son – Wilhelm II. Wilhelm II makes several mistakes Fires Bismarck Allows Reinsurance Treaty with Russia to lapse – causes Russia to turn to France. -
1 PARIS 1919: ITALY POSITION PAPER War Experience The
PARIS 1919: ITALY POSITION PAPER War Experience The conflict was a tremendous strain for a society already divided between a prosperous, industrializing north and an agrarian, tradition-bound, and less affluent south. The great promise of genuine unification of the 1860s remained elusive. Italy’s economy had grown only slowly, and Italy’s brief forays into foreign affairs had been quite embarrassing, and in the case of its defeat by the Ethiopians at Aduwa in 1896, downright humiliating. When the First War broke out, Italy was allied to its traditional enemy Austria-Hungary as well as to Germany. Under the terms of the Triple Alliance, however, Italy was only obliged to defend its allies if they were attacked first. The Italians used the fact that Austria-Hungary had declared on Serbia as a reason to remain neutral. In any event, at that early stage, little enthusiasm was present among Italians for entering a conflict that many believed had little to do with their nation’s interest. As the war dragged on, however, an increasing number of liberals, republicans, socialists and nationalists, certainly not mutually exclusive, began arguing for intervention on the Allied side. By 1915, when negotiations with the Allies commenced in this regard, the latter appeared to be doing quite well. In addition, and perhaps more importantly, the Allies were prepared to offer Italy a better deal than the Central Powers. First and foremost, Italy coveted Austro-Hungarian territory. The Allies, for their part, were anxious to break the deadlock of the Western Front by attacking the enemy elsewhere. -
Paris Peace Conference 1919-1920: Results Key Words: Treaty Of
Paris Peace Conference 1919-1920: Results Key words: Treaty of Versailles, Treaty of Saint-Germain, Treaty of Neuilly, Treaty of Trianon, Treaty of Sèvres, Treaty of Lausanne Paris Peace Settlement Country Name of the Treaty Year when the treaty was signed Germany Treaty of Versailles 28 June 1919 Austria Treaty of Saint-Germain 10 September 1919 Bulgaria Treaty of Neuilly 27 November 1919 Hungary Treaty of Trianon 4 June 1920 Ottoman Empire Treaty of Sèvres, subsequetly Sèvres: 10 August 1920 revised by the Treaty of Lausanne Lausanne: 24 July 1923 Work for you to do: Get divided into three delegations: American, British and French. Each delegation should use the ideas from the class before to work out their proposed decision on each of the ideas and questions below. Remember to argue from the point of view of each country. Once each delegation has worked out its proposals, the whole class should discuss each issue and then vote on it. Important issues and types of questions to do: Will you make Germany guilty of starting the war? Will you limit German armed forces? Should Germany pay for the war? If so, how much? Should Germany lose some of its territories in Europe? What would you do with the German colonies? Would you promote establishing the League of Nations? Would you promote “self- determination policy” ask for dissolution of Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire? 1. The Treaty of Versailles: ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.