What's New in Essentials of Oceanography, 12Th Edition

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Major improvements to Essentials of Oceanography, 12th Edition include:  Changing the focus of Chapter 11 to an environmental theme and renaming the chapter “Marine Pollution”  Moving content about the properties of the coastal ocean from Chapter 11 to Chapter 10 and renaming the chapter “Beaches, Shoreline Processes, and the Coastal Ocean”  A redesigned and updated Chapter 13, “Biological Productivity and Energy Transfer,” including contributions by Dr. Angel Rodriguez of Broward College in Florida  Addition of a revised word cloud at the beginning of each chapter that uses different font sizes to show the most important vocabulary terms within the chapter and directs students to the glossary at the end of the book to discover the meaning of any terms they don’t already know  A stronger learning path that links the learning objectives section at the beginning of each chapter entitled “Essential Learning Concepts” directly to the end-of-section “Concept Checks” that allow and encourage students to pause and test their knowledge as they proceed through the chapter  Addition of a new “Recap” feature that highlights key material throughout the text that highlights key points and makes studying easier  A new active learning pedagogy that divides chapter material into easily digestible chunks, which makes studying easier and assists student learning (cognitive science research shows that the ability to “chunk” information is essential to enhancing learning and memory)  The addition in each chapter of a series of new SmartFigures and SmartTables, which provide a video explanation of difficult-to-understand oceanographic concepts and numerical data by an oceanography teaching expert  The addition of one or more “Give It Some Thought” assessment questions to each “Diving Deeper” boxed feature  A new, comic-styled Squidtoons call-out in each chapter created by a team of graduate students at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in California that highlights an important marine organism related to each chapter’s content using graphical representation to display recent discoveries by researchers in an interesting and captivating way  The addition of a new “Climate Change Connection” icon that shows how various sections relate to the overarching theme of climate change in the oceans  A new multi-disciplinary icon that show how various sections relate to two or more of the sub-disciplines in oceanography: geological oceanography, chemical oceanography, physical oceanography, and biological oceanography  The revision of existing “Critical Thinking Questions” and the addition of new “Active Learning Exercise” questions that can be used for group activities in class in all Essential Concept Review (end-of-chapter) materials  Updating of information throughout the text to include some of the most recent developments in oceanography such as updated material in Chapter 16: “The Oceans and Climate Change”

1  Addition of an array of new “Students Sometimes Ask…” questions throughout the book.  An improved illustration package of new photos, satellite images, and figures to make oceanographic topics more accessible and interesting  The updating of nearly 90% of existing figures including extensive use of annotations and labels within figures that explain information in storyboard form  A host of new artwork by marine biologist and digital graphic artist Justin Hofman  Standardization of the color scheme and labeling of all figures to make them more appealing and consistent throughout  Inclusion of more than 70 Web Animations from Pearson’s Geoscience Animations Library, which include state-of-the-art computer animations that have been created by Al Trujillo and a panel of geoscience educators  Addition of new Geoscience Animations that help students visualize some of the most challenging oceanographic concepts, including the following 7 animations that have been specifically designed for this edition: . Formation of Earth’s Oceans (Chapter 1) . How Salt Dissolves in Water (Chapter 5) . Three Types of Breakers (Chapter 8) . Effects of Elliptical Orbits (Chapter 9) . Osmosis (Chapter 12) . Feeding in Baleen Whales (Chapter 14) . Latitude and Longitude on Earth (Appendix III)  Inclusion of links to more than 50 hand-picked Web videos that show important oceanographic processes in action  Inclusion of a series of studio demo and field segment videos within MasteringOceanography that were created by author Al Trujillo; most of the studio demos were created as 2-part interactive videos and the field segments show real oceanographic processes in action  Addition of QR codes embedded in the text that allow students to use their mobile devices to link directly to MasteringOceanography Animations, SmartFigures, and Web videos  Greater emphasis on the ocean’s role in Earth systems  Some accessory Diving Deeper features have been migrated online to MasteringOceanography as Bonus Web Content in an effort to reduce the length of the text  The remaining Diving Deeper features are organized around the following four themes: . Historical Features, which focus on historical developments in oceanography that tie into chapter topics. . Research Methods in Oceanography, which highlight how oceanographic knowledge is obtained. . Oceans and People, which illustrate the interaction of humans and the ocean environment. . Focus on the Environment, which emphasize environmental issues that are an increasingly important component of the book.  All text in the chapters has been thoroughly reviewed and edited by students and oceanography instructors in a continued effort to refine the style and clarity of the writing

2 Specific chapter-by-chapter changes in Essentials of Oceanography, 12th Edition: Preface  An updated introduction in “To the Student”  Inclusion of a new Diving Deeper (boxed) feature on “Ocean Literacy: What Should Everybody Know about the Ocean?” (from the Introduction) Chapter 1: Introduction to Planet “Earth”  A new section on “How Are Earth’s Oceans Unique?” (from the Introduction) that includes new information about suspected oceans on moons within our solar system, including two new figures  Inclusion of a new “Students Sometime Ask…” about the possibility of oceans and life on other recently-discovered exoplanets outside of our solar system  Inclusion of a new “Students Sometime Ask…” about the seven seas  Addition of a two new images: Ptolomey’s map of the world (circa 150 A.D.) and a breaching humpback whale  A new section on “What Is Oceanography?” (from the Introduction), including a new figure  Updating of information about icy comets supplying water to an early Earth  A new “Students Sometime Ask…” about the difference between a theory and a law  Addition of a new figure showing how photosynthesis and respiration are cyclic and complimentary processes that are fundamental to life on Earth  Inclusion of a new call-out to a Squidtoons comic about manta rays Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor  Updated information about Earth’s magnetic field based on recent satellite data  Inclusion of a more detailed explanation of what causes Earth’s magnetic field and state- of-the-art analysis of the cause of polarity reversals  Inclusion of a series of updated figures showing plate tectonics and the interior of Earth  Addition of new seismic research about a weak, partially molten layer at the base of the lithosphere that aids sliding and may reduce the force required for plate subduction  Inclusion of a new “Students Sometime Ask…” about why volcanic arcs occur in an arc- shaped row  Inclusion of new photos of the Himalaya Mountains and the San Andreas Fault  Addition of a new Diving Deeper feature box about apparent polar wandering curves  Migration of 2 existing Diving Deeper feature boxes (sea turtles/magnetoreception and ophiolites) to the MasteringOceanography Study Area: Bonus Web Content  Addition of 1 new Web Diving Deeper feature box about the NEPTUNE cabled ocean network project in the MasteringOceanography Study Area: Bonus Web Content  Inclusion of a new call-out to a Squidtoons comic about sea turtles Chapter 3: Marine Provinces  A new introduction to the three main marine provinces (continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and the mid-ocean ridge) at the beginning of the chapter to lend context to the chapter’s organization.  Addition of information about the recently-discovered largest single volcano on Earth, Tamu Massif  An updated high-resolution map of the sea floor from gravity satellite data (published in 2014)

3  Inclusion of a new “Students Sometimes Ask…” question about the disappearance of Malaysian Airlines flight MH370  A new figure showing abyssal plains in the Atlantic Ocean  Inclusion of new research that suggests there is a strong correlation between ice ages and the production of abyssal hills at the mid-ocean ridge  A new figure that compares abyssal knolls, seamounts, and tablemounts  Updated information about the percentage of volcanic activity on Earth that occurs on the sea floor (85%) based on newer, more accurate estimates  Updated information about the types of volcanic islands, including a new picture of a recently-created volcanic island near Japan  Inclusion of a new call-out to a Squidtoons comic about the Yeti crab Chapter 4: Marine Sediments  A reorganized and expanded section at the beginning of the chapter on collecting marine sediments and what environmental conditions they reveal, including a new picture of an example core  Updated information about the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP): Exploring the Earth under the Sea (formerly called the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program)  Inclusion of new data about the formation of Bermuda’s red soils in the “Students Sometimes Ask…” about how effective wind is as a transporting agent  Inclusion of new, state-of-the art research that was used to update the sediment distribution map (Figure 4.22) and associated pie chart map of sediment types in each ocean (Figure 4.23)  Updated information about future oil production in “Students Sometimes Ask…”  Reorganization and inclusion of new information about developing methane hydrates as a source of energy  Inclusion of updated information about the refilling of the Mediterranean Sea (Zanclean flood) in MasteringOceanography Web Diving Deeper 4.1 “When a Sea Was Dry: Clues from the Mediterranean”  Inclusion of a new call-out to a Squidtoons comic about coccolithophores Chapter 5: Water and Seawater  Updated information about the water content of organisms in the chapter-opening introduction  Addition of the importance of density as a key difference between freshwater and saltwater, including a new photo  A reorganized and expanded coverage about the importance of the hydrologic cycle, including a new, more descriptive figure  Addition of a updated satellite image from the Aquarius satellite showing ocean surface salinity  An improved description of the variation in seawater salinity both at the surface and at depth in the ocean, including how those differences are caused  Updated information about seawater desalination, including a new figure on reverse osmosis  Inclusion of a new call-out to a Squidtoons comic about the narwhal Chapter 6: Air–Sea Interaction

4  Enhanced explanation about the cause of Earth’s seasons, including updated graphics that more accurately show Earth’s elliptical orbit  Addition of new annotations on the figures that accompany the description of the Coriolis effect in an effort to make that section easier to follow and understand  More emphasis of the characteristics of atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems, including a new figure showing a U.S. weather map, and additional details about sea and land breezes  Clarification of the dates and route of Christopher Columbus’s first voyage of exploration  Inclusion of two new “Students Sometimes Ask…” questions about (1) if a tropical cyclone has ever existed at the equator and (2) the strongest tropical storm to ever make landfall  Additional clarification of the location of the right front quadrant of a hurricane and why that part of a hurricane causes the most severe storm surge in the Northern Hemisphere  Inclusion of a new section about other factors that enhance or disrupt the development and intensity of hurricanes, including human-caused climate change  Addition of new information about the impact of Hurricane Sandy in 2012 including a new photo  Addition of new sea ice photos and description in text to more clearly show the stages in the formation of sea ice  Updated information about offshore wind farms  Inclusion of a new call-out to a Squidtoons comic about flying fish Chapter 7: Ocean Circulation  Enhanced discussion about pressure gradients and how they can be used to indirectly measure surface currents  Inclusion of a new “Students Sometime Ask…” about the name of the western-intensified ocean surface current mentioned in the film Finding Nemo  Updated information about the Argo program, the Gulf Stream, and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)  Expanded coverage on how surface currents are constructed in each ocean basin, equatorial countercurrents, and the Ekman spiral  New figures on coastal upwelling, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and power from ocean currents  Addition of a new section on conveyer-belt circulation and climate change, including moving the “Students Sometimes Ask..” question about the movie The Day After Tomorrow from Chapter 16 (“The Oceans and Climate Change”) to Chapter 7  Expanded coverage and enhanced descriptions of new projects that generate power from ocean currents  Inclusion of a new call-out to a Squidtoons comic about pteropods (sea butterflies) Chapter 8: Waves and Water Dynamics  Enhanced explanation about how internal waves are important in ocean mixing and thus the transfer of heat, which affects global climate change  Improved description of the equations for measuring the physical properties of waves  Additional explanation about how divers can’t descent below wave base for shallow- water waves

5  Inclusion of a new figure showing the difference between wind-generated surface waves and tsunami  Reorganization and improved description of the characteristics of tsunami  Addition of updated information about the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake off Japan and the resulting tsunami  Inclusion of updated information in the figure showing significant tsunami since 1990  Expanded coverage and better descriptions of new projects that generate power from ocean waves  Inclusion of a new call-out to a Squidtoons comic about sea dragons Chapter 9: Tides  Expanded description about the Earth-Moon barycenter (balance point), including a new additional figure  Improved clarification of tidal forces in the section “Tide-Generating Forces”  Additional description including a new figure to help explain the appearance of the Moon as observed from Earth during the monthly tidal cycle  Expanded description about supermoons during the Moon’s 27½-day apogee-perigee- apogee cycle, including an new figure comparing the difference in the Moon’s size and brightness between apogee and perigee  A new, more accurate description of tidal bulges as forced waves that replaces the erroneous description of the characteristics of tidal bulges as freely propagating waves in previous editions  Inclusion of updated information about grunion and their spawning cycles  Expanded information about harnessing tidal power as a source of energy, including the addition of descriptions of new tidal power projects worldwide  Inclusion of a new call-out to a Squidtoons comic about copepods Chapter 10: Beaches, Shoreline Processes, and the Coastal Ocean  Reorganization of this chapter to include information about the coastal ocean, including characteristics and types of coastal waters and issues facing coastal wetlands (formerly in Chapter 11)  Migration of former Section 10.5 “What Characteristics do U.S. Coasts Exhibit?” to MasteringOceanography Bonus Content as Web Diving Deeper 10.2 and renamed “How Quickly Are U.S. Coastal Regions Eroding?”  Expansion of the introduction that describes the importance of the coastal ocean  Inclusion of new photos showing a typical beach, an aerial picture of Santa Barbara Harbor, California, and an underwater photo of fish that inhabit wetlands  Expansion of the section about the direction of longshore current flow along U.S. coasts, including a new figure  Enhanced tie-in of wave refraction from Chapter 8 to the features of erosional shores  Reorganization of material in barrier islands to include new sections on human impact on barrier islands and barrier island migration as a result of sea level rise  Enhanced connection between sea level rise and human-caused climate change  Inclusion of updated information about the adaptations of wetlands vegetation and the issues that coastal wetlands face  Inclusion of a new call-out to a Squidtoons comic about horseshoe crabs Chapter 11: Marine Pollution

6  Reorganization and renaming of this chapter to emphasize marine pollution including a new figure showing pollution on a beach; the sections on characteristics and types of coastal waters and issues facing coastal wetlands have been moved to Chapter 10  Updated information about the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico  Inclusion of 3 new “Students Sometimes Ask…” questions about (1) what is the best way to clean oiled animals, (2) how the radioactivity that leaked from Japan’s Fukushima nuclear power plant has affected marine animals, and (3) the effectiveness of biodegradable plastics  Expanded information on the sources of mercury in the ocean and the conversion of mercury by microbes into its toxic form, methylmercury  Addition of new information on Figure 11.17 about a typical serving size of fish to highlight the danger of mercury poisoning  A new section about other types of chemical pollutants such as drugs, hormones, caffeine, and industrial chemicals  A new section about microplastics including sources of microplastics, how they get into the ocean, and a new figure  Inclusion of new information about the amount of plastics in the ocean and recent laws banning the use of plastic grocery bags  Updated information about the status of the invasive seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia in Southern California lagoons  Updated information about the Law of the Sea treaty including a new photo of a Russian submersible planting its flag on the Arctic Ocean seabed to symbolically claim ownership  Inclusion of a new call-out to a Squidtoons comic about halibut Chapter 12: Marine Life and the Marine Environment  Inclusion of new information about the role of viruses in the marine environment  An update of the tree of life, including the renaming of kingdom Protista and expansion of the taxonomy of living things from five kingdoms of organisms to the more widely accepted view of six kingdoms of organisms based on biochemical differences  Inclusion of new information about what defines a species  Expanded description of the number of marine species, including new results from a 2015 study that identified 228,445 marine species and eliminated duplicates  Addition of sharks as an example of marine species that have remained virtually unchanged in the ocean for more than 400 million years  Correction of the mislabeling error in Figure 12.18 on salinity adaptations of freshwater and saltwater fish  Inclusion of updated information in the “Students Sometimes Ask…” question about why a person’s fingers get wrinkly when they spend time in water  Expanded coverage about marine organism adaptations, such as crepuscular (twilight) feeding and the function of a swim bladder  Inclusion of a new call-out to a Squidtoons comic about market squid Chapter 13: Biological Productivity and Energy Transfer  Addition of a new figure showing how photosynthesis and respiration are cyclic and complimentary processes that are fundamental to life on Earth  Reorganization of the section on macroscopic algae that is organized based on the depth where each type of algae is encountered

7  Reorganization and inclusion of updated material on red tides, harmful algal blooms, ocean eutrophication, ciguatera poisoning, and dead zones  Addition of three new “Students Sometimes Ask…” questions about (1) the effect on climate change on oceanic primary productivity; (2) the TV show Deadliest Catch and (3) the future of krill fisheries  Inclusion of 9 new or enhanced figures, including 3 new illustrations by graphic artist Justin Hofman  Expanded coverage on marine fisheries including updated information about world fisheries catch, underreported worldwide catch, bycatch, and fisheries management issues  Inclusion of new sections on ghost fishing and the effect of climate change on fisheries  Inclusion of a new call-out to a Squidtoons comic about coho salmon Chapter 14: Animals of the Pelagic Environment  Addition of two new “Students Sometimes Ask…” question about how marine animals survive in cold water and the high milkfat content produced by marine mammals  Expanded coverage about shark attacks, schooling, military sonar, gray whale migration, and dolphin intelligence  Reorganization of information about swimming speed in warm- versus cold-blooded fish, including the 2015 discovery of the warm-blooded opah fish  Reorganization and increased details in the section about fins used by fish for swimming, including two new updated figures  Updated information about scientific whaling and the International Whaling Commission  Inclusion of 7 new or enhanced figures, including 5 new illustrations by graphic artist Justin Hofman  Inclusion of a new call-out to a Squidtoons comic about tuna crab (squat lobster) Chapter 15: Animals of the Benthic Environment  Enhanced description of what intertidal zonation is and reorganization of the environmental conditions that intertidal life is adapted to  Addition of new “Students Sometimes Ask…” question about the world’s most venomous marine organism  Expanded coverage on coral bleaching and the environmental issues that corals face  Addition of new data in 2014 about NOAA’s inclusion of 20 coral species that were listed as “threatened” under the U.S. Endangered Species Act  Addition of new information about the process of serpentinization and how places like the Lost City hydrothermal field and ocean trenches could be the sites of the origin of life on Earth because they produce similar components necessary for chemosynthesis and they occur across much larger areas that can be sustained for longer periods of geologic time than short-lived hydrothermal vent associated with the mid-ocean ridge  Inclusion of 8 new figures, including 4 new illustrations by graphic artist Justin Hofman  Inclusion of a new call-out to a Squidtoons comic about Osedax Chapter 16: The Oceans and Climate Change  Addition of several new figures to help explain difficult concepts  Updated information on the Milankovitch cycle, especially regarding apogee/perigee and the 23,000-year cycle of Earth’s precession  Inclusion of additional worldwide scientific organizations that support human-caused climate change

8  Additional of five new “Students Sometimes Ask…” questions about (1) the global warming “pause,” (2) why only a few degrees of warming is important, (3) climate skeptics versus deniers, (4) the importance to climate change of even a tiny amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and (5) how Antarctica is actually gaining ice  Moving the “Students Sometimes Ask..” question about the movie The Day After Tomorrow from Chapter 16 to Chapter 7 (“Ocean Circulation”)  Inclusion of new information from the fifth IPCC Assessment Report (2014) and the U.S. National Climate Assessment Report (2014)  Updated information about the current levels of atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide, which recently surpassed 400 ppm  Addition of a new Diving Deeper 16.1 “The Iconic Keeling Curve of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and the Father-Son Team Who Created It”  Migration of former Diving Deeper 16.1 “The ATOC Experiment: SOFAR So Good?” to MasteringOceanography Study Area: Bonus Web Content  Inclusion of a new section about aerosols, including black carbon (soot)  Addition of new information about IPCC climate scenarios for the year 2100  Reorganization of information in the section about the increase in ocean temperatures causing increased hurricane activity  Inclusion of new information about how the flooding and destruction from Hurricane Sandy in 2012, including how the damage was made worse by rising sea level  Updated information in the section on increasing ocean acidity, including studies on its effect on marine organisms  Addition of a new section on the documented migration of mangrove forests that have expanded north along the U.S. East Coast  Reorganization of the section on What Changes are Occurring in the Ocean as a Result of Global Warming: Other Predicted and Observed Changes  Addition of the White House’s goal in 2015 of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 26- 28% below 2005 levels by 2025  Inclusion of information about the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in London, England  Up-to-date graphics and illustrations to help explain why this human-caused issue is such a great concern for the marine environment  Inclusion of a new call-out to a Squidtoons comic about corals living in an increasingly acidic ocean Afterword  A modification of the layout of the Afterword  An update on the current world population of 7.2 billion people and the projection that world population will be between 9.6 and 12.3 billion people in 2010  Addition of updated information about ocean policy and Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), which have expanded to 2.8% of the ocean, including examples of the documented success of MPAs

MasteringOceanography: The new edition will include a Pearson online resource called MasteringOceanography (www.masteringoceanography.com). Mastering is the most effective and widely-used online

9 homework, tutorial, and assessment system in the sciences. It delivers self-paced tutorials that helps students by focusing on course objectives, providing individualized coaching, and responding to student progress.

MasteringOceanography features a Study Area that enhances student understanding of each chapter’s content through a variety of resources, including Bonus Web Content, Self-Study Quizzes, Geoscience Animations, GEODe Tutorials, RSS feeds, flashcards, Web links, and an optional Pearson eText.

Resources for Instructors:  MasteringOceanography course management system (www.masteringoceanography.com)  Instructor Manual (Download Only)  TestGen® Computerized Test Bank (Download Only)  Instructor Resource Center (IRC) on DVD (includes geoscience animations, PowerPoint® presentations, all art in digital format, lecture outlines, Classroom Response System questions, and digital images for transparency acetates)